The overall concept of Global Warming, its History and Geoengineering Techniques.

1. Global Climate Change
&
Various Aspects
By : Abhishek Mahajan
M.Tech (Environmental Engineering)
11147702

2. INTRODUCTION
&
HISTORY

3. GLOBAL WARMING
• Global warming is the increase in the Earth’s temperature caused by
increased emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
• This theory of global warming was first offered by a Swedish chemist
named Svante Arrhenius in 1896.
• Arrhenius estimated that “Doubling the level of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere would raise the mean global temperature by
several degrees.”

4. • Global temperature on both land and sea increased by 0.6 ± 0.2 °C
over the past century
• Volume of atmospheric carbon dioxide increased from 280 parts per
million in 1800 to 367 in 2000, a 31% increase over 200 years.

5. Main Concerns
of
Global warming

6. OUR CHANGING CLIMATE
• Global mean surface temperatures have increased 0.5-1.0°F since the late 19th
century.

7. • Sea level has risen 4-8 inches over the past century.
Time series of global mean sea level (deviation from the 1980-1999 mean) in the past and as projected for the future

8. The snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere and floating ice in the Arctic Ocean
have decreased.

9. Global surface temp. could rise 1-4.5°F (0.6-2.5°C) in the next fifty years, and
2.2-10°F (1.4-5.8°C) in the next century.

10. Seismic activity: The sudden Melting of ice polls sheet may trigger potential
changes in the global plate tectonic equilibrium which might influence the global
earthquake trend.

11. CONFERENCES
&
CONVENTIONS

12. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
Drafted in 1992 Effective in 1994

13. OBJECTIVE:
• The ultimate objective of the Convention is to “stabilize Greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous
Anthropogenic interference with the climate system.”
LIMITATION:
• The treaty itself set no binding limits on Greenhouse gas emissions for
individual countries and contains no enforcement mechanisms.

14. KYOTO PROTOCOL
Adopted on 1997 Effective on 2005

15. OBJECTIVE:
• It puts the obligation to reduce current emissions on developed countries on the
basis that they are historically responsible for the current levels of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere.
RESULT:
• Governments have already put, and are continuing to put in place legislation and
policies to meet their commitments.
• Carbon market has been created.

16. COPENHAGEN SUMMIT
(United Nations Climate Change Conference)
2009

17. OBJECTIVES:
• To create international awareness to prevent climate change and global warming.
• To create a new climate treaty to replace the Kyoto Protocol that runs out in 2012.
• The Summit aims to demonstrate that tackling climate change can generate huge
opportunities for transformation and economic growth.
AGENDA:
• Emission targets of industrialized countries
• Emission cuts of major developing countries
• Financing of reduced emissions
Copenhagen fail to deliver a climate deal

18. The Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change
(IPCC)
1998

19. OBJECTIVES:
The aims of the IPCC are to assess scientific information relevant to:
• Human-induced climate change
• The impacts of human-induced climate change,
• Options for adaptation and mitigation.
The IPCC does not carry out its own original research. The IPCC bases its
assessment on the published literature, which includes peer-reviewed and non-peer-
reviewed sources.
In December 2007, the IPCC was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize

20. GREENHOUSE GASES

21. GREENHOUSE GASES
• The greenhouse gas is any gaseous compound in the atmosphere that is capable of
absorbing infrared radiation, thereby trapping and holding heat in the atmosphere.
• Three factors affect the degree to which any greenhouse gas will influence global
warming:
Its abundance in the atmosphere
How long it stays in the atmosphere
Its global-warming potential

22. GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL
• Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) are intended as a quantified measure of the
globally averaged relative radiative forcing impacts of a particular greenhouse gas.
• It is the cumulative radiative forcing both direct and indirect effects integrated
over a period of time from the emission of a unit mass of gas relative to some
reference gas (IPCC 1996).
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) was chosen as this reference gas.

