Pharmaceutical microbiology

1. Antimicrobial Resistance

2. Antimicrobial Resistance
• Antimicrobial resistance is a natural process by which microorganisms (bacteria, viruses,
parasites, fungi and other pathogens) develop resistance to the drugs used to fight them.

4. What are the causes of antibiotic resistance?
1- Many infections are caused by viruses, so antibiotics are not effective.
2-Antibiotics are often unlikely to speed up the healing process and can cause side
effects.
3- The more antibiotics are used to treat trivial conditions, the more likely they are to
become ineffective for treating more serious conditions.

5. What are bacteria(Super bugs) that cause antimicrobial resistance?
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci.
Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)
MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
MDR Acinetobacter.
ESBL-Producing Enterobacteriaceae.

6. How to control antibiotic resistance?
1- Antibiotics must be taken correctly.
2- Antibiotics must be prescribed by healthcare professionals.
3- Antibiotics must be prescribed only when needed.
4- Antibiotics should not be used to promote growth or prevent diseases in healthy
animals.
5-Vaccination is important to reduce antibiotic overuse.
6- Safe food preparations.
7- Hand washing.

7. Seven best natural antibiotics
Garlic
Honey ( has been used as an ointment that helps wounds to heal and prevents
or draws out infection).
Ginger
Echinacea
Goldenseal
Clove
Oregano

8. PREPARED BY DR. LINA JAMIL