Based On Group Discussion for Class XI Includes some LAQ and Some SAQ Greenfield Public School

2.  Nanabhoy "Nani" Ardeshir
Palkhivala (January 16, 1920 – December
11, 2002) was an
Indian jurist and economist.
 Nani Palkhivala was born in 1920
in Bombay to blue collar, middle-
class Parsi parents.
 Palkhivala received a great deal of
recognition from academics, academic
institutions and the government.
 In 1963, Palkhivala was offered a seat in
the Supreme Court, but declined.

3. In 1968, he was offered the position of Attorney-General by
Govinda Menon, then the Law Minister in the Congress
Government.
Nani Palkhivala was appointed Indian Ambassador to the United
States in 1977
In the last years of his life, Nani Palkhivala was severely affected
by what may have been Alzheimer's disease
He died on Wednesday, December 11, 2002. He was 82.
His some famous books are:
1.We,the nation: The Lost Decades
2.The Law And Practice Of Income Tax
3.The Global Economy: A North-South Dialogue

4. More than ever the planet earth is losing
its vitality and freshness due to human
development activities, our earth has
become highly polluted , highly
irreparable and highly damaged. We have
taken out petroleum , coal and a lot of
natural resources from the earth. We have
removed more than half of world’s
vegetation and emitted large quantity of
carbon and lot of other chemicals.

5. We have destroyed marine life and made rivers dry.
Moreover our greed for more and more wealth
resulted in depleting the protective ozone layer and
and invited all harmful rays to the earth’s surface .
Besides, we have brought out a great imbalance
between and other species of the earth. So we need
to stop this practice right now to make our mother
earth a better place.

6.  The green movement , a term that includes the
conservation and green politics, is adverse
scientific social and political movement for
addressing environmental issues.
 The author begins by commenting on the great
attention received by the green movement that
began with some 25 yrs. ago. The world’s first
nationwide Green party was founded in New
Zealand in the year 1972 and the movement has
been a great success since then.

7. Major issues have included nuclear energy, preventing forest
logging and halting the growing of GE food crops. Logging
protests occurred in Whirinaki, Pureora, and on the West
Coast of the South Island.

8. Short Question Answers
 1. Why the earth is said to be an ailing planet ?
 2.What is the significance of green movement in
modern world ?
 3.Who is the most dangerous animal on earth ?
And what did he learn in the recent times ?

9. We have shifted –one hopes , irrevocably –from the mechanistic view to a
holistic and ecological view of the world .It is a shift in human perceptions as
revolutionary as that introduced by Copernicus who taught mankind in the sixteenth
century that the earth and the other planets revolved round the sun .For the first time
in human history ,there is a growing world wide consciousness that the earth itself is
a living organism - an enormous being of which we are parts. It has its own
metabolic needs and vital process which need to be respected and preserved.

10. Now the view of people regarding earth has changed considerably .The
Earth is no more considered just as a planet but as a full fledged living
organism –an enormous being of which we are parts .Just as all living
organisms has their own metabolic needs , Earth too has its own . It has
its own vital processes .

11. The earth’s vital signs reveal a patient in declining health .We
have begun to realise our ethical obligations to be good stewards
of the planet and responsible trustees of the legacy to future
generations .
The concept of Sustainable Development was popularised in
1987 by the World Commision on Environment and
Development .In its report it defined the idea as “Development
that meets the need of the present , without compromising the
ability of the future generations to meet their needs” i.e, without
stripping the natural world of resources future generations
would need.

12. Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is development that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.
IMPORTANCE
* maintaining ecological balance
*prevents exhausting of natural resources
*and so saves Earth –our Ailing Planet

13. Questions Based On Content
LAQ
Q.A ”Earth is itself a living organism ”. Comment.
1.metabolic processes.
2.vital processes
3.dying day by day like a living organism
Q.B How do the earth’s vital sign reveal a patient in decline health?
1.deforestation
2.polluted and degraded
3.increases in temperature
Q.D How human efforts can protect the Earth?

14. SAQ
Q.1 What is the concept of sustainable development ?
Ans . Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Q.2 What was the revolutionary shift in the human perception?
Ans .The shift in the human perception was that for the first time in human history ,there
is a growing world wide consciousness that the earth itself is a living organism - an
enormous being of which we are parts.
Q.C What is the Holistic and Ecological view of the world?

15. “The earth’s principal biological systems are
four- fisheries ,forests ,grasslands ,and croplands- and they
form the foundation of the global economic system ” said
by Mr. Lester S. Brown in his book, The Global Economic
Prospect . In addition to supply our food , these four system
provide virtually all the raw materials for industry.

