Computer Basics - A SIWES Report.

SIWES REPORT
1 ABAH JOSEPH ISRAEL
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE OF TRAINING:
The student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) popularly called
Industrial Training (IT) by Nigerian students is a yearly program design by
the institution in collaboration with the industries to give students the
opportunity to gain practical working experience in their various field of
study or area of specialization. It is an effort to bridge the existing gap
between classroom theories and practical’s in engineering, management
and other professional programs in the Nigerian tertiary institutions.
Training is a key factor in changing expertise of a workforce. The world is
passing through one of the worst economic crisis in recent time. Both the
developed and developing economics are experiencing serious economic
downturns.
Globalization has turned the world into one big village and whatever
happens in one economy will have effects in other economics, and the
growing concern among our industrialist is that graduates of our
institutions of higher learning, lack adequate practical background studies,
so as to help in the industries led to the formation of Student Industrial
Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) by ITF 1993/1994.
It is through this Industrial Training that the educational systems aims at
helping students acquire appropriate skills, abilities and competencies,
both mental and physical, as well as equip the individuals to live in society.
The focus of the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) is for the industries of our
countries to succeed in the face of the current economic meltdown.
No society can achieve meaningful progress without encouraging its youth
to acquire necessary practical skills. Such skills enable them to harness
available resources to meet the needs of the society. It was against this
background that SIWES, otherwise referred to as industrial Training (IT),
was introduced in Nigerian tertiary institution.

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1.2 Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES):
Since the aim of our national policy in education is to build a strong and
self- reliant nation, from the government’s decree No.47 of 8th October,
1971 as amended in1990, which led to the establishment of Industrial
Training Fund (ITF) in 1973/1974 and through the formation of this body
(ITF), in the year 1993/1994 and through the formation of this body (ITF),
in the year 1993/1974 SIWES was formed. In Nigeria, the current form of
Cooperative Education is known as the Students Industrial Work
Experience Scheme (SIWES).
The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a planned and
supervised training intervention based on stated and specific learning and
career objectives and geared towards developing the occupational
competencies of the participants. The aim is make education more
relevance and also to bridge the science-related disciplines in tertiary
institutions in Nigeria.
SIWES forms part of the approved minimum academic standards in the
institutions, and is a core academic requirement carrying fifteen (15) credit
units. This requirement must be met by all students in various disciplines
before graduation.
1.3 BODIES INVOLVED IN SIWES:
The main bodies involved in Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme
are; the Tertiary Institutions and the Federal Government through the
Industrial Training Fund (ITF).
Other supervising agencies include:
1. National University Commission (NUC)
2. National Board for Technical Education (NBTE)
3. National Council for colleges for Education (NCCE)
4. Industry/Employers (NECA, NACCIMA, MAN, Government
Establishments)
5. Tertiary Institutions (Universities, Polytechnics, Colleges of
Education)
6. Student Trainees (Engineering, Science, Technology, NCE Technical).

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The functions of these agencies above are to:
1. Ensure adequate funding of the scheme.
2. Establish SIWES and accredit SIWES unit in the approved
institutions.
3. Formulate policies and guideline for participating bodies and
institutions as well as appointing SIWES coordinators and supporting
staff.
4. Supervise students at their places of attachment and sign their log
book and ITF forms.
5. Vet and process students Log books and forward same to ITF area
office
6. Ensure payment of all allowances for the students and supervisors.
1.4 NATURE AND SCOPE OF SIWES:
This is based on the number of weeks or months that student is expected to
stay for its attachment. The minimum duration for SIWES should normally
be six months, twenty-four weeks (24) weeks for University Engineers and
Technologist. The cumulative total duration of attachment over the entire
period of the course should preferably be not shorter than 240hrs full time
which will take place during term-time or long vocation.
Induction sessions which is conducted by teaching departments to instill
the concepts of key skills (skills for learning, employment and life), work
place safety and professional expectations, legalities and ethics.
1.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES:
The specific objectives of SIWES were summarized by the federal
government as follows:
1. To provide students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge in
real work and actual practice.
2. To make the transition from school to the world of work easier and to
enhance students contacts for later job placement.
3. Advanced countries, with over 100 years of sustained industrial
development and requisite technical and human infrastructure, have

