2. GROUP 3 MEMBERS
• APPIAH PRINCE YEBOAH
• SADIA ALIMATU SEDI
• FUSEINI BAYLAWU WUMPINI
• SEFA GRACE
• ARHIN DAFOSTA
• YVETTE ATAA YEBOAH
• OBENG RICHARD
• NAJAT ALHASSAN ADBULAI
• JOSEPH AWINBE ANABA
• NKUAHGODFRED
• AHMED TIJANI ABDULLAI
3. AXIAL MUSCULATURE
•THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
•The muscular system is an organ system consisting of
the skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle. It permit
movement of the body, maintain posture and aids in
circulation. The skeletal muscle are muscles attach to
the skeletal system which aid in movement and other
vital operations. The skeletal muscle consist of the
axial and the appendicular muscles.
4. AXIAL MUSCLES
• The axial muscles are the muscles of the head, neck and
trunk which separate and migrate from other during
development. The axial muscles are grouped based on
location or function or both. The muscles aid in ;
• Chewing and swallowing
• Supporting and protect abdominal and pelvic organs
• It forms about 60% of skeletal muscles
• Control the movement of the head and the abdominalsector
of the body.
5. MUSCLES ATTACHMENT FUNCTION
Occipito frontali Frontal and occipital bellies
Separated by epicanal aponeurosis
Raises of the eyebrows
platysma Suprior to the thorax Covers the anterior surface of the
neck
Orbicularisocular(intrinsicand
extrinsic)
Around the eye area Closing, open and blinking of the
eye
Orbicularis oris Around the mouth region The open and close of the mouth
Buccinator A flat muscle of the cheek To smile, compressor force air out
of the mouth
Masseter / Temporalis(muscles of
mastication)
Aids in mastication
Digastic omhyoid
sternocleidomastoid(musclsof
the neck)
Attach to the neck region Helps in the movement of the neck
Intercostalmuscles Attach to the rib cage Aids in respiration
Externa oblique Anteriorabdominal wall It helps to rotate the trunk
Internal oblique Lateral abdominal wall It flexes and blend the trunk and
also helps in respiration
Tranversus This is the deepest musclesof the
abdominal walls
Flex the vertebral column in the
lumber region
6. FACIAL EXPRESSION
• Face
• Forehead is common to both face and scalp
• Facial muscle
• Orbital margins and eyelids
• External nose and nostrils
• Lips, cheeks and mouth
• Pinna
• Scalp
• Cervical skin
7. Facial expression
• Facial expression is one or more motions of the muscles beneath the
skin of the face
• They are form of non-verbal communication. They are primary
means of conveying social information between human, but also
occurs in most mammals and some other animal species.
• Examples;
• Happiness
• Fear
• Sadness
• Surprise
• Anger
8. Cont’
• The muscles of facial expressions are also known as the mimetic
muscles. They can generally be divided into three main functional
categories;
• Orbital
• Nasal
• Oral
• This muscles broadly originate from the surface of the skull and
insert unto facial skin. The muscles of the facial expression are
located within subcutaneous tissue of the face. They originate from
both bone fascia and insert unto facial skin. As they contract, the
muscles pull on the skin to exert their effect.
9. ORBITAL GROUP
• The orbital group of the facial muscles contains two
muscles associated with eye socket which are;
• Orbicularis oculi
• Corrugator supercilii
• These muscles control the movement of the eyelids.
• They are also important in protecting the cornea from
damage.
• They are both innervated by the facial nerve.
10.
11. ORBICULARIS OCULI
•The orbicularis oculi muscles surrounds the eye
socket and extends into the eyelids
•It has three distinct part which are;
•Palpebral
•Lacrimal
•Orbital
12. ATTACHMENT
•Originate from the media orbital margin, the medial
palpebral ligament and the lacrimal bone.
