From International Life Sciences Institute discussion organized by ILSI Europe: "The Aging Brain" by Dr. S. Kergoat, 19 ~ 20 January 2015 in Chandler, Phoenix, Arizona

1. THE
AGEING
BRAIN
20
January
2015,
17.00
-­‐
18.30
Dr.
S.
Kergoat
2015
ILSI
Annual
Mee7ng
19-­‐20
January,
2015
Chandler,
Phoenix,
Arizona

2. Presenta?on
overview
• Introduc7on:
Nutri7on
and
Mental
Performance
Task
Force
• Ageing
popula7on
focus
• Workshop
report:
Nutri7on
for
the
ageing
brain
-­‐
towards
evidence
for
an
opAmal
diet

3. Nutri?on
and
Mental
Performance
Background
and
Objec?ves
The
rela7onship
between
nutri7on
and
mental
performance
has
grown
substan7ally
in
recent
years.
• In
this
developing
field,
the
Nutri7on
and
Mental
Performance
Task
Force
works
– to
advance
and
disseminate
scien7fic
knowledge
on
the
effects
of
diet
and
food
components
on
mental
performance,
– to
increase
awareness
of
the
importance
of
nutri7on
for
brain
func7ons
across
the
lifespan.
Impact
• The
task
force
has
produced
elemental
guidance
for
research
in
the
field.
Nutri?on
and
Mental
Performance
Expert
Groups
• REVIEW:
Measuring
and
Valida7ng
the
Subjec7ve
Effects
of
Food
on
Mood
and
Mental
Performance.
• WORKSHOP:
'Nutri7on
for
the
Ageing
Brain:
Toward
Evidence
for
an
Op7mal
Diet',
3-­‐4
July
2014,
Milan
(IT).

4. Ageing
popula?on

5. <15
15-­‐59
60+
<15
15-­‐59
60+
<15
15-­‐59
60+
The
ageing
popula?on:
The
percentage
of
aged
populaAons
(60+)
will
skyrocket
in
almost
every
country
in
the
next
few
decades.
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
8
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
8
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
8
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
8
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
8
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
8
100+
95-­‐99
90-­‐94
85-­‐89
80-­‐84
75-­‐79
70-­‐74
65-­‐69
60-­‐64
55-­‐59
50-­‐54
45-­‐49
40-­‐44
35-­‐39
30-­‐34
25-­‐29
20-­‐24
15-­‐19
10-­‐14
5-­‐9
0-­‐4
100+
95-­‐99
90-­‐94
85-­‐89
80-­‐84
75-­‐79
70-­‐74
65-­‐69
60-­‐64
55-­‐59
50-­‐54
45-­‐49
40-­‐44
35-­‐39
30-­‐34
25-­‐29
20-­‐24
15-­‐19
10-­‐14
5-­‐9
0-­‐4
100+
95-­‐99
90-­‐94
85-­‐89
80-­‐84
75-­‐79
70-­‐74
65-­‐69
60-­‐64
55-­‐59
50-­‐54
45-­‐49
40-­‐44
35-­‐39
30-­‐34
25-­‐29
20-­‐24
15-­‐19
10-­‐14
5-­‐9
0-­‐4
100+
95-­‐99
90-­‐94
85-­‐89
80-­‐84
75-­‐79
70-­‐74
65-­‐69
60-­‐64
55-­‐59
50-­‐54
45-­‐49
40-­‐44
35-­‐39
30-­‐34
25-­‐29
20-­‐24
15-­‐19
10-­‐14
5-­‐9
0-­‐4
100+
95-­‐99
90-­‐94
85-­‐89
80-­‐84
75-­‐79
70-­‐74
65-­‐69
60-­‐64
55-­‐59
50-­‐54
45-­‐49
40-­‐44
35-­‐39
30-­‐34
25-­‐29
20-­‐24
15-­‐19
10-­‐14
5-­‐9
0-­‐4
100+
95-­‐99
90-­‐94
85-­‐89
80-­‐84
75-­‐79
70-­‐74
65-­‐69
60-­‐64
55-­‐59
50-­‐54
45-­‐49
40-­‐44
35-­‐39
30-­‐34
25-­‐29
20-­‐24
15-­‐19
10-­‐14
5-­‐9
0-­‐4
<15
15-­‐59
60+
<15
15-­‐59
60+
<15
15-­‐59
60+
1970
1970
2010
2010
2050
2050
Less
developed
regions
More
developed
regions
Males
Females

