The document discusses the history and development of the telephone, from its early invention to modern digital networks. It describes how the telephone works by converting sound waves to electrical signals and vice versa. It then outlines some of the major developments, including the first successful call between Bell and Tainter in 1880, the introduction of automatic switching, underwater cables, communication satellites, and digital networks that allow thousands of simultaneous calls. The document provides technical details on analog and digital telephone networks and their increasing capacities over time.

2.  The phone in places distant from each other and
exchange information between people
and providing mechanisms to receive electric
sound device.
 Study of the phone before the main principles of
sound waves into electrical signals turning of
mouth, after transmission of these signals away
from the various sending methods, audible sound
waves ear again, this time the translation
of electrical signals.
 Then the first cities established phone
networks between cities, each corner of the world
through the international mechanisms with each
other communications ,satellites, and the
state has been transformed.

3.  Telos Telephone ancient Greek word "remote"
and phone "voice" was formed with
the words. Phone to our language was French. In
response to the phone away from
the Turkish word
for linguist speaks Nurullah Atac thought up the
word. Do not use that word in this word, but
people are asked to be Turkish, the word used for
the new phone

4.  Clearly transmits the first
telephone conversations tool, developed
by Charles Sumner Tainter and
Alexander Graham
Bell's radiophone device. Two scientists
, carried out on this device, the first
successful experiment, February
15, 1880.Transmitter Washington, 13.Cadde 'w
as placed in the top of the Franklin School .
Tainter , by taking the handset, the hands began
to speak: ‘ Mr Bell ... Mr. Bell ... If you can
hear me, please come to the
window shake your hat. 'A little
later, Bell,14.Cadde 'came in the window
of the lab. Had a hat in his hand. Paused for a
moment, then began to shake his hat.

5.  To talk over the phone as the
first telegraph system, similar to the two connection
shave been used. Most of the time, a connection of
iron wire, other connection to the loss of soil mixed
with more and heard
several voices. Increased development of
alloys of copper wire. Talk began to fall short of the
number of links increases. In 1886, only a device
that disables the sound of
different frequencies (multiplex) was short-circuit. It
is then placed in a long line of losses was resolved.

6.  Telefonda en büyük adımlardan
biri operatör kullanmaksızın yapılan otomatik
konuşmalardır. 1891 yılında
geliştirilen Strowger otomatik arayıcıyla araya
operatör girmeden aboneler birbirine
bağlanabilmiştir. Bu düzenek 1920 yılında Bell
düzeneği olarak geliştirilmiştir. 18 Ekim
1892'de Chicago ve New York arasında ilk uzun
telefon hattı açıldı. 1948 yılından sonra
ise transistörün aygıtının sahneye çıkmasıyla
elektromanyetik röle sistemler yerini, elektronik
devrelere bırakmıştır. Elektronik arayıcı sistem ilk
olarak 1965 yılında ABD'de servise konulmuştur.

7.  The other major step taken on the
phone, long distance, high-
frequency radio broadcasts of
exploitation of his speeches. Intervals
of 150-300 km in the form of relay
stations transmits conversations broad
cast coax cables and air borne
electromagnetic. The higher the
number of channels increases the
frequency of speech through a single
connection. 3600 relay station
between the two at the same time such
a system is likely to make a speech.


8.  This development was followed
by speeches made ​by means
of satellites.
Phone
conversations between continents be
gan in 1915. The first conversation
was with Paris between the United
States Arlingon. Phone calls between
continents-power
radio transceivers used. The effect
of the ionosphere was used
in submarine cables to make it
difficult to talk. The
first underwater cable between
phone calls, 185 kilometers away
from Havana to Florida was in
1950. The result is satisfying same
mechanism was established in
1956 between New York and London.

9.  Continents via satellite phone conversations between
the first began in 1960. Echo1's satellite phone
connection between the board of the U.S. east
coast and west coast I do this Telstar, Telstar and
other satellites, followed by 2. Today, satellites , ships
or aircraft, the introduction of automated telephone
calls can be made . Satellites put into orbit in
1985, one of the space shuttle Discovery was able
to talk at the same time allows 20 000.

10.  First telephone contact with the Turks in the
Ottoman Empire began to be implemented in
1908. And Beyoglu Kadıkoy stations opened in
1911. S order in the republic's first
automatic telephone exchange was established in
Ankara in1926. Then started to appear
in other provincial centers and
telephone exchanges. After a short time telephone
communication was established between all
provinces through exchanges began. After the
1970s, his studies of PTT telephone, in
Turkey, although late, began to expand rapidly.

11.  Tahtakale international telephone
exchange telephone exchange in
Istanbul,Turkey. Contacts
with other international
telephone santralleriyla this plant by the
year 1985 is under way. They are:
Edirne (Bulgaria) line,
Izmir (Greece) line,
Antalya (Italy) line
Iskenderun (Syria) pipeline,
Diyarbakir (Iraq) line,
Ankara (Russia) line.
Then a subscriber will negotiate with
Baghdad are engaged before
the DiyarbakirDiyarbakir radyolinkiyle Tahtakale
yle reaches Baghdad. In future years, the
Turkishsatellites sent into space (Turk-Sat) is
expected
to increase international exchangelines (1994).


