Penicillin is a group of antibacterial drugs that were the first used by doctors. They are obtained from fungi and work by interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis. There are several classifications of penicillin including narrow spectrum, broad spectrum, and penicillinase resistant. Common indications are streptococcal infections, otitis media, tonsillitis, and more. Side effects can include diarrhea, rash, and allergic reactions. Special precautions are needed for those breastfeeding, with kidney disease, or other health conditions.

1. Penicillin
PRESENTESD BY:
MR. ABHAY RAJPOOT

2. INTRODUCTION
 Penicillins are a group of antibacterial drugs that attack a wide range of
bacteria. They were the first drugs of this type that doctors used. The
discovery and manufacture of penicillins have changed the face of
medicine, as these drugs have saved millions of lives.

3. DEFINITION
 Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be used clinically 1n 1941 It was
originally obtained from the fungus Penicillium notatum and present source
is P. chrysogenum. It is Chemically 6-amino penicillin acid which has a five
membered thiazolidine ring and Beta lactam ring.

4. CLASSIFICATION
 Narrow spectrum penicillins : Benzylpenicilline
 Broad spectrum penicillins: Ampicillin, amoxicillin, bacampicillin, pivampicillin,
Hetacillin and Larbeniallin ‘
 Penicillinase resistant penicillins: Methiciilin, Oxacillin, Cloxacillin Dicloxacillin and
Nafcillin. These are used against organisms which are resistant to penicillin. These
generate enzyme penicillinase which destroys penicillin.
 Anti-pseudomogagupenigillains: galbenicillin, Carbenicillin indanyl, Ticarcillin,
Ureidopenicillin.

6. MECHANISM OF ACTION
 These drugs interfere with cell-wall synthesis and bacterial cell division, hence are
bactericidal. Pencillin G is thermolabile and acid labile. Less than 1/3 is orally
absorbed in active form, but a larger fraction is absorbed in elderly and infants
because of lower gastric acidity.
 Some bacteria are resistant to penicillin because they are able to produce
penicillinase. Semisynthetic penicillins such as procaine penicillin G and benzathine
penicillin G are resistant to penicillinase. Gram positive bacterias are highly sensitive
to penicillin because their cell wall is entirely
 made of peptidoglycan. Gram negative bacterias are least sensitive, since their cell
wall is made of alternate layers of lipoprotein and peptidoglycan.

7. Dosage
 Children < 2 yr. 50,000 U/kg IM once 1.2 MU.
Route
 IM, IV and Orally

8. INDICATION
 Streptococcal infections like pharyngitis )
 Otitis media
 Tonsillitis
 Bronchitis
 Scarlet fever
 Endocarditis
 Rheumatic fever
 Cellulitis
 Meningitis
 Véhereal diseases, e,g, Syphilis, Gonorrhea
 Osteomyelitis
 Diphtheria
 Tetanus
 Gas gangrene

9. CONTRAINDICATION
 Hypersensitivity
 Allergy
 Diathesis
 Rashes
 Itching
 Fever
 Anaphylactic shock
 Wheezing

10. SIDE EFFECT
 Diarrhoea
 Dizziness
 Heartburn
 Insomnia,
 Nausea
 Itching
 Vomiting
 Confusion
 Abdominal Pain
 Easy Bruising
 Bleeding,
 Rash
 Allergic Reactions

11. RISKS
 Breast-feeding: People who are breast-feeding may pass small amounts of
penicillin to the child. This can result in the child experiencing allergic reactions,
diarrhea, fungal infections, and skin rash.
 Interactions: Some other drugs can interact with penicillins. Checking with a
doctor before taking multiple medications is vital.
 Bleeding problems: Some penicillins, such as carbenicillin, piperacillin, and
ticarcillin, can make pre-existing bleeding problems worse.
 Oral contraceptives: Penicillins can interfere with birth control pills, increasing
the risk of unwanted pregnancy.
 Cystic fibrosis: People with cystic fibrosis are more prone to fever and skin rashes
when taking piperacillin.

12.  Kidney disease: Individuals with kidney disease have an increased risk of side
effects.
 Gastrointestinal problems: Patients with a history of stomach ulcers or other
intestinal diseases might be more likely to develop colitis when taking penicillins.

13. NURSING CONCIDERATION

14. Thank You