6. Source:
WHO,
2012
Percentage
aged
60
years
or
over
0-­‐9
10-­‐19
20-­‐24
25-­‐29
30
or
over
No
data
The
ageing
popula?on:
percentage
of
aged
populaAons
(60+)
in
2012

7. Source:
WHO,
2012
Percentage
aged
60
years
or
over
0-­‐9
10-­‐19
20-­‐24
25-­‐29
30
or
over
No
data
The
ageing
popula?on:
percentage
of
aged
populaAons
(60+)
in
2050

8. Growing
number
of
people
with
demen?a
Source:
WHO,
2012

9. Publica?ons
containing
the
term
“cogni?ve
decline”
AND
“diet”
OR
“nutri?on”
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Number
of
publica?ons
Year
Source:
Scopus
–
extracted
December
2014

10. Nutri?on
and
the
ageing
brain
“It
is
becoming
widely
accepted
that
lifestyle
changes
are
the
best
protec7on
against
demen7a,
crea7ng
a
massive
opportunity
for
nutri7onal
products”.
Keith
Wesnes,
Northumbria
University
Lexical
cluster
analysis
Terms:
cogniAve+decline+diet
Database:
PubMed

11. • Currently
there
are
no
preventa7ve
dietary
recommenda7ons
for
preserving
brain
health
and
cogni7on
by
any
major
health
organisa7ons.
• Regulatory
agencies
have
not
given
any
posi7ve
opinions
for
nutrients
that
help
maintain
brain
func7on
during
ageing.
• At
the
same
7me,
there
exists
a
wealth
of
disparate
data
rela7ng
to
how
nutrients,
food
components
and
whole
diets
impact
cogni7ve
ageing.
Diet
and
brain
health

12. The
task
force
has
embarked
on
a
project
to
review
the
evidence
suppor7ng
how
nutrients,
food
and
diet
influence
brain
health.
Ac?vity
A
workshop
was
organised
to
define
the
mechanisms
and
7meframes
of
brain
ageing
and
iden7fy
when
neuroprotec7on
via
nutri7on
can
begin.

13. Workshop
report

14. Workshop
objec?ves
• Iden7fy
evidence
of
an
effect
of
diet
or
specific
sets
of
nutrients
or
dietary
factors
on
cogni7ve
ageing.
• Iden7fy
ways
of
promo7ng
healthy
cogni7ve
ageing.
– If
there
is
significant
evidence,
what
are
the
effects
of
nutrients
or
dietary
factors
on
cogni7on?
– How
do
individual
and
environmental
differences
or
other
dietary
components
play
a
role
in
the
effects
that
these
nutrients
exert?
– Are
there
age-­‐specific
dietary
requirements?
Five
sessions
were
addressed
during
this
event:

