2. AGENDA
• What is satellite?
• Basic satellite system elements
• How satellite work?
• Satellite configurations
• Link frequency allocations
• Classification of satellite orbits
3. WHAT IS
SATELLITE?
• Satellite is an artificial body placed in
orbit around the earth to collect
information or for communication.
4. BASIC SATELLITE SYSTEM ELEMENTS
• The satellite communications are
compromised of two major elements
The satellite
Ground station
5. HOW SATELLITE WORK?
• Uplink : Earth station sends signal
to the satellite in GHz range.
• Downlink : satellite retransmit the
signal back to the earth.
6. GROUND STATION
• Collection of equipment which located on the earth surface to
perform communication with the satellite.
Simplest : satellite TV reception.
Complex : terminal station used for international
communication network.
7. SPACE SEGMENT
• The main parts in the space segment are :
The payload : Transponders , Antennas
Bus : Physical platform , Remote control
8. PAYLOAD
• It is all the equipment's which the satellite needs to do its job like camera,
antennas, radar and electronic circuits.
• The payload is different for every satellite
Weather satellite includes camera to take picture for the cloud formations.
Communication satellite includes large antennas to transmit TV or telephone
signal to the Earth.
9. BUS
• Consists of all the subsystems
which permit the payload to
operate :
• Electric power supply
• Temperature control
• Attitude and orbit control
• Propulsion equipment
• Tracking, telemetry and
command (TT & C) equipment
10. SATELLITE CONFIGURATIONS
• Point to Point
Signals transmitted from a
single station in one part of the
world to another individual
station
11. SATELLITE CONFIGURATIONS
• Point to Multi point
Signal transmits from one
station to an unlimited number
of independent receiving
stations (e.g. Satellite TV
broadcasting)
• Multi point to point
From many individual stations
to a single controlling station
(e.g. Maritime satellite)
12. LINK FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS
• 4/6-GHz band
• Uplink: 5.925 to 6.425 GHz
• Downlink: 3.7 to 4.2 GHz
• 12/14 GHz band
• Uplink: 14 to 14.5 GHz
• Downlink: 11.7 to 12.2 GHz
• 20/30 GHz band
• Uplink: 27.5 to 30 GHz
• Downlink: 17.7 to 20.2 GHz
13. LINK FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS
• Interference
• Satellites using the same frequency bands can affect
one another if they are closely spaced
• Limit on distance between satellites
• Angular displacement measured from the earth
• A 4o spacing required in 4/6-GHz band
• A 3o spacing required in 12/14-GHz band
14. CLASSIFICATION OF SATELLITE ORBITS
• Orbit : the path which satellite follows in its
rotation
Physical Shape
Circular with center at the earth center
Elliptical with one Foci at the earth center
15. CLASSIFICATION OF SATELLITE ORBITS (CONT.)
Angle of inclination : Angle between
the equatorial plane of the earth and the
orbital plane of the satellite
Equatorial orbit above the earth equator
Polar orbit passes over both poles
Other orbits referred to inclined orbits
16. CLASSIFICATION OF SATELLITE ORBITS (CONT.)
Altitude of satellites
Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
Geostationary orbit (GEO)
17. LOW EARTH ORBIT (LEO)
• Altitude : 500 – 1500 km
• Revolution time : 90 min – 3 hours
• Characteristics
o Reduce transmission delay
o Smaller footprints, better frequency reuse
o Stronger signal can be received
o More handovers necessary from one satellite to
another
o More satellites necessary for global coverage
o More complex systems due to moving satellites
o Shorter life span
• Subdivisions : Little, Big, Mega (Super) LEO.
18. MEDIUM EARTH ORBIT (MEO)
• Altitude : 5000-12,000 km
• Revolution time : 6 hours
• Diameter coverage : 10,000 – 15,000 km
• Round Trip signal propagation delay about 50 ms
• These orbits are reserved for communication satellites that covers north and south poles.
• Generally inclined orbit
• MEO are placed in Elliptical Orbit.
• EX : Global positioning system (GPS)
19. GEOSTATIONARY EARTH ORBIT (GEO)
• Altitude : 36,000 km
• Life time : 10 – 15 years
• Fixed antenna positions, no adjusting necessary
• Easy for earth stations to track satellite
• Large footprint
• Good for broadcast coverage
• Bad for point-to-point coverage: waste of
spectrum
• High transmit power needed
• High latency due to long distance (approx. 275 ms)
Hinweis der Redaktion
Handheld devices for mobile comm
VSAT : very small aperture terminal