23. VARIOUS GREENHOUSE GASES
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Methane (CH4)
• Nitrous oxide (N2O)
• Fluorinated gases
• Water vapour (H2O)
• Ozone (O3)

24. CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary greenhouse gas emitted through human
activities.
• CO2 accounted for about 87% of all greenhouse gas emissions from human
activities
Global warming Potential
(100 year)
1
Lifetime in Atmosphere
Lifetime is poorly
defined because the
gas is not destroyed
over time

25. Sources of Carbon Dioxide Emission
• Electricity
• Transportation
• Industry
• Residential & Commercial
• Other

26. Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Atmosphere
• Carbon dioxide causes about 20 %
of Earth’s greenhouse effect.
• When carbon dioxide conc. rise,
air temperatures go up, and more
water vapour evaporates into the
atmosphere, which then amplifies
greenhouse heating.

27. METHANE (CH4)
• Methane (CH4) is the 2nd most prevalent greenhouse gas.
• CH4 accounted for about 10% of all greenhouse gas emissions from human
activities.
Lifetime in Atmosphere 12 years
Global Warming
Potential (100-year)
28-36

28. Sources of Methane Emission
• Industry ( Natural gas and
petroleum systems)
• Agriculture (Domestic
livestock produce large
amounts of CH4 as part of
their normal digestive
process.)
• Waste from Homes and
Businesses

29. Effects of Methane on Atmosphere
• The warming effects of methane are
increased through its interaction with
aerosols like sulphate molecules.
• About 25% of the manmade global warming we’re experiencing today is caused
by methane emissions.
• Methane is 21 times more heat-trapping that carbon dioxide.

30. NITROUS OXIDES
• Nitrous oxide (N2O) accounted for about 5% of all greenhouse gas emissions from
human activities.
• Nitrous oxide is naturally present in the atmosphere as part of the Earth's
nitrogen cycle
• Globally, about 40% of total N2O emissions come from human activities.
Lifetime in Atmosphere 114 years
Global Warming
Potential (100-year)
298

31. Sources of Nitrous Oxide Emission
• Agriculture
(Through the use of synthetic fertilizers,
Agricultural soil management is the largest
source of N2O emission)
• Transportation
(Nitrous oxide is emitted when transportation
fuels are burned)
• Industry
( Nitrous oxide is generated as a byproduct during
the production of nitric acid, which is used to
make synthetic commercial fertilizer, and in the
production of adipic acid, which is used to make
fibers, like nylon, and other synthetic products.)

32. • Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions have increased by about 8% between 1990 and
2013.
• Increase in emissions is due in part to annual variation in agricultural soil
emissions,
• Increase in emissions from the electric power sector.

33. Effects of Nitrous Oxide on Atmosphere
• According to the EPA, the gas is 310 times more effective in trapping heat than
carbon dioxide.
• 60% percent of the nitrous in the atmosphere is produced naturally.
• Nitrous oxide also causes ozone depletion.

34. FLUORINATED GASES
• Fluorinated gases have NO natural sources and only come from human-related
activities.
• Many fluorinated gases have very high global warming potentials (GWPs).
• There are four main categories of fluorinated gases :
a) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
b) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
c) Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
d) Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)

35. Various Properties of Fluorinated gases
Gases Global warming Potential Lifetime
HFCs 12-14,800 1-270 years
PFCs 7,390-12,200 2,600-50,000 years
SF6 22,800 3,200 years
NF3 17,200 740 years
• Fluorinated gases are removed from the atmosphere only when they are destroyed
by sunlight in the far upper atmosphere.

36. Sources of Emission
• Substitution for Ozone-Depleting
Substances.
 (Hydrofluorocarbons are used as
Refrigerants, arosol propellants,
solvents, and fire retardants.)
• Industry
 (Aluminum production, manufacturing
of semiconductors)
• Transmission and Distribution of
Electricity
 (Sulfur hexafluoride is used in
electrical transmission equipment)

37. Effects of Fluorinated gases
• Fluorinated gases have very high global
warming potentials (GWPs) relative to
other greenhouse gases, so small
atmospheric concentrations can have large
effects on global temperatures.
• They can also have long atmospheric
lifetimes--in some cases, lasting thousands
of years.
• Fluorinated gases are the most potent and
longest lasting type of greenhouse gases
emitted by human activities.