15. Session
1:
Introduc?on
and
background
• Welcome,
introduc7on
and
objec7ves
of
the
workshop
Prof.
Diána
Báná7
• Understanding
normal
and
pathological
declines
in
cogni7ve
func7on
and
how
they
can
be
influenced
by
gene7c
and
dietary
factors
Prof.
Keith
Wesnes
Session
2:
Mechanisms
of
ageing
and
neuroprotec?on
via
nutrients
• Oxida7ve
stress
Dr
Anne-­‐Marie
Roussel
• Neuro
inflamma7on
(microglia
and
astrocytes,
inflammageing)
Dr
Hugh
Perry
• An7amyloidogenic
(APP
processing,
tau
phosphoryla7on)
Prof.
Robert
Williams
• Neurodegenera7on
and
synap7c
dysfunc7on/loss
Dr
Laura
Caberlomo
• Biomarkers
of
cogni7ve
status
Dr
Robert
Perneczky
Session
3:
Can
a
healthy
brain
be
maintained
an
a
basic
balanced
diet
-­‐
what
is
the
role
of
individual
varia?on?
• Diets
(including
mediterranean)
vs.
Superfoods
(e.g.
Func7onal)
vs.
Supplementa7on
Dr
Cris7na
Andres-­‐Lacueva
• Interven7on
trials
Dr
Ondine
van
de
Rest
• Molecular
mechanisms
underlying
dietary
modula7on
of
adult
hippocampal
neurogenesis:
implica7ons
for
mental
health
Dr
Sandrine
Thuret
• Ketogenic
diets
Dr
Robin
Williams
• Lifestyles
factors
(e.g.
Nutri7on,
exercise,
stress)
for
preserva7on
of
cogni7on:
what
is
the
poten7al
role
of
nutri7on;
can
exercise
enhance
micronutrient
effects?
Prof.
Eef
Hogervorst
• Role
of
obesity/diabetes/impaired
glucose
tolerance/metabolic
disease
in
brain
ageing,
including
metabolic
factors
Prof.
Anne-­‐Marie
Minihane

16. Session
4:
methodological
challenges
—
finding
solu?ons
• Transla7on
of
animal
results:
mechanis7c
findings,
models
and
caveats
Prof.
Jeremy
Spencer
• Effects
of
diets
on
cerebral
blood
flow
and
structure
and
func7on
(fmri,
bold,
ASL,
DTI)
Dr.
Amanda
Kiliaan
• Nutri7on
and
the
brain
ageing:
what
epidemiology
tells
us?
Dr.
Pascale
Barberger-­‐
Gateau
• Why
randomised
trials
in
humans
should
be
the
gold
standard
for
data
on
nutrients
and
ageing?
Dr.
Robert
Clarke
• Biomarkers
of
nutri7on
status
Dr.
Claudine
Manach
Closing
session
• Specific
nutrient
intake
levels
and
cogni7ve
ability:
are
there
op7mal
levels
for
preserving
cogni7on?
Dr
Gene
Bowman
Session
5:
discussion
and
debate?
• Key
issues
and
knowledge
gaps
• Wrap-­‐up
and
closing
remarks

17. Ques?ons
addressed
in
the
workshop
• To
what
extent
are
RDIs
useful
in
providing
guidance
for
op7mal
nutrient
intake
for
cogni7ve
aging?
• If
the
RDIs
are
inadequate,
how
could
we
derive
bemer
recommenda7ons?
• What
impact
should
our
knowledge
of
the
effect
of
age
related
nutrient
uptake
(intes7ne
and
brain),
nutrient
metabolism
and
nutrient
u7liza7on
on
cogni7ve
aging
have
on
nutrient
intake
guidelines?
• Is
there
a
scien7fic
basis
to
develop
age-­‐specific
nutrient
needs
for
brain
health?

18. • Does
genotype
and
inter-­‐individual
variability
represent
a
barrier
for
dietary
supplementa7on?
• Do
food
bioac7ves
act
synergis7cally
when
combined?
• Does
the
current
research
allow
us
to
translate
to
human
interven7ons
under
clinical
condi7ons?
• What
are
the
main
knowledge
gaps
regarding
nutrient
needs
for
cogni7ve
aging,
and
how
does
this
translate
into
research
recommenda7ons?

19. Workshop
conclusions

20. Output
• The
key
recommenda7ons
for
cogni7ve
maintenance
are
avoiding
health
condi7ons
like
obesity,
anaemia,
diabetes
and
heart
disease
in
midlife.
These
contribute
to
faster
brain
ageing
and
increased
risk
of
demen7a.
• Addi7onally,
nutri7on
recommenda7ons
of
many
countries
are
reflec7ve
of
peripheral
needs.
They
may
not
be
enough
for
the
high
energy
and
specific
nutrient
demands
of
the
brain
(e.g.
increased
levels
of
glucose,
DHA,
Vitamin
C,
etc).
• Therefore,
it
is
important
to
understand
which
nutrients
need
to
be
supplemented
during
ageing
when
the
efficiency
of
nutrient
absorp7on
decreases.