16. A fishery may involve capture of wild fish or raising fish through fish farming or aquaculture . The
livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends on fisheries of aquaculture.
Close to 90% of the world’s fishery catches come from oceans and seas , as opposed to inland
waters. Most fisheries are wild fisheries , but farmed fisheries are increasing .

17. A forest is a large area dominated by trees .
According to the census in 2014 ,forests covers four billion
hectares (15 square miles) or approximately 30% of the world’s
land area . Forests provide a diversity of ecosystem services
including converting carbon dioxide into oxygen and biomass ,
aiding in regulating climate, purifying water, mitigating natural
hazards such as floods . Forests also serve as a source of lumber
and as recreational areas.

18. GRASSLAND
Grasslands area areas the vegetation is dominated by grasses. Grasslands occur naturally on all
continents except Antarctica. One-fifth of the Earth’s land area is grasslands. On average, grasslands
receive about 20-25 inches of rainfall a year. Grasslands in all its form supports a vast variety of
mammals , reptiles ,birds and insects.

19. CROPLAND
Agriculture land or cropland is typically a land
devoted to agriculture , the systematic and controlled use of other forms of life –particularly the
rearing of livestock and production of crops to produce food for humans .It is thus generally
synonymous with farmland or cropland. Agriculture land covers 38.4% of the world’s land. Two
subcategories of cropland are recognized :cultivated and non-cultivated.

20. How are the earth’s principal biological systems being
depleted?
There are four principle biological systems of
the earth-(1)fisheries (2)forests (3)grasslands
(4)croplands , as pointed by Mr. Lester S.
Brown . Unfortunately , the humans claims on
these systems as reaching points, where their
productivity is getting impaired. The protein
hungry world is over-fishing everyday . In poor
countries, local forests are being destroyed
everyday to get firewood for cooking.
The growing use of dung for burning deprives the soil of
an
important natural fertilizer. The forest precede
mankind and deserts follow. The world’s
tropical forest are eroding at the rate of 40-50
million acres per year. Also, grasslands and
croplands are being converted into deserts and
wastelands.

21. Article 48 A
Article 48A of the Constitution of India provides that “the State shall
endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the
forests and wildlife of the country”. But what causes endless anguish is the
fact that laws are never respected nor enforced in India. (For instance, the
Constitution says that casteism, untouchability and bonded labour shall be
abolished, but they flourish shamelessly even after forty-four years of the
operation of the Constitution.) A recent report of our Parliament’s Estimates
Committee has highlighted the near catastrophic depletion of India’s forests
over the last four decades. India, according to reliable data, is losing its
forests at the rate of 3.7 million acres a year. Large areas, officially designated
as forest land, “are already virtually treeless”. The actual loss of forests is
estimated to be about eight times the rate indicated by government statistics.

22. A three-year study using satellites and aerial photography conducted by
the United Nations, warns that the environment has deteriorated so badly that it is
‘critical’ in many of the eighty eight countries investigated. There can be no doubt that
the growth of world population is one of the strongest factors distorting the future of
human society. It took mankind more than a million years to reach the first billion.
That was the world population around the year 1800. By the year 1900, a second
billion was added, and the twentieth century has added another 3.7 billion. The present
world population is estimated at 5.7 billion. Every four days the world population
increases by one million. Fertility falls as incomes rise, education spreads, and health
improves. Thus development is the best contraceptive. But development itself may not
be possible if the present increase in numbers continues. The rich get richer, and the poor
beget children which condemns them to remain poor. More children does not mean more
workers, merely more people without work. It is not suggested that human beings be
treated like cattle and compulsorily sterilised. But there is no alternative to voluntary
family planning without introducing an element of coercion. The choice is really
between control of population and perpetuation of poverty

23. Explanation of article 48 A
Article 48A of the Indian constitution says that each state is responsible for the depletion of the
forests in its area or each state government has to protect its flora and fauna. But Article 48A
is just a article like others of the constitution and not at all followed in India even after 65+
years of the implementation of the constitution. Day to day reports of the media proves the
worst conditions of the forestland in India, From 1950-1995, the period is considered as the
worst time period for flora and fauna as India was loosing estimated 4.5 million acres of forests
per year. But after that time the condition is bit controlled and its now around 3 million acres
per year. But these are all government statistics while the actual loss is 8 times the stats.