38. EFFECTS
OF
GLOBAL WARMING

39. • A major report released Sept. 27, 2013, by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) stated that scientists are more certain than ever of the link between
human activities and global warming.
• The Major Effects are :
Temperatures will continue to rise
Frost-free season (and growing season) will lengthen
Changes in precipitation patterns
More droughts and heat waves
Hurricanes will become stronger and more intense
Sea level will rise 1-4 feet by 2100
Arctic likely to become ice-free

40. EFFECTS ON WEATHER
• Changes have been observed in the amount, intensity, frequency, and type of
precipitation.
• Extreme weather
• Extreme heat
• Intense precipitation
• Drought
• Tropical cyclones
The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Geophysical Fluid
Dynamics Laboratory concluded "the strongest hurricanes in the present climate
may be upstaged by even more intense hurricanes over the next century as the
earth's climate is warmed by increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere“
Globally the major factor affecting tropical cyclone frequency is the ENSO
phenomenon

41. EFFECTS ON CRYOSPHERE
• Observed changes in the cryosphere include:
Declines in Arctic sea ice extent.
The widespread retreat of alpine glaciers
Reduced snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere.

42. EFFECTS ON OCEANS
The oceans serve as a sink for carbon dioxide.
• Ocean acidification
 The increased levels of CO2 have led to
ocean acidification.
 The average decrease in pH of 0.1 units due to CO2
since 1750
Projections using the SRES emissions scenarios
suggest a reduction in average global surface ocean
pH of between 0.14 and 0.35 units over the
21st century.
• Sea level rise
Global sea level has risen by about 8 inches since 1880.
• Sea level rise is caused primarily by two factors related to global warming:
The added water from melting land ice
The expansion of sea water as it warms.

43. • Ocean temperature rise:
From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the
surface to a depth of 700 m

44. EFFECTS ON HUMANS
Deadly Heat Waves
More frequent and severe heat waves will result in a greater number of heat-related deaths.
In 2003, extreme heat waves claimed as many as 70,000 lives in Europe.
In May 2015, India was struck by a severe heat wave. As of 3 June 2015, it has caused the
deaths of more than 2,500 people.
Bad Air, Allergy and Asthma
Global warming could increase smog pollution in some areas and intensify pollen allergies
and asthma.
Scientific studies show that a higher level of carbon dioxide spurs an increase in the growth of
weeds whose pollen triggers allergies and exacerbates asthma.

45. Infectious Disease and Food and Waterborne Illness Outbreaks
Warming temperatures, alternating periods of drought and deluges, and ecosystem disruption
have contributed to more widespread outbreaks of infections like malaria, dengue fever and
diarrheal illnesses.
Mosquitoes that can carry dengue fever viruses were previously limited to elevations of 3,300
feet but recently appeared at 7,200 feet in the Andes Mountains of Colombia.
Heavy rainfall events can wash pathogens from contaminated soils, farms, and streets into
drinking water supplies.
Higher outdoor temperatures can cause increased outbreaks of foodborne illnesses such as
salmonella, which reproduces more rapidly as temperatures increase.

46. Solutions
&
Recommendation

47. There are 3 possible solutions to overcome Global Warming which are :
a) Mitigation
b) Adaption
c) Geo-engineering Solutions

48. MITIGATION
• Mitigation of climate change are actions to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions.
Or
To Enhance the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb GHGs from the atmosphere.
• The emission of carbon can be reduced by various methods:
a) Energy conservation and increased energy efficiency
b) The use of low-carbon energy technologies
c) Enhancing carbon sinks

49. ADAPTATION
• Adaptation to global warming is a response to global warming that seeks to
reduce the vulnerability of social and biological systems to current climate
change and thus offset the effects of global warming
• Adaptation to climate change may be planned, either in reaction to or anticipation
of climate change, or spontaneous, i.e., without government intervention.
IPCC Working Group II argues that mitigation and adaptation should be
complementary components of a response strategy to global warming

50. GEO-ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS
• Trap CO2 in Carbon Scrubbers
• Fertilizing Trees With Nitrogen
• Aerial Reforestation
• Dump Limestone into the Oceans
• Ocean Iron Fertilization
• Enrich Soils With Biochar

51. CARBON CAPTURE & STORAGE
• Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is the process of capturing waste CO2 from
large point sources & transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it where it
will not enter the atmosphere
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and sequestration (CCS) is a set of technologies that
can greatly reduce CO2 emissions.
• CCS is a three-step process that includes:
a) Capture of CO2 from power plants or industrial processes.
b) Transport of the captured and compressed CO2 (usually in pipelines).
c) Underground injection.

