1. Biodiesel Feed Stock, Production Technology

5. CPO MILLING

6. TRADITIONAL COCONUT OIL PRODUCTION

7. TRADITIONAL COCONUT OIL PRODUCTION

8. separations Triglyceride

9. LABORATORY SCALE PRODUCTION

12. One Step Process with a Base Catalyst like Sodium Hydroxide or Potassium Hydroxide or their Alkoxides when the Oils/Fats are Refined (RBD). Two-Step Process on oils Containing FREE FATTY ACIDS (I) Esterification with Conc. H 2 SO 4, H 3 PO 4 (ii) Transesterification with a base catalyst NaOH, KOH or High Pressure Esterification and Alcoholysis for straight way conversion to Biodiesel. Chemical Catalyst Process

14. CH 2 OCOR CH2OH Lipase CHOCOR + 3MeOH 3 R.COOMe + CHOH CH 2 OCOR CH2OH TRANSESTERIFICATION Lipase Candida Cylindraceae, Candida Rugosa, Candida Antartica & Lipase 3A (1,3-specific lipase)

15. A. Single Stage or Direct Transesterification (Alcoholysis) Process. Refined or Neutral Oil (< 1.5% F.F.A.)‏ + Alcohol (Methanol) 1.6-2 Times Chemic al Process For Biodiesel Production

16. Theoretical Amount Base Catalyst 50 0 C-70 0 C KOH OR NaOH 4-6 Hr. 0.3-1.5% or NaOMe 0.5% or Less ALKYL ESTER PRODUCT Necessary Post-Treatment BIODIESEL (95% yield of 97% purity)‏

17. 1 st STAGE ESTERIFICATION PROCESS Acid Catalyst + Alcohol (1.6-2 Times (Conc. H 2 SO 4 the Th. Amount) 0.1-1% on F.F.A 100 0 -120 0 C/10-12 hrs. Basis Or 60 0 C/4-5 hrs.Or 35 0 C/2 hrs.1-2 hrs. Ester Phase Glycerol Phase B. TWO-STAGE (COMBINED ESTERIFICATION AND TRANSESTERIFICATION) PROCESS .

18. 2 nd STAGE TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS ESTER PHASE Base Reflux Or at 60 0 C Catalyst For 0.5-6hrs. Alkyl Ester Phase Glycerol Phase Purification Acidified Final Ester Biodiesel Glycerol Phase Acidic Esters Purification

19. AUTOCATALYTIC ESTERIFICATION PROCESS Acidic Oils (>5% FFA) Or Acid Oils (>50% FFA)‏ Esterifying Agent 180 0 C-220 0 C Like Glycerol 2-6 Torr, (Theoretical Or 6-12 hrs 20-60% Excess Over theoretical Neutral Oil Transesterification Process Methyl Ester Glycerol Purification (Recycled in the Esterification)‏ Biodiesel

20. Oil + Methanol (1:42 )‏ 300-500 0 C 300 Atmospheres Times 3-4 minutes Methyl Esters (98% Conversion)‏ TRANSESTERIFICATION WITH SUPERCRITICAL METHANOL FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

21. Biodiesel By Blending of Vegetable Oil With Short Chain Alcohol and an Amphiphilic Compound Vegetable Oil 1-ALKANOL Methanol Or Ethanol Stable Solution (Liquid)‏ (With Viscosity Sufficiently low for use as Diesel Fuel)‏

22. Linolenic Acid < 12% Methanol Content < 0.02% Monoglycerides > 1.0 Diglycerides > 0.25 Triglycerides > 0.25 Free Glycerol < 0.02 Total Glycerol < 0.38 Alkali Metals < 5 ppm Alkali Earth Metals < 5 ppm Phosphorus Content < 10 ppm BIODIESEL STANDARDS

25. Examples (Batch Reaction)‏ Oil FFA(%) Yield of Methyl Ester(%)‏ Crude Palm Oil 4.5 96 Crude Palm Stearin 3.8 98 Rapeseed 3.2 95 Sunflower 3.5 94 Coconut 1.5 98 Palm Kernel 3.2 98 Soya bean 1.3 95 Corn 9.6 96 Tallow 3.9 93

26. FUEL CHARACTERISTICS OF METHYL ESTERS OF VARIOUS VEGETABLE OILS CHARACTERISTICS TESTED METHYL DENSITY VISCOSITY CETANE HEATING ESTER 15 0 C 40 0 C NUMBER VALUE PALM OIL 0.872-0.877 4.3-4.5 64.3-70 32.4 MJ/L COCONUT 0.872 2.7 62.7 30.8 MJ/L

27. METHYL DENSITY VISCOSITY CETANE HEATING ESTER 15 0 C 40 0 C NUMBER VALUE RAPESEED (LEAR) 0.882 4.2 51.0-59.7 32.8MJ/L SUNFLOWER 0.885 4.0 61.2 32.8MJ/L SOYABEAN 0.880 4.0 45.7-56 32.7MJ/L TYPICAL DIESEL 0.830-0.840 2.0-3.5 51.0 35.5MJ/L FUEL