24. According to the chapter a three year study that was
conducted by the united nations using satellites and aerial
photography , warns the environment has deteriorated so
badly that it is critical in many of the eighty eight countries
investigated, while the present time situation is for about
one hundred fifty countries. Even after this red alarm by the
united nations, the world is still not taking the effective
measures or not following the rules that are necessary to save
the flora and fauna.

25. Causes of distorting of planet
The main factor and most responsible one of distorting of planet is
increasing population and is gonna become the biggest threat to
human society. According to the some statistics mankind took more
than million years to reach the first billion that was the time period
around 1800 and by the 1900 a second billion was added and the
twentieth century population has added 3.7 billion that means
around 6 billion+ at the present time. Now even the condition is
that one million is added on the daily basis, so if the population is
so much these persons require to live somewhere, hence we are
snatching animals land for our purposes

26. Illiteracy
Illiteracy is the another main factor of distorting of planet. The
more the person is educated, the easily he understands the needs
and requirements of the planet. In subcontinent countries like
India, Pakistan, Sri lanka, Bangladesh, Afghanistan etc. ,
more than 40% of the population is uneducated, and reason
behind the illiteracy is poverty of these regions. Fertility falls
as the income rise, education spreads and the health improves.
More children did not mean more workers, merely people
without work.

27.  There can be no doubt that the growth of world population is one of the
strongest factor distorting the future of the humans society.
 It took mankind more than a million years to reach the first billion .That
was the world population around the year 1800.by the year 1900,the 2nd
billion was added and the 20th century has added another 3.7 billion .the
present world population is estimated at 5.7 billion.

28. Solution
 Fertility falls as income rise, education spreads, and health
improves . Thus development is the best contraceptive. But
development itself may not be possible if the present
increases in numbers continues.

29. Development – The best solution
 Practicing water conservation and eliminating environmental pollution is important to
preserve the Earth's natural materials. Recycling paper, plastics, metals and other
products lowers the production of waste. Using solar energy is better than burning
precious fossil fuels.
 The average human being contributes a great amount of waste during a normal
lifetime. Although the effects of abusing the environment may not be present in one
generation, it is bound to appear in others. Weird fluctuations in temperature and
climate throughout the world have caused crippling droughts and a scarcity of natural
products. It is the responsibility of every citizen to respect the environment and
prevent causing damage that affects future generations. More businesses are going
green to protect the environment.

30. Control of Population
The population of India is estimated to be 920 million today – more than the entire populations of
Africa and South America together.
 A successful species will increase its population until their natural resources are consumed. In the
case of humanity: people attempt to be 'green', some people choose to be vegan and so on, with
the intent of reducing ones footprint on the planet. However, our numbers keep increasing, which
could mean that it might still be a 'half-measure' and eventually we still will use up all our
'footprint-space' or natural resources. Our population limit will just be greater that it would have
been when using bigger footprints. This would make us live in a more crowded manner.
 Reducing population would mean we have more resource per capita, so less incentive to waste
them. And we already waste a lot. We may consume less overall, but we may also consume way
more per capita. That isn't positive change in my opinion.

31. Education of People
 Education is essential for effective population control because awareness
among people is must for birth control.
 Effective control of the population was vital for the growth of the nation,
development of the economy and equal distribution of the resources among
the all people.

32. The Changing Era
 For the first time in human history we see a
transcending concern – the survival not just of the
people but of the planet . We have begun to take
a holistic view of the very basis of our existence.
 The environmental problem does not necessarily
signal our demise, it is our passport for the
future. The emerging new vision has ushered in
the Era of Responsibility.

33. Increasing Awareness
The following can be done in this regards:
--Make it one of the top priority of the government
--It should be taught to all children from primary to middle class as core subject
--This should not be just symbolic; but must imbibe instilling a realistic concern in all children
--There should be awards and recognition for children who show good work in this regard
--Promoting the idea through stories as ads on TV and radio
--Planting saplings of trees; every tree cut for development projects must be replaced by
planting at least 50-100 saplings.
--Participating by government at international level and adopting the action plan in
government policies
--Awards, recognition and incentives for industrial set ups at green sites, and those who take
initiatives for environment protection

34. Paragraph…..
 Industry has a most crucial role to play in this new era of responsibility. What
a transformation would be effected if more businessmen shared the view of
the chairman of Du Pont,Mr Edgar S.Woolard who, five years ago, declared
himself to e the company’s “chief environmental officer”. He said, “our
continued existence as a leading manufacturer requires that we excel in
environmental performance”.
 Of all the statements made by Margaret Thatcher during the years of her
Prime Ministership,none has passed so decisively into the current coin of
English usage as her felicitous words: “No generation has a freehold on this
earth, all we have is a life tenancy – with a full repairing lease". In the
words of Mr. Lester Brown, “We have not inherited this earth from our
forefathers ; we have borrowed it from our children .