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been able to adequately implement industrial training for their
students.
4. They also include providing a structural attachment program with
emphasis applications, management and hands-on experience for
students to apply knowledge acquired.
5. It also aids students to acquire practical skill in other to strengthen
their work value.
6. Moreover it helps them to gain interpersonal and entrepreneurial
skills and also instill in them the right kind of work attitudes and
professionalism through interactions with peoples in the
organizations and observations of their future role in the tertiary.
1.6 BENEFITS OF SIWES:
Experts identified industrial experience as necessity for proper job
preparation. This is because productivity is enhanced by experience
graduate or new entrance into the world of work really needs and early
exposure to the value and skills of the industry. Therefore, without
appropriate skills and experiences young graduates are not properly
trained on work, norms and role behaviour among others, these
components will ensure success at the job place.
Today Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is changing the
way many jobs are performed, thus altering the knowledge and skills
required of workers. Consequently, a new level of competency is required
of our students. This cannot be sufficiently met by training facilities in our
education institutions hence, the need for collaborative effort between
institutions and industrial sector.
The major benefits accruing to students who participate conscientiously in
industrial training are the skills and competencies they acquire. These
relevant production skills (RPSs) remain a part of the recipients of
industrial training as lifelong assets which cannot be taken away from
them. This is because the knowledge and skills acquired through training
are internalized and become relevant when required to perform jobs or
functions. Several other benefits can accrue to students who participate in
industrial training.

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From this SIWES, students can develop and enhance personal attributes
such as critical thinking, creativity, initiative, resourcefulness, leadership,
time management, presentation skills and interpersonal skills, amongst
others.
1.7 DESCRIPTION OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ATTACHMENT
The establishment is called G.M.G. Computer Training Institute; it is an
information and communication technology company with broad expertise
in ICT consultancy. G.M.G. Computer Training Institute (RC 686474) is a
United Kingdom (U.K) based I.C.T training school operating in Nigeria. This
company has been in existence for more than twenty (20) year now.
1.8 COMPANY’S AREA OF SPECIALIZATION
With a team of seasoned computer Engineers and Programmers with
proven track records in computer and communication business, the
company offers the following wide areas of specialization;
1. Training Services
2. Internet Café
3. Computer networking

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CHAPTER 2
INDUSTRIAL EXPERIENCE
2.1 MICROSOFT OFFICE PACKAGES
Microsoft Office is a suite of desktop productivity applications that is
designed specifically to be used for office or business use. It is a proprietary
product of Microsoft Corporation and was first released in 1990. Microsoft
Office is available in 35 different languages and is supported by Windows,
Mac and most Linux variants.
It mainly consists of;
i. Word
ii. Excel
iii. PowerPoint
iv. Publisher applications.
v. Access
vi. OneNote and
vii. Outlook
The list of treated Microsoft office packages during my training are given
below.
2.1.1 MICROSOFT WORD
Microsoft Word offers several features to ease document creation and
editing, including:
 WYSIWYG (what-you-see-is-what-you-get) display: It ensures that
everything displayed on screen appears the same way when printed
or moved to another format or program.
 Spell check: Word features a built-in dictionary for spell checking;
misspelled words are marked with a red squiggly underline.
Sometimes, Word auto-corrects an obviously misspelled word or
phrase.
 Text-level features such as bold, underline, italic and strike-through

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 Page-level features such as indentation, paragraphing and
justification
 External support: Word is compatible with many other programs, the
most common being the other members of the Office suite.
The default file format was .doc prior to the Microsoft Word 2010 version;
in 2010, .docx became the default file format.
Home Tab
Most of those frequently used commands are located in the Home Tab.
When you open Microsoft Word 2010 you will notice that instead of
toolbars and drop down menus, you will see what is called a Ribbon. The
Ribbon is located close to the top of the Word window. The Ribbon is
organized into a set of task‐oriented tabs, and each tab on the Ribbon
contains groups of commands. The Home Tab contains the most frequently
used commands in Word. To get to another tab on the Ribbon click that
particular tab.