12.  Through an electrical circuit of events
occurring during the course of a telephone
conversation are listed as follows:
Sound energy is converted to mechanical energy.
Converted to mechanical energy to electrical
energy.
Electrical energy is transferred.
On the opposite side the magnetic energy is
converted to electrical energy.
Magnetic energy is converted
to mechanical energy.
Sound energy into mechanical energy.

13.  Propagation speed of the vibrations of the air vibrations
of electrical conductors based on propagation velocity is
higher than a few hundred thousand times (200-
300 thousand km / s, the order) with the speakers of the
phone, despite the distance between
them, have faced find feeling. The phone system
serves three. Conversation between two
subscriber provides their connection between
the calling and subscribers, busy rotation, produces audio
signals. These processes are non-
automatic magneto phones are made by hand.
The main parts of a telephone instrument are as follows:
Audio receiver (microphone),
Microphone current source,
Audio transmitter (earphone),
Calling and called up schemes,
Open circuit closers, switches,
Calling the dial.

14.  Manual and automated telephone
instruments connected to different power
plants . Some of the parts in each of
them located above. Sound in the
phone handset converts sound to
electrical energy and electrical energy.
 A key that opens the circuit device is
removed from the automated
phone handset is available on front and
back numaratörü. Electrical circuit is
established between the telephone
exchange telephone
handset lifted. Tone is heard from
handset. Numbering, for example, number
6 is turned on and off six times the
electrical circuit is closed . Circuits by
means of the power plant is considered as
a signal to open and close the
electrical circuit.

15.  May not be able to correspond in the form
of speech. Local power plants placed in the
distribution of computers by making a
selection according to the type sent to the analog
telephone signal, digital
telephone, facsimile, telex, data processing forms
of television leads to the terminals. Thus, next to the
telephone conversations television, facsimile image
and text, telex, computer operations are carried
out in a very quick and high quality.

16.  Communication lines: Communication
 (communication), the possibilities are
numerous. They are:
Maximum number
Technology
of speech
Two-wire analog
1
radio signal line
Analog radio relay link line 30
Digital radio relay link
1920
line
Multi-arm coaxial cable line 7680
Fiber-optic cable lines 10.000 +
Line of communications
20.000 speech
satellites

17.  Two-wire speech circuits are limited
to distances, the number of casualties was
so high and the channel is not used outside
of the city distribution system .
Communication systems are highly
developed in terms of capacity and quality
istifadeyle radio broadcasts. Telephone
calls as well as the analog signal directly and
also after translation of these
analog signals into digital signals can be
published. The analog signal is high for the
level of the echo signal to noise problem
and abandoned, the digital signal system
was launched.

18.  Digital signal systems, the analog signal is divided
into slices by dividing palslara
properly. These pulses then the
transmitter antenna coded '0 ', '1' is sent as digital
broadcasting. Process can be made separately
for each speech coding for speech pulses from an
antenna into many thousands of concurrent users can be
published. Recipient phone, thousands
of stations that broadcast from the deco derre-
analyzing the audio signal is converted into
a logic circuit, passing through the
central reaches subscribers. The coded pulses sent
to the antenna coaxial cable, such as to
broadcasti. Coaxial cable losses is drastically
reduced. Faster than that of coaxial cable and high-
capacity optical fiber cables with very low loss rate can
also be used. Encoded digital signals are converted
into optical signals are sent to the
optical fiber system. Before the plant against the
optical signals to electronic signals and then converted
into an analog signal o dyo local central logic circuit is
delivered to subscribers.

19.  Two-wire communication system made ​a speech at the
same time. However, 30-
channel pulse code modulated digital
radio link communications system available .
Coax cable digital radio link communications system at
least 30 megabits per second is capable of
sending information at 1920 channels. In 1985, F. Which
went into service in Germany 565 mbit per
second capacity of such a system; a7680 speech at the
same time, or in other words to convey information is
available . Fiber-optic systems, 140 mbit / sec and
higher capacities are on duty. High capacity fiber
optic communication system, ease of
installation, maintenance ,refuse , dispatching high-
quality information is the top shelf of existing systems.
In summary, the phone names of plants are: the
electromechanical telephone exchange, an
electronic telephone exchange
system, automatic telephone exchange, long
distance telephone switchboard, transit telephone
exchange , telephone exchange semi-electronic
, semiautomatic telephone
switchboard, local(local) telephone exchange ... There
are types, including (1994).


20.  The most important
benefit exercise correspond via the
phone is done rapidly . Fiber-
optic, coaxial cable and telephone
calls made ​by reflecting electro magnetic
means, satellites linking every corner
of the world. Telephone systems, channel
capacities are increasing every day. Make
it practical for even more increases in the
number of channels puts the phone. One
of the important developments in tele
communications, the emergence
of wireless phone. Short
wave radio receiver -talking on the
phone makers the opportunity
to move the regular telephone system has
emerged linking. With this system, as well
as seamless connectivity between
regions, even in very long-
haul journeys where you
want the call immediately.

21.  http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon