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Cold Chain for Meat
1. Maintaining the safety and
suitability of perishable
products: cold chain for meat
Ian Jenson
Meat & Livestock Australia
2. Outline
• Fresh meat definition
• International trade in fresh meat
• Safety and suitability - shelf-life
• Factors that define shelf-life – temperature
• Example: Consumer perceptions
• Temperature monitoring
• Example: Safety of product in road transport
• Example: Temperature and shelf-life
• Example: Quality of frozen product
• Conclusions
3. Meat and meat products
• Nature of product
– Species
– Carcase / carcase
parts
– Aerobic/ vacuum
pack
4. Zhang - ICoMST 2010
Definition of fresh meat
• ‘Meat that has not undergone any preserving process other than
chilling, freezing or quick freezing’ – EU Sanitation and Hygiene
Rules
• ‘fresh meat’ -- meat that, at commencement of its intended use, is
equivalent to an uncooked, raw product in terms of appearance
and functionality
6. Australian beef and veal exports
Source: DAFF,MLA f orecasts
95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13f14f15f16f17f
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
'000 tonnes swt
f = f orecasts
Record 963,000 tonnes swt in 2012
7. Beef exports to major destinations
Source: DAFF, MLA f orecasts
Japan US Korea other
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
'000 tonnes swt
2001 2011 2012f 2013f
f = f orecasts
9. Lamb exports to major
destinations
Source: DAFF, MLA forecasts
Middle East US Greater China other
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
'000 tonnes swt
2001 2011 2012 2013f
f = forecasts
10. Global Lamb Exports
2. USA 36,667 swt
10. Qatar 5,933 swt
8. Japan 7,687 swt
1. Australia 221,000 cwt
(50% of total production)
3. China 29,521 swt
4. UAE 13,205 swt
7. UK 9,016 swt
6. Jordan 12,959 swt
9. Iran 7,271 swt
5. PNG 13,101 swt
Where does Australian lamb go?
50% or 189,000 tonnes swt of Australian lamb production was
exported in 2012…
12. Shelf life of fresh meat - definition
• The time it takes for the meat to become no longer
acceptable to the consumer
• Based on unacceptable:
– colour (browning of meat, greying of fat)
– flavour and aroma (rancid, acid, sulfur, etc)
– texture (loss of structure - soft)
– Moisture and nutrient content (surface drying)
Zhang - ICoMST 2010
13. Safety and Suitability
SAFETY
• Apply all food safety
requirements appropriate
to its intended end-use
• Meets criteria for specified
hazards
• Does not contain hazards
at levels that are harmful
SUITABILITY
• Produced under hygienic
conditions
• Appropriate to its intended
use
• Meets parameters for
diseases or defects
Codex Alimentarius - Code of Practice for Meat
14. If stored under acceptable conditions
meat will remain safe after packing and
chilling
• Most foodborne pathogens do not grow at refrigeration
temperatures
• Safe ‘for its intended use’
• Cooking
15. How long can fresh meat be stored
before it becomes unsuitable?
Zhang - ICoMST 2010
16. Overview of fresh meat storage
Storage life (days)
0 100 200 300 400 500
Storagetemperature
-55C
-18C
-2 to -3C
-0.5C
1 to 4C
5 to 10C
20 to 30C < 1 d
< 3 d
< 7 d
< 28 d
12 months
Indefinite ?
Chilled
Frozen
Zhang - ICoMST 2010
17. Overview of fresh meat storage
Storage life (days)
0 100 200 300 400 500
Storagetemperature
-55C
-18C
-2 to -3C
-0.5C
1 to 4C
5 to 10C
20 to 30C < 1 d
< 3 d
< 7 d
< 28 d
12 months
Indefinite ?
Chilled
Frozen
> 140 d
Vacuum packed
Zhang - ICoMST 2010
18. Vacuum packing
• Removal of oxygen
• Build up of carbon dioxide
(muscle respiration)
• chilled
• Changed bacterial ecology
• Long shelf-life
• Acceptable sensory
characteristics
20. • Chilled
– -1 ± 0.5 °C
– 0.5 m s-1 air velocity
– Container set point -1.5 °C
• Frozen
– Freezing point about -2 °C
– Hard frozen about -6 °C
– Longer shelf-life at lower temperatures (-18⁰C)
Recommended temperature control
21. How does fresh meat become
unsuitable?
Zhang - ICoMST 2010
22. How does fresh meat become
unsuitable?
Zhang - ICoMST 2010
• Type of product (e.g.
fat content, presence
of bone)
• Level of bacteria
• Packing method
• Storage temperature
23. Changes in suitability
• Microbiological
– Spoilage due to bacterial growth
– Mould growth
• Chemical
– Oxidation of fats (rancidity)
– proteolysis – breakdown of protein structure
– Colour changes
• Physical
– Drying
24. Spoilage in the
presence of air
Off odour 1x107/cm2
Slime 7x107/cm2
Time depends on
• how many bacteria
are present
• temperature
25. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Concentration
time (hr)
Growth of bacteria in vacuum pack
Initial number
at the time of
packing
Growth during
storage and
transport
Spoilage
AFTER growth
stops
26. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB)
Vacuum packed meat (chilled):
– LAB grow & become dominant
– LAB recognized as safe for human consumption
– LAB used in many fermented foods - cheese, yoghurt,
fermented sausages, fermented vegetables
– LAB ensures that vacuum packed meat has a long
shelf-life
27. Growth of LAB in vacuum packed beef- effect of
temperature
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 10 20 30 40 50
Days
log(LacticAcidBacteria)
-0.5
2
4
7
°C
46. Predictive modelling of bacterial growth
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (hours)
RefrigerationIndex
Product Average
Product Minimum
Product Maximum
47. Cold chain data- shelf-life case study
• Chilled product
• Lamb primal (large muscle)
• Export to UAE
• Intended for retail / home consumption
48. 1⁰C storage temperature = 10 days shelf-life
-2.00 °C
-1.00 °C
0.00 °C
1.00 °C
2.00 °C
3.00 °C
4.00 °C
5.00 °C
6.00 °C
7.00 °C
8.00 °C
9.00 °C
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Temperature/bacteria(logs)
Storage (days)
49. Short times at high temperatures are not significant
-2.00 °C
-1.00 °C
0.00 °C
1.00 °C
2.00 °C
3.00 °C
4.00 °C
5.00 °C
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Temperature/bacteria(logs)
Storage (days)
50. Cold chain data- quality case study
• Frozen product
• Lean beef trim
• Export to USA
• Ground for use in hamburger patties
51. Frozen product: Australia - USA
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Time from packing (days)
Temperature(°C)
Refrig end
Midway
Door endLoaded onto ship
Discharged Philadelphia
Unpacked at cold store
Transported to Brisbane
52. Breaks in the cold chain
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
37 37.2 37.4 37.6 37.8 38 38.2 38.4 38.6 38.8 39
Time from packing (days)
Temperature(°C)
Corner refrig end
Corner midway
Corner door end
Centre refrig end
Centre midway
Centre door end
Air door end
54. Intentional abuse of product
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time from packing (weeks)
Temperature(°C)
Corner 7
Corner 8
Centre 8
Corner 9
Corner 10
Corner 11
Centre 11
Corner 12
55. Significance of temperature changes
TBARS(mgMDA/kgmeat)
Raw Cooked
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Control
Ambient abuse
Off power
56. Impact of cold chain breaks
• Container Test Facility:
– Max 50 ºC, Min -10 ºC
– Humidity control: 40 to 90%
– Solar simulation
• Four sets of external conditions
– Constant: 10 ºC, 25 ºC, 40 ºC
– Variable: typical Mackay
summer’s day (with sun)
57.
58. Quality in the Supply Chain
• Consumer perceptions are most important
• Temperature control is important
• Shelf-life can be shortened if temperature control is poor
• Not all breaks in the chain are a problem
• Technologies are available for real time temperature
monitoring
• Predictive models and simulations can be used to assess
supply chain temperature
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