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If you do not see a command(s) that you’re looking for click the arrow
beside each group name that looks like this to open a dialog box with
more commands. For example, to get the Emboss text effect, you would go
to the Font Group and under the second line of
commands , there is the word “Font”, click the
arrow beside it to open a Font Dialog Box, select “Emboss” and click OK.
Below are some more commands that are featured on the Home Tab.
Increase or Decrease the Font Size using Grow Font and Shrink Font
• Use the mouse pointer to highlight the text for which you want
to change the font.
• In the Font group, click the Grow Font or Shrink Font
button. The Font size will change accordingly.
Change Font
• Use the mouse pointer to highlight the text you want to change.
• In the Font group, click on the box containing the name of the
font. A gallery opens containing names and examples of
available fonts.
• As you point to each font, Word allows you to preview its
effects on selected text.
• Click on a font name to apply the changes permanently to the
selected text.
Reset Font
• Use the mouse pointer to select the text from which you want
to clear the formatting
• In the Font group, click Clear Formatting Button . The
formatting will be removed from the text, leaving only the plain
text.
Formatting Marks – On/Off
• In the Paragraph group, click the Show/Hide Button . You
now see formatting marks in the document.
• Click the button again to hide the marks.

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Using Bullets & Numbering
• In the Paragraph group, click the Bullets or Numbering button.
The next line will be indented and preceded by a bullet or
number.
• Enter your text and press ENTER. Word automatically indents
the next line and begins it with a bullet or number.
• Click the Bullets or Numbering button to turn off bullets or
numbering.
• To change your Bulleting or Numbering Style click the small
arrow next to the Bulleted List Icon or Numbering List Icon.
Clicking that arrow will give you a drop‐down list of all
available styles.
Quickly Format Text
• Select the text to which you want to apply a Quick Style, or if
you want to change the style for an entire paragraph, click
anywhere in the paragraph.
• In the Styles group, click the “More” button to open the Styles
Gallery.
• Click the desired Quick Style to apply it to the selected text or
paragraph.
Align Text
• Use the mouse pointer to highlight the text you want to align.
• In the Paragraph group, click the desired option (Align text
Left, Center, Right or Justify).

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Insert Tab
The Insert Tab is used to insert different features such as tables, pictures,
clip art, shapes, charts, page numbers, word art, headers, and footers into a
document.
Page Group
 Cover Page: This button can be used to insert a pre-formatted
cover page for a document. The information that is to appear on
the page is filled in after the page is created.
 Blank Page: To insert a new blank page for a document at the
cursor position, click this button.
 Page Break: Click this button to end a page at the current cursor
position and start a new page.
Tables Group
 Tables: This button is used to insert a table into the document. A
grid will appear that can be used to create the table. Additional
options for creating a table are also available, such as drawing a
table or using the Quick Tables feature.
Illustrations Group
 Picture: To insert a picture from a file on the computer into the
document, click this button. The Insert Picture dialog box will
appear. This dialog box is used to select the picture that is to be
inserted into the document.
 Online Pictures: Click this button to find and insert pictures
from the Bing Image Search site. It is also possible to log into a
Microsoft Account to insert pictures.
 Shapes: This button is used to insert ready-made shapes such as
circles, squares, arrows, and triangles into a document. When
the button is clicked, a gallery of different shapes will appear. To
insert a shape, click the desired shape and then draw the shape
in the document.
 Smart Art: To insert a Smart Art graphic into the document,
click this button. Smart Art graphics are objects such as Venn
diagrams and organizational charts. When the button is clicked,
a gallery of different categories and shapes will be displayed.

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 Chart: Use this feature to insert a bar, area, or line chart. When
this button is clicked the Insert Chart dialog box will display. In
this dialog box, it is possible to specify the type of chart.
 Screenshot: This feature can be used to insert a picture of any
window that is available on the desktop. When the button is
clicked, a gallery of the available windows will display. Click any
of the window icons. An image of that window will appear in the
Word document.
Add-ins Group
Store: To insert add-ins from the Office Store, select this option.
 My Add-ins: Use this feature to insert an App into a document and
use the Web to enhance the work. Apps need to be downloaded from
the Office Store before they can be inserted into the document.
 Wikipedia: This feature is used to access Wikipedia content from
Office. Using this feature will simplify the process of referencing text
and images.
Media Group:
 Online Video: This feature is used to insert videos from a variety of
sources. When the button is clicked, three options are available: Bing
Video Search, YouTube, and From a Video Embed Code. It is also
possible to search for videos on YouTube by logging into your
Microsoft Account.
Links Group:
 Hyperlink: To insert a link to items such as a Web page, another
document, or an e-mail address, click this button. It is also possible to
link to different areas of a document using headings and bookmarks.
When the button is clicked, the Hyperlink dialog box will display. This
is where the link can be specified.
 Bookmark: This button is used to create a bookmark. A bookmark is
used to assign a name to a specific area within a document. A
hyperlink can then be created to the bookmark.
 Cross-Reference: While creating a document, this button is used to
refer to another area in a document such as headings, figures, and
tables. Usually a hyperlink is created to the area in the document that
the cross reference is referring to.
Header and Footer Group
 Header: To insert text that appears at the top of each page of the
document, click this button. A gallery of header styles and formats
will appear. Click the heading style that is to be applied to insert it
into the document.

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 Footer: This button is used to insert text that appears at the bottom
of each page of the document. A gallery of footer styles and formats
will appear. Click the footer style that is displayed to insert it into the
document.
 Page Number: Click this button to insert a page number into the
document. A list of page number locations will display. Move the
mouse pointer over each of the items to display a gallery of page
number styles. The Page Number will then be inserted into the
Header or Footer area of the document.
Text Group
 Text Box: Text boxes are used to highlight text within a document.
Click this button to display a gallery of different types of text boxes.
Move the mouse pointer over the items for a description of each
style. To draw a textbox around selected text, click the Draw Textbox
link.
 Quick Parts: Click this button to insert preformatted text, auto-text,
document properties, and fields into a document. Several different
types of Quick Parts are available. It is also possible to create
customized Quick Parts to use later in documents.
 WordArt: To insert decorative text into the document, click this
button. A gallery of different styles of WordArt will display. Click the
desired format to create the WordArt image.
 Drop Cap: Drop caps are used to create a large capital letter at the
beginning of a paragraph. When this button is clicked the three
options for Drop Caps will display.
 Add a Signature Line: This button is used to insert a digital signature
line into a document that indicates who must sign the document. A
Digital ID must be obtained before this feature can be used.
 Date and Time: To insert the date and time into a document, click this
button. The dialog box that appears displays several date and time
formats.
 Object: Use this button to insert an object such as an Excel Worksheet
or an Excel Chart into the document. A new object can be created or
another document can be inserted.
Symbols Group
 Equation: This button is used to insert a mathematical equation into
a document. The equation tools ribbon will appear when the button
is clicked. This ribbon is used to create the equation. A list of common
equations is also available.

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 Symbol: Click this button to insert a symbol such as a copyright or
trademark into the document.
Page Layout Tab
The Page Layout Tab holds all the options that allow you to arrange your
document pages just the way you want them. You can set margins, apply
themes, control of page orientation and size, add sections and line breaks,
display line numbers, and set paragraph indentation and lines.
Document Themes
• On the Page Layout Tab, in the Themes Group, click the Themes
button. A gallery opens.
• Hover your mouse pointer over the many themes in the
Themes gallery. Word enables you to preview the themes in
your document via the Live Preview feature. To make the
change permanent, click the theme you want to see.
Line Numbers
• In the Page Setup Group, click the Line Numbers button. Word
displays a list of line numbering options.
• Click the line numbering format that you want to use in your
document. The line numbers are displayed accordingly
• To turn off line numbering, click the Line Numbers Button
again, and select the option labeled None.
Document Margins
• In the Page Setup group, click the Margins button. There you
will see a gallery showing a number of margin options. Click
one of the options, and Word applies the margins to your
document.
• If none of the gallery’s options are satisfactory, click the
Custom Margins option. The Page Setup dialog box opens with
the Margins tab displayed.
• Use the options in the Page Setup Dialog Box to adjust the
margins to your satisfaction. When you have finished, click OK.
Watermarks
• In the Page Background group, click the Watermark button. A
gallery opens with a number of standard watermarks.
• Click the one you want to use.

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• If you don’t want to use any of the standard watermarks you
can create your own by clicking the Custom Watermark
command. The Print Watermark dialog opens.
• Use the options in that dialog to create a text watermark or to
select an image to use as a picture watermark.
• When you’ve completed created your watermark, click OK.
Adjusting Line Spacing
• Use the mouse pointer to select the text you want to adjust.
• On the Page Layout Tab, in the Paragraph group, use the
spacing controls to adjust the line spacing before and after each
line. You will see the changes in your document.
Indenting Paragraphs
• Place the cursor in the paragraph you want to indent.
• In the Paragraph group, use the Left and Right indent controls
to indent the paragraph at the left, right or both margins.
The Page Layout Tab also features an Align Button, that aligns whatever
paragraph or text is selected.
References Tab
You can add a footnote to your document from the References tab. It
contains resources for researchers and anyone in the professional field.
The References Tab allows you to now create a table of contents, footnotes,
citations, cross‐references, select MLA or APA or ISO formats and so on.
You can also turn your Works Cited into a collection of records and use
them in the future.
Here’s how to add a footnote in Word 2010
• Place the cursor after the word or phrase to which you desire
to add the footnote.

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• On the References tab, in the Footnotes group, click the
Footnote button. A superscript footnote reference is added
next to the text and a footnote divider is placed at the bottom of
the page.
• All you do next is type the text of your footnote.
How Do I Review the Footnotes I’ve created?
• In the Footnotes group, click Show Notes.
• If the document has both footnotes and endnotes, when you
see the Dialog box, select the type of note you want to review
and click OK.
How Does the Table of Contents Work?
• Open a document. The document should contain text formatted
with the heading styles found in the Home tab.
• Place the cursor where you wish to insert a table of contents.
• In the Table of Contents group, click the Table of Contents
button. You will see several styles that you can use to create a
Table of Contents.
• Select the style you desire.
• If you had no formatting in your document using the styles
found in the Home tab, click Manual Table. A table will be
inserted into your document.
Selecting Citation Styles
• Before defining citations, first select the style of your
document; APA or MLA and so on.
Click the References tab.
• In the Citations & Bibliography group, select the proper style.
Creating a New Citation Source & Inserting it in a Document
• Place your cursor where you want the citation to be inserted.
• In the Citations & Bibliography Group, click the Arrow located
on the Insert Citation button.
• Click Add New Source.
• In the dialog box that will pop‐up, from the Type of Source list,
select the type of citation and then fill in the required fields.
• Click OK when you’re done.
NB. For each citation you create Word stores it in a Master Citation List.
This means that you can use it again by simply choosing it from a list.

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To Use a Citation from Your List
• In the Citations & Bibliography group, click Manage Sources.
• Select the appropriate citation from the Master List and then
Click Copy. This will add the citation to your document.
• Place the cursor where you want to insert the citation.
• In the Citations & Bibliography group, click the arrow on the
Insert Citation button.
• Click the desired citation to be inserted.
• You can reuse a citation in your document repeating the steps
in Bold letters.
How Do I Edit My Citation Sources?
• In the Citations & Bibliography group, click Manage Sources.
• Select the citation you want to edit and Click Edit.
• Click OK twice in order to save your changes.
To Create a Bibliography
• Place your cursor where you want the bibliography
• In the Citations & Bibliography group, click Biography
• Then select the type of bibliography you desire.
• Word does an automatic insert.
Inserting a Table
• Define a caption for each figure. Place the insertion point in the
position where you want to define a figure’s caption. On the
References tab, in the Captions group, click Insert Caption.
Enter a caption and Click OK.
• Place your cursor where you want to insert a table of figure
• On the References tab, in the Caption’s group, click Insert Table
of Figures, Configure the table’s format and click OK.

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Below is a task completed in Microsoft Word.
I was given a task to design a top-down chart of an organizational staff.
Done with Ms Word.

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2.1.2 MICROSOFT EXCEL
Microsoft Excel is a spread sheet application that lets you organise your
data into lists. Excel is capable of performing calculations, generating charts
and has many tools to enable you to analysis and summarise your data.
The File Menu
The File menu is back for Excel 2010! This had been replaced by the Office
Button in Excel 2007. When you click on File it may initially be on the Info
option or the Recent option.
Info – contains information
about the current file and allows
setting such as permissions,
sharing files and managing
versions to be changed.
NOTE: It is not advisable to
make changes to the default
settings unless you have a good
understanding of what the
change will do.
Recent – this will display workbooks that you have had opened most
recently. It is possible to pin files to the list so that regardless of when the
file was last opened that it will always remain in the list.
Save, Save As, Open, Close, New and Print can all be found here.

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The Ribbon Menu
The menus and toolbars in Excel have been replaced with the Ribbon (since
Excel 2007), which is part of the Microsoft Office Fluent user interface. The
Ribbon is designed to help you quickly find the commands that you need to
complete a task. Commands are organized in logical groups, which are
collected together under tabs. Each tab relates to a type of activity, such as
writing or laying out a page.
Tabs
There are 7 tabs in Microsoft Excel 2010. Tabs are used to organise
together related groups of commands. The commands work in the same
way as before. If you want to make a piece of text appear in bold font, select
the piece of text using the mouse, on the home tab, in the font group, click
on the bold command button.
Dialog Box Launcher
At first glance, you may not see a certain command from a previous version
of Excel. Some groups have a small diagonal arrow in the lower-right
corner.
The arrow is called a Dialog Box Launcher. If you click it, you'll see more
options related to that group. Those options will often appear in the form of
a dialog box that you may recognize from a previous version of Excel.
Quick Access Toolbar
The Quick Access toolbar is located on the upper left hand corner above the
File Menu It is a customizable toolbar that contains a set of commands that
are independent of the tab that is currently displayed this means that the
buttons remain the same no matter what tab is currently open. By default it
contains save, undo and re-do buttons.
By clicking on the arrow to the right of this toolbar you can quickly add
other commands from the list or you can use the method outlined below.
The position of the quick access toolbar can also be moved to below the
Ribbon

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Adding to the Quick Access Toolbar
There may be a command that you use on a regular basis
that you would like to have access to without having to go
through the ribbon interface. To add such a command to
the quick access toolbar do the following:
 Locate the command in its tab
 Right click on the command button and from the
menu that displays select Add to quick access
toolbar
 The button will now be added to the toolbar
Removing a button from the Quick Access Toolbar
 Right click on the button in the quick access toolbar
 Select Remove from quick access toolbar from the menu that displays
Page Layout View
Page Layout View is a new feature since Excel 2007. It is similar in some
ways to print layout view in Word.
 Click on the View Tab
 Select Page Layout
Alternatively
 Click on the Page Layout View in the bottom right hand corner of the
Excel Window
The Excel Work Book
In Excel, when you open up a new workbook it contains 3 worksheets. This
is useful to organize and store related information within the same file but
on separate sheets. There can be a max of 1,048,576 rows and 16,384
columns in an excel work sheet.
Sheet Tabs
The names of the sheets appear on tabs at the bottom of the workbook
window. To move from sheet to sheet, click the sheet tabs.
Renaming a Tab
It can be useful to name the sheets you are using.
 Right Click on the tab of the sheet to be named
 Select Rename
 Type the name of the sheet
 Press enter on the Keyboard.
Alternatively, double click on the sheet tab and type the new sheet name

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Adding a new sheet
New sheets can be added to a workbook at any time
 Click on the insert worksheet button
 A new sheet will be created.
Alternatively, right click an existing sheet tab and select Insert. A new sheet
will be inserted to the left of the worksheet
Changing the Tab Colour of a Worksheet
 Right click on the sheet tab and click Tab Color…
 Select the required colour
Deleting a Worksheet
 Right click on the sheet tab and select Delete
Alternatively, from the Home Tab in the Cells
Group click on Delete and select Delete Sheet.
Note: The Undo button will not undo the deletion of a worksheet.
Cells
A cell must be selected i.e. made active before
entering the information. To make the cell active,
click into the cell using the mouse. The active cell
address is displayed in the Name Box and a dark
border appears around the cell.
Types of Data
Text, numbers, dates or a formula may be typed into a cell. By default, text
aligns to the left of the cell whereas numbers, dates and formulas are right
aligned.
Entering Data in a Cell
 Select the cell you wish to enter the
data into and type.
 As you type, the data appears in the
active cell and in the formula bar.
 A cancel mark × and an enter mark
appears between the name box and
the formula bar. Click on the tick mark upon completion of your entry
or if you wish to delete the entry click on the x.
 Alternative ways of completing the entry of data in a cell include the
following:

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o Press the Enter key – this completes the entry and moves you down
one cell below the active cell.
o Press the Tab key - this completes the entry and moves you one cell
to the right of the active cell.
o Press one of the Arrow keys – this completes the entry and moves
you one cell in the direction of the arrow.
o Use the mouse to move to another cell.
Editing a cell
 Double click on the cell you wish to edit and move the cursor to
where you wish to type. Alternatively, select the cell you wish to edit
then click into the formula bar and make the required change.
 To replace existing data in a cell, simply click on the cell and type the
new data and press enter.
 To delete data in a cell, select the cell and press the Delete key on the
keyboard.
The Mouse Pointer
The shape of the mouse pointer changes shape depending on where it is
positioned within a cell. Each shape carries out a different task.
 If the mouse is moved to the centre area of a cell the
mouse shape will be a white cross - use to select cells
 Click into a cell and move the mouse to any part of the
border of the cell. The cell changes to a double
headed arrow - use to move and drag the contents of the cell t o a
different location.
 Click into a cell and move the mouse to bottom right of
the cell. The mouse pointer changes to a + symbol - use
for autofill or to copy contents of a cell.
Autofill
If you are entering a set series e.g. months of the year or days of the week
you can type one of the series and then fill the rest of the series by using the
autofill handle. If the entry in the cell is not part of a series the same data is
filled into the other cells. If the cell contains a formula, the formula is
copied into the other cells but the cell references will change (because excel
uses relative cell referencing by default).

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Example
 Click into cell B1 and type Jul. Rest your
mouse to the bottom right of the cell
until the autofill handle appears.
 Click and drag over the two cells to the
right of cell B1. Aug should appear in cell
C1 and Sep in cell D1.
 Now click into cell B2 and type 50000
using the autofill click and drag into the two cells to the right of cell
B1. 50000 should now be copied into cells C2 and D2.
Data Formatting
Other than text an excel workbook will
also contain data such as numbers dates
and currency. To differentiate between
say 20% and €20 you would need to
format the numbers.
 Click on the Cells to be formatted
 Click on the Arrow to the right of
the word General in the Number
Group on the Home Tab.
 Select your required Formatting
The default currency setting may
already be € (depending on your
computer’s Region Settings). If you want
to display a different currency symbol
carry out the following:
 Display the Format Cells window
by clicking on the arrow on the
bottom right of the Numbers
Group on the Home Tab
 Click on the Number tab
 Select Currency from the list of
Category’s
 Change the Format as required.
 Click on OK
The default date style, percentage and so on can also be changed here.

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Cell Alignment
By default text aligns left, numbers and
dates right. You can change the alignment
of a cell by using the commands in the
Alignment Group on the Home Tab.
Text direction can also we changed here.
Wrap Text
If you want text to appear on multiple lines in a cell, you can format the cell
so that the text wraps automatically
 Select the cells that you want to format.
 On the Home tab, in the Alignment group, click Wrap Text.
 Data in the cell wraps to fit the column width. When you change the
column width, data wrapping adjusts automatically.(If all wrapped
text is not visible, you may need to increase the row height)
Note: Data in the cell wraps to fit the column width. When you change the
column width, data wrapping adjusts automatically.
Merge and Centre
Joins the selected cells in to one large cell and
centres the data within the cell.
 Select two or more adjacent cells that you want
to merge.
 Click on the Merge and Centre button in the
Alignment Group.
Note: Make sure that the data that you want to display in the merged cell is
contained in the upper-left cell of the selected range. Only the data in the
upper-left cell will remain in the merged cell. Data in all the other cells of
the selected range will be deleted.
Duplicating and Moving Data
To duplicate data means that an electronic image is
taken of the original data and placed in an area
known as the clipboard. The process used is called
Copy & Paste. The buttons associated with these
commands are located in the Clipboard Group in the
Home Tab - Copy and Paste.
Using Copy and Paste
 Select the range of cells you wish to copy.
 Click on the Copy button. A flashing border appears around the
outside of the selected cells.