•ACTIONS
•Palpebral part- gently closes the eyelid
•lacrimal part –involved in the drainage of tears
•Orbital part – tightly closes the eyelids
13. CORRUGATOR SUPERCILII
•The corrugator supercilii is much smaller muscles
and is located posteriorly to the orbicularis oculi
• ATTACHMENT
•Originate from the media aspect of the supercilii
arch and insert unto the skin of the eyebrow
•ACTION
•Draws the eyebrows together, creating vertical
wrinkles on the bridge of the nose(associated
frawning)
14. CLINICAL RELEVANCE
• Paralysis to the orbital muscles. If the facial nerves becomes
damage, the orbital muscles will cease to function. As they
are the only muscles that can close the eyelids, this has
some serious clinical consequences.
• The eye cannot shut: this can cause the cornea to dry out.
This is known as exposure keratitis.
• The lower eyelid drops, called ectopion. Lacrimal pools in
the loer eyelidand cannot be spread across the surface.
This can result in a future to remove debris and ulceration
of the cornea surface.
15. NASAL GROUP
• The nasal group of the facial muscles are associated with
movement of the nose and the skin surrounding it. The
nasal muscles of the facial expression consist of three
part which are;
• Nasalis
• Procerus
• Depressor septinasi
• Nasalis : Is the largest of the nasal muscles and comprise
of two part called Transverse and Alar.
16.
17. ATTACHMENT
• Transverse part – originate from the maxilla,immediately
lateral to the nose
• Alar part: originate from the maxilla overlying the lateral
incisor.
• ACTION
• Transverse part – comprises the nasal opening
• Alar part – widens the nasal opening
• Innervation – buccal branches of the facial nerve.
18. PROCERUS
• It is the most superior of the nasal muscles. It lies superficially to
the other muscles of facial expression
• ATTACHMENT
• It originate from the nasal bone and insert onto skin of the lower
media forehead.
• ACTION
• It pulls the eyebrows downward to produce transverse wrinkles
over the nose (associated with frowning)
• INNERVATION
• Buccal branches of facial nerve.
19. DEPRESSOR SEPTI NASI
• The depressor septi nasi muscles assist the Alar part of nasalis in the
opening of the nostrils.
• ATTACHMENT
• Originate from the maxilla(above the media incisor tooth) and
insert onto the nasal septum.
• ACTION
• It pulls the nasal septum inferiorly to widen the nasal opening
• INNERVATION
• Buccal branches of the facial nerve
20. ORAL GROUP
• The oral muscles of the facial expression are responsible for
the movement of the mouth and lips. They are required in
the singing and whistling, and add emphasis to vocal
communication. The group consist of the orbicularis oris,
buccinators and various smaller muscles.
• ORBICULARIS ORIS
• Is the main sphincter muscles of the lips.
• ATTACHMENT
• Arises from the maxilla and from the other muscles of the
cheek. It insert onto the skin and mucus membrane of the
21.
22. .
• ACTION
• Closes the lips to narrow the oral opening.
• INNERVATION
• Buccal branches of the facial nerve.
• BUCCINATOR
• The buccinator is a thin,square shaped muscles. It is located between the
mandible and the maxilla, deep to the other muscles of the face.
• ATTACHMENT
• Originate from the maxilla and mandible. The fibers run in an inferomedial
direction, blending with the orbicularis oris muscles and the skin of the lips.
23. .
• ACTION
• It pulls the cheek inwards against the teeth, preventing accumulation
of food in that area.
• INNERVATION
• Buccal branches of the facial nerve.
• MINOR ORAL MUSCLES.
• There are other minor muscles that act on the lips and mouth. They
can be divided into upper and lower groups:
24. .
•The lower group contains the depressor anguli oris,
depressor labii inferioris and the mentalis.
•The upper group contains the risorious, zygomaticus
major, zygomaticus minor, levator labii superioris,
levator labii suprioris alaeque nasi and levator anguli
oris.
25. MASTICATION AND TONGUE
• Mastication(chewing) is the process by which food is crushed and
grind by teeth. It is the first step of digestion. It is a complex
mechanism involving opening and closing of the jaw, secretion of
saliva and mixing of food with the tongue.
• Importance of mastication
• It increases the surface area of the food to allow more efficient
breakdown by enzymes.
• For easy swallowing.
26. MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
• They are group of muscles that helps a movement of the mandible
during chewing and speech.
• FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLE MASTICATION
• It controls the opening and closing of the mouth.
• There are four pairs of muscles of mastication
• Temporalis
• Masseter
• Media pterygoid
• Lateral pterygoid
27. TEMPORALIS
•It is the large flat muscles that lies within the
temporali fossa of the skull. It arises from entirely of
the temporal fossa below the temporal line.
•The muscles is innervated by the deep temporal
branch of the mandiblular nerve and vascularized by
the deep temporal branches of the maxillary artery
and middle temporal branches of the superficial
temporal artery.
28. MASSETER
The masseter is the powerful superficial quadrangular
muscle origination from the zygomatic arch and insert along
the angle and the lateral surface of the mandibular ramus. It
receives it motor innervation nerve.
The blood supply is primarily from the masseteric artery. It
has two divisions;
• Superficial portion
• Deep portion
29. Superficial portion
• It originate from the thick aponueurosis on the temporal process of the zygomatic
bone and the anterior is two-third of the inferior boarder of the zygomatic arch.
• DEEP PORTION
• It originate from the entire surface of the zygomatic arch.
THE MEDIA PTE
the major elevator of the jaw is a square shape masticatory muscle ,located on the
medial aspect of the lower jaw bilaterally. It is also known as internal pterygoid
muscle, this muscles lies medial to the lateral.
30. LATERAL PTERYGOID
• It is compose of two heads with two distinct origin. The
larger deep head rises from the medial surface of the lateral
pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone. The smaller
superficial head originate from the tuberosity of the
maxilla. Lateral pterygoid muscle is triangle muscle that lies
in the infratemporal fossa. It has two heads with two
distinct origin. The smaller superior head rises from the
inferior surface of the greater wing and infratemporal crest
of the sphenoid bone which form the roof of infratemporal
fossa.
31.
32. Mastication muscle disorder
• Muscles pain limited to the facial region, overuse chronic
involuntary constraction(clenching or dystomia) and ischemia of
normal muscles that causes pain.
• They are;
• Muscle pain or myalgia
• Myositis
• Myospam or trismus
• Hypertrophy
• Hyperplaxia
35. TONGUE
• It is a muscle organ that is located to floor of the mouth.
The tongue runs from the hyoid bone to the floor of the
mouth( located in the middle of the neck.
• FUNCTIONS OF THE TONGUE
• It is a digestiveorgan that moves food around the mouth to
aid in chewing and swallowing
• It also helps in making different sounds by speaking and
formation of words clearly.
• It helps to open air ways for proper breathingprocess.
• It helps to differentiatetaste and flavours.
36. What is the tongue made up of?
• The tongue is mostly made up of muscles. It anchored inside the mouth by webs
of strong tissue and it is covered by mucosa(a moist pink lining that covers certain
organs and body). The tongue is also covered with different types of papillae and
taste buds. The four different types of tastes buds are;
• Filiform: it is located at the front two-thirds of the tongue, filiform and papillae
are thread-like in appearance, filiform papillae don’t contain tastes.
• Fungiform: it is located mostly on the side and tip of the tongue. Fungiform
papillae consist of approximately 1600 taste buds.
• Circumvallate: the small bumps on the back of the tongue are circumvallate
papillae. They appear larger than the other type of papillae and they contain
approximately 250 taste buds.
37.
38. .
• Foliate: located on each side of the back portion of the tongue. It looks like a rough fold of
tissue, each person has about 20 folatepapillae, which contains several 100 taste buds.
• HOW THE TASTE BUDS WORKS
• The taste buds are cluster of nerve cell that transmit sensory message to the brain.
• There are five taste that stimulate the taste buds;
• Sweet
• Salty
• Bitter
• Sour
• Umami
40. CONDITION OR PROBLEMS THAT
AFFECT THE TONGUE
• Discoloration
• Increase size
• Abnormalities of the surface
• Growth(bumps) pain
• Taste concerns
• Difficulty with movement
41. How can I maintain a healthy tongue?
•Practicing of oral hygiene
•Visiting a dental clinic
•Eating of balanced diet .
