Autor: Vijay P. Singh Fecha: No disponible

1. a)(ft G
YDROLOGIC
MODELING
• INTRODUCTION
• HISTORY
• RECENT ADVANCES
• FUTURE OUTLOOK

2. INTRODUCTION
• DEFINITION OF HYDROLOGY
- What happens to the ram?
Occurrence, Movement, Distribution, and
Storage of Water Quantity and Quality
- Spatial, Temporal, and Frequency Domains
(or Characteristics)
- Quality of Water-Physical, Chemical and
Biological
- Spatial Scale-Watershed, Regional (Basin),
Continental, and Global
- Dynamic Interaction between Atmosphere,
Pedosphere, Lithosphere, and Hydrosphere-
Controlling Influences on Hydrology

3. APLICATION OF
HYDROLOGIC MODELS
• PLANNING, DESIGN,
DEVELOPMENT, OPERATION, AND
MANAGEMENT OF WATER
RESOURCES PROJECTS
• WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
• ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AND MANAGEMENT
• CLIMATE CHANGE

4. APPLICATION OF
HYDROLOGIC MODELS
0
SPECIFIC EXAMPLES
- Flood Protection Projects, Flood Warning
Systems, Reservoir Release Planning, Flood
Plain Management, etc.
Rehabilitation of Aging Dams
Water Supply Forecasting
- Irrigation Water Management
- Wetland Restoration
- Stream Restoration
- Water Table Management
- Drainage Systems Design
- Soil Conservation Practices
- Habitat Modeling
- Hydropower Development
- Consumptive Use and Water Allocation

5. HISTORICAL
PERSPECTIVE
0
THE BEGINNING YEARS:
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPONENT
MODELS
o Surface Runoff Modeling
• Rational Method (Mulvany, 1850;
Imbeau, 1892)
• Unit Hydrograph Method (Sherman,
1932)
• Overland Flow Analysis (Keulegan, 1944;
Izzard, 1944)
• Unit Hydrograph Theory (Nash, 1957;
Dooge, 1959)
o Subsurface Flow Modeling
Subsurface Flow Mechanism
(Lowdermilk, 1934; Hursh, 1936; Hursh
and Brater, 1944; Hoover and Hursh,
1944; Hursh, 1944; Roessel, 1950;
Hewlett, 1961; Nielsen et al., 1959;
Remson, et al., 1960)

6. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
• Determination of Storm Runoff
Amount
SCS-CN Method (1956)
• Theory of Infiltration
Green-Ampt Model (1911)
Kostiakov Model (1932)
Horton Model (1933)
• Theory of Evaporation
Energy Method (Richardson,
1931; Cummings, 1935)
Combination Method (Penman,
1948)

7. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
• Determination of Abstractions
- Interception (Horton, 1919)
- Detention and Depression Storage
(SCS9 1956)
o Base Flow
Darcy Equation (1854)
Hydraulic Conductivity Relation
(Fair and Hatch, 1933)
Well Response to Pumping (Theis,
1935)
Correlation between Ground Water
and Precipitation (Jacob, 1943, 1944)

8. HISTORICAL
PERSPECTIVE
o Reservoir Routing
Puis Method (USACOE, 1928)
Modified Puis Method (USBR, 1949)
o Channel Routing
Muskingum Method (McCarthy,
1934-35)
Modified Puis Method (USBR, 1949)

9. WATERSHED MODELS
• MODELS OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
• STANFORD WATERSHED MODEL (NOW
HSPF) (Crawford and Linsley, 1966)
• EXAMPLES OF MODELS
- HSPF-IV (Bicknell et al., 1993)
- USDA-HL Model (Holtan et al.,
1974)
- PRMS (Leavesley et al., 1983)
- NWS-RFS (Burnash et al., 1973)
- SSARR (Rockwood, 1982)
- SWMM (Metalf and Eddy et al.,
1971)
- HEC-HMS (U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers, 1999)

10. WATERSHED MODELS
KINEROS (Woolhiser et al, 1990)
- ANSWERS (Beasley et al., 1977)
- CREAMS (USDA, 1980)
- EPIC (Williams, 1995)
SWRRB (Williams, 1995)
SPUR (Carison et al., 1995)
AGNPS (Young et al., 1995)
- WATFLOOD (Kouwen et al., 1993)
- UBC (Quick, 1995)
- SHE (Abbott et al., 1986)
- TOPMODEL (Beven, 1995)
- IHDM (Calver and Wood, 1995)
- SHETRAN (Ewen et al., 2000)
MI