35. About Industries…
 Industries one of the most important thing which increases the GDP of our
countries.
 People invest in industries and mostly they get successful and earn a lot .
 Lot of industries means lots of jobs opportunities which means a greater
income of people and increase GDP in our country.
 To make our country fully developed and to remove all the crises industries
are one of the options.
 A successful industrialist have a great income and if many industries are
there then there will be great economic growth.

36. How the industries help in new Era ?....
 Establishment of industries is generating the job oppourtiounties .
 Industries can also be compared to the helping hand for those who have no
income.
 Economic boom and latest technology.
 Increase in exports which will make large profits and will be utilized in the
development of country.
 GDP per capita will increase.
 High standard of living.
 Literacy rate increase and less deaths.

37. Questions / Answers….
 How can industry play its role in the new era of responsibility ?
 Its well known that industries are the main source of causing environmental
pollution. There will be a great change in the preservation of environment if
the industrialists become conscious of their responsibility and become
environment friendly.
 Why does the author quote the words of Mrs. Margaret Thatcher and Mr.
Lester Brown?
 The two statements quoted by the author support his pint of view about the
need to protect environment. Both the statements lay stress on preservation
of environment and holding it in trust for the coming generations.

38. Summary
 Our Earth is an enormous living organism , of which we are living
parts . This is our planet ,its destruction will make us all homeless
. We are dependent on Earth and not the other way round .
However , the thanklessness creature , man,is unconcerned about
the dangers that pose threats to our survival . The articles by Nani
Palkivala deals with the concern of the environmentalists at this
eleventh hour and talks about the new awareness that has dawned
upon our race . A holistic and ecological view of the world has
been brought into consideration . The Green Movement launched
in 1972 has never looked back .
 There is a growing need of sustainable development , which was
popularised by World Commission on Environment and
Development in 1987.

39.  Man is the most dangerous creature , as it was declared by a zoo in
lusaka,Zambia. Human beings are taking too much time to realize
the need of the hour . One of the members of Brand Commission , Mr.
L.K.Jha , raised a vital question , are we to leave our successors a
scorched planet of advancing deserts, impoverished landscapes and
ailing environment ?
Mr.Lester R.Brown expressed his worries over the fact that our four
biological systems are reaching an unsustainable level. The tropical
forest , the powerhouse of evolution , as Dr. Meyers called them , are
being destroyed causing extinction of several species.

40.  The fear hovers , what if the words , forests precede mankind and
deserts follow, come true . And the reality is that India is losing its
forests at the rate of 3.7 million acres a year. The Article 48A of the
Indian Constitution provides that the State shall endeavor to protect
and improve the environment and safe-gaurd the forests and wildlife
of country . To conserve the environment and to bring down the
population of world , which is 5.7 billion, Palkhivala suggests that
development is the only solution . Fertility falls as the income rises ,
education spreads , and health improves . Nani supports compulsory
sterillization and defends it by saying there is no alternative but
coercion.

41.  The population of India today is more than 920 million, which is more than the entire
population of Africa and South America. What is happening today is that rich are getting richer
and poor are begetting children, which begets them to remain poor. Now the folks are realize
what endangers our race. It is not about the survival of human race but the survival of the
planet earth.
 It is an Era of Responsibility. The industrialists have to understand the present concern with
most consideration. The view of Chairman of Du Pont, Mr. Edgar S. Woolard is much
appreciable, our continued existence as a leading manufacturer requires that we excel in
environmental performance .
 Let us be grateful to mother nature and keep Margaret Thatcher’s felicitous words. No
generation has a freehold on this earth. All we have is a life tenancy with a full repairing
lease. In the words of Mr. Lester Brown, we have not inherited this earth from our forefathers;
we have borrowed it from our children.

42. QUOTES
 Earth provides enough to satisfy everyman’s
needs, but not everyman’s greed.
 No generation has a freehold on this earth. All we
have is life tenancy – with a full repairing lease.
 We all have not inherited this planet from our
forefathers : we have borrowed it from our
children.

43. message
 The future of humanity will depend on how we steward the resources of land, of soil, of
water and seeds and pass them to future generation