52. Capture technologies allow the separation of carbon dioxide from gases produced in
electricity generation and industrial processes by one of three methods:
1. Pre-combustion capture takes place before the fuel is placed in the furnace
by first converting coal into a clean-burning gas and stripping out the CO2
released by the process.
2. Post-combustion capture involves scrubbing the power plant's exhaust gas
using chemicals.
3. Oxyfuel combustion burns the coal in an atmosphere with a higher
concentration of pure oxygen, resulting in an exhaust gas that is almost pure
CO2.
CCS technologies are currently available and can dramatically reduce (by 80-90%)
CO2 emissions from power plants that burn fossil fuels

53. STORAGE OF CAPTURED CARBON
• After capture, carbon dioxide (CO2) is compressed and then transported to a site
where it is injected underground for permanent storage.
• CO2 is commonly transported by pipeline, but it can also be transported by train,
truck, or ship.
• The carbon dioxide is then stored in carefully selected Geological rock formation
that are typically located several kilometres below the earth's surface.

55. CARBON SINK
• A carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores
some carbon-containing chemical compound for an indefinite period.
• The process by which carbon sinks remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the
atmosphere is known as carbon sequestration.
The Natural sinks are:
• Absorption of carbon dioxide by the oceans via physiochemical or Biological
processes.
• Photosynthesis by terrestrial plants
The main Artificial sinks are:
• Landfills
• Carbon capture and storage proposals

56. CARBON CREDIT
• A carbon credit is a generic term for any tradable certificate or permit representing
the right to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide or the mass of another greenhouse
gas with a carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) equivalent to one tonne of carbon
dioxide.
• Carbon credits are international attempts to mitigate the growth in concentrations
of greenhouse gases (GHGs).

57. RESULTS
• This Presentation has comprehensively reviewed the evidence for contemporary
anthropogenic climate change. The changing composition of the atmosphere
(involving both greenhouse gases and aerosols) was discussed and its potential
influence on greenhouse forcing and climate change examined.
• If climate model projections prove to be even moderately accurate, global
temperatures by the end of the next century will be higher than at any time during
the last 120,000 years
• With such unprecedented climate change, impacts to all parts of the climate
system are likely to be substantial. Failure to introduce some form of global
greenhouse gas emission reduction strategy will merely extend the time frame of
anthropogenic global warming that humanity may already be witnessing.

58. REFERENCES
• http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GlobalWarming/page2.php
• Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990 - 2000, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Atmospheric Programs, EPA 430-R-02-003, April 2002.
www.epa.gov/globalwarming/publications/emissions
• http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases.html
Source: IPCC (2014); based on global emissions from 2010. Details about the sources included in
these estimates can be found in the Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change .
• http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/ch4.html
• EPA (2010). Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Natural Sources . U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA.
• http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/n2o.html EPA (2010). Methane and
Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Natural Sources (PDF). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC, USA.

59. • http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/fgases.html
• U.S. Department of State (2007). Projected Greenhouse Gas Emissions In: Fourth Climate
Action Report to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change . U.S. Department of
State, Washington, DC, USA.
• http://climate.nasa.gov/effects/
• http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/global-warming-and-hurricanes
• http://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/sea-level/
• http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/science/indicators/oceans/sea-surface-temp.html
• http://www.nrdc.org/globalwarming/fcons/fcons2.asp
• http://climate.nasa.gov/solutions/adaptation-mitigation/
• Carbon Dioxide Capture and Sequestration http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/ccs/

60. THANK YOU