11. WATERSHED MODELS
- WBNM (Boyd et al., 1979)
- RORB (Laurenson and Mein, 1995)
- THALES (Grayson et al., 1995)
LASCAM (Sivapalan et al., 1996)
- Tank Model (Sugawara, 1975)
- Xinanjiang Model (Zhao et al., 1980)
- HBV Model (Bergstrom, 1976)
- ARNO Model (Todini, 1988)
- TOPIKAPI Model (Todini, 1995)
- HYDROTEL (Fortin et al., 2001)

12. CLASSIFICATION OF
WATERSHED MODELS
0
CRITERIA FOR CLASSIFICATION
- Process Description
- Dynamics and Simplification
Time Scale
- Space Scale
- Method of Solution
- Land Use
- Model Use
- Model Complexity

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15. MODEL CONSTRUCTION
• MODEL ARCHITECTURE AND
STRUCTURE
• WATERSHED REPRESENTATION
• HYDROLOGIC PROCESS
- Precipitation
- Storage Abstractions
- Evaporation and Evapotranspiration
- Infiltration
Soil Moisture Accounting
- Runoff Production
Snowmelt Runoff
- Surface Runoff Routing
- Channel Flow Routing
- Interflow
- Groundwater Flow
- Stream-Aquifer Interaction
- Water Quality

16. MODEL CONSTRUCTION
• MODEL CALIBRATION
• GOODNESS-.OF-TEST
• MODEL VALIDATION
• MODEL ERROR ANALYSIS
• MODEL RELIABILITY

17. RECENT ADVANCES
o
HYDROLOGIC PATA NEEDS
- Hydrometeorologic
- Topographic
- Geomorphologic
- Pedologic
- Land Use
Lithologic
Hydraulic
HYDROLOGIC PATA ACQUISITION
- Remote Sensing
- Satellite Technology
Radar Technology
- Digital Terrain and Elevation Modeis
- Chemical Tracers
o
PATA PROCESSING AND MANAGEMENT
- Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
- Pata Base Management Systems (DBMS)

18. RAINFALL VARIABILITY
• STORM MOVEMENT
• SPATIAL VARIABILITY
• TEMPORAL VARIABILITY
• RAINFALL FIELD
DESCRIPTION
• RAINFALL FORECASTING

19. VARIABILITY IN
WATERSHED
CHARACTERISTICS
0
SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF
HYDRAULIC ROUGHNESS
- Effect 011 Runoff Dynamics and Hydrograph
- Formation of Shocks
SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF
INFILTRATION
- Hydraulic Conductivity
Steady Infiltration
- Mean Infiltration
Effect on Runoff Hydrograph

20. SCALING AND
VARIABILITY
• SPATIAL SCALING
- Spatial Heterogeneity in Watershed
Characteristics
- Spatial Variability in Processes
• PHYSICAL SPATIAL SIZE
- Representative Elementary Area
- Hydrologic Response Units
- Computational Grid Size
• TEMPORAL SCALING
- Time Interval of Observations
- Computational Grid Size
- Temporal Variability of Processes

21. LIN NG HYDROLOGIC
MODELS
• GEOCHEMISTRY
• ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
• METEOROLOGY
• CLIMATOLOGY
• OCEANOGRAPHY
• SOCIAL SCIENCES
• ECONOMICS
• DECISION MAKING

22. MODEL CALIBRATION
9
PARAMETER ESTIMATION
ALGORITHM
Obj ective Function
Optimization Algorithm
- Termination Criteria
- Calibration Data
• HANDLING DATA ERRORS
• DETERMINATION OF DATA
NEEDS-QUANTITY AND
INFORMATION-RICHNESS
REPRESENTATION OF
UNCERTAINTY OF CALIBRATED
MODEL
• ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS

23. FUTURE OUTLOOK
• INCREASING SOCIETAL DEMAND
FOR MODELS
• INCREASING EMPHASIS ON
LINKING MODELS TO
ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECO-
SYSTEMS
• EMPHASIS ON USER-
FRIENDLINE SS
• INC ORPORATION OF
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGy,
COMPUTER-BASED DESIGN,
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, AND
SPACE TECHNOLOGY
• MODEL UNCERTAINTY AND
RELIABILITY
• MODEL COMPETITIVENESS