A summary presentation of Dr. Mark Reeds popular jounral article: Reed MS (2008) Stakeholder participation for environmental management: a literature review. Biological Conservation 141: 2417–2431

1. What is participation?Mark Reed

5. Rural community planning is simply community planning in rural contexts

7. Different levels/types of participation The wheel of participation (Wilcox, 2003)

8. Different levels/types of participation Communication flows (Rowe & Frewer, 2000) Facilitators Stakeholders Communication Facilitators Stakeholders Consultation Facilitators Stakeholders Participation

10. A democratic right e.g. Aarhus Convention

12. Group dynamics may create “dysfunctional consensus”

14. Quality of decisions: due to more comprehensive information inputs

15. Durability of decisions: due to stakeholder buy-in

19. Ensuring participants have the power to really influence the decision

20. Ensuring participants have the technical capability to engage effectively with the decision

21. Overcome power inequality between participants

24. May require negotiation and trade-offs

26. Adapt methods to changing contexts e.g. literacy

27. Adapt methods to stage in process e.g. getting engagement versus evaluating outcomes

29. Same tool, different facilitator = different outcome

30. Skills in managing groups and difficult situations sensitively

32. Comparing/integrating with local knowledge (“know-how”) can investigate uncertainties and assumptions and develop a more rigorous understanding

34. Decision-makers must commit to resource as-yet unknown outcomes: uncomfortable

35. Create organisational cultures that facilitate processes where goals are negotiated and outcomes are necessarily uncertain