21. • There
is
huge
and
convincing
epidemiological
evidence
that
special
diets
(high
polyphenol
and
nutrients
rich/low
calories)
and
intake
of
certain
nutrients
(vitamins
B
and
D,
and
an7oxidants)
have
the
ability
to
amenuate
the
rate
of
cogni7ve
decline.
• Research
needs
to
iden7fy
which
individuals
will
benefit
from
specific
nutrients
(some
may
be
able
to
do
with
less
or
some
have
special
need
for
more).
• These
individual
differences
in
nutrient
needs
may
also
make
some
more
likely
to
develop
health
issues
that
contribute
to
brain
ageing
like
hyperhomocysteinemia
or
high
blood
pressure.

22. • There
are
massive
opportuni7es
for
nutri7onal
products
and
op7mal
diets
but
these
need
to
be
translated
in
clear
preven7ve
guidelines
to
maintain
cogni7ve
func7on
during
ageing.
• The
workshop
also
iden7fied
the
mismatch
of
epidemiology
and
randomised
clinical
trials
as
a
key
knowledge
gap.
Next
steps
• The
proceedings
of
the
workshop
is
currently
summarised
into
a
peer-­‐
reviewed
ar7cle.

23. Acknowledgements
Dr
David
Vauzour
(chair)
University
of
East
Anglia
(UK)
Dr
Siobhan
Mitchell
(co-­‐chair)
Nestlé
(CH)
Dr
Pascale
Barberger-­‐Gateau
INSERM
(FR)
Dr
Sophie
Kergoat
Wrigley
(Mars
Inc.)
(US)
Prof.
Ugo
Lucca
Mario
Negri
Ins7tute
Pharmacology
Research
(IT)
Dr
Lionel
Noah
Sanofi-­‐Aven7s
R&D
(FR)
Dr
María
Ramírez
Abbom
Nutri7on
(ES)
Dr
John
Sijben
Danone
(NL)
Prof.
Maurits
Vandewoude
University
of
Antwerp
(BE)
Prof.
Keith
Wesnes
Northumbria
University
(UK)
Dr.
Dana
Bada7
ILSI
Europe
(BE)
Dr.
Pra7ma
Rao
Jas7
iLSI
Europe
(BE)
Dr.
Jeroen
Schuermans
ILSI
Europe
(BE)
Dr.
Peter
Putz
ILSI
Europe
(BE)

24. Taskforce
members
Dr.
Siobhan
Mitchell
(Chair)
Nestlé
CH
Dr.
Caroline
Saunders
(Vice-­‐Chair)
PepsiCo
Interna7onal
UK
Prof.
Keith
Wesnes
(Co-­‐Chair)
Northumbria
University
UK
Dr.
Mélanie
Charron
Soremartec
Italia
–
Ferrero
Group
IT
Ms.
Anja
Holz
Südzucker/BENEO
Group
DE
Dr.
Sophie
Kergoat
Wrigley
(Mars
Inc.)
US
Dr.
Hasan
Mohajeri
DSM
CH
Dr.
Lionel
Noah
Sanofi-­‐Aven7s
R&D
FR
Dr.
María
Ramírez
Abbom
Nutri7on
ES
Dr.
John
Sijben
Danone
NL
Dr.
Berenike
Stracke
Schwabegroup
DE
Dr.
Barbara
Winters
Campbell
Soup
Company
US
Dr.
Pra7ma
Rao
Jas7
ILSI
Europe
BE
Dr.
Jeroen
Schuermans
ILSI
Europe
BE
Nutri?on
and
Mental
Performance

25. Thank
You
!
Merci
!