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 Click into the cell where you want the first cell of your selection to
appear.
 Click on the Paste button. The data still remains in the original
range of cells but you now have a copy of the data in the new
location.
 You can continue to paste into other locations in the worksheet if you
wish. When you have finished pasting pressing the Esc key on the
keyboard to turn off the flashing border. The flashing border will turn
off automatically when you carry out another task.
Using Cut and Paste
To move data from one location in a worksheet to somewhere else either
within the same worksheet or to a different worksheet/workbook the
process used is Cut & Paste.
Cut Paste
Using Cut and Paste
 Select the range of cells you wish to move.
 Click on the Cut button. A flashing border appears around the
outside of the selected cells.
 Click into the cell where you want the first cell of your selection to
appear.
 Click on the Paste button. The data is now gone from its original
location and now appears - in the new location.
Rows and Columns
Occasionally you will need to add extra rows or columns into the middle of
your data. The buttons for doing this are located in the Cells group on the
Home tab.
Inserting a Row
When new rows are inserted they are inserted above
the row where the cell pointer is positioned.
 Click on the row below where you want the new
row to be inserted.
 Click on the Arrow below the Insert button in the
Cells
 Select Insert Sheet Rows
 A new row will be inserted above the one that was selected.

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Alternatively,
 Select an entire row by clicking on the row
heading to the left of the row
 Right click on the highlighted row and select
Insert from the shortcut menu
 A blank row is inserted above the selected row.
Inserting a Column
When new columns are inserted into a sheet they are inserted to the left of
where the pointer is positioned.
 Click ion the coloumn to the right of where you want the new column.
 Click on the Arrow below the Insert button in the Cells
 Select Insert Sheet Columns
 A new column will be inserted to the left of the selected column
Alternatively,
 Select an entire column by clicking on the column heading above the
column
 Right click on the highlighted column and select insert.
 A blank column is inserted to the left of the selected row.
Inserting a Cell
 Right Click on a cell and select Insert
 If a single Cell is required choose from the
top two options from the insert window that
appears
 For a new row or column chooses the
appropriate option from the bottom two
options.
Deleting Columns or Rows
 Select the column/row to be deleted by clicking on the column/row
heading
 Right-click and from the shortcut menu choose Delete.
Note: Pressing the delete key on the keyboard will delete the data in the
row/column but the blank row/column will remain.

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Changing Column Widths or Row Heights
Column Width
 Position the mouse to the right of the column header
of the column you wish to adjust the width of.
 The mouse changes to a double arrow.
 Click and drag the mouse to the right to widen the
column or to the left to make the column narrower.
Best Fit
To change the column width for the best fit
 Double click on the line dividing the columns instead
of dragging the mouse
 The column is sized to the width of the widest entry in that column
Using the Home Tab
 Click in to the Column to be widened
 Click on the Arrow below the Format button in the Cells Group on the
Home Tab
 Click on AutoFit Column Width to have Excel choose the best fit
 To specify an exact width select Column Width and in the box that
displays type the exact width required.
Row Height
 Position the mouse on the top edge of the row header of row you
wish to adjust the height of
 The mouse changes to a double arrow
 Click and drag the mouse to increase or reduce the height of the row.
Best Fit
To change the row height for the best fit
 Double click on the line dividing the rows instead of clicking and
dragging the mouse.
 The row is sized to the height of the highest entry in that row.
Using the Home Tab
 Click in to the Row to be heightened
 Click on the Arrow below the Format button in the Cells Group on the
Home Tab
 Click on AutoFit Row Height to have Excel choose the best fit

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 To specify an exact height select Row Height and in the box that
displays type the exact height required.
Applying a Format to the Entire Worksheet
 Click in the top right corner of the worksheet
(the box above the Row 1 header and to the left
of the column A header).
 Apply the required formatting. The formatting
selected will then be applied to the entire
worksheet.
Formula
Formulas are used to perform calculations in the worksheet. All
calculations are based on formulas, which link cells together. The default
calculation method in Excel is automatic, if a value changes in the
worksheet any formula referring to that value will automatically
recalculate.
The following symbols are used to represent the 4 basic Mathematical
Operators:
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
Begin formulas in Microsoft Excel with an = equal sign. The equal sign tells
Excel that the succeeding characters constitute a formula.
Entering a Formula
 Position the cell pointer in the cell that will contain the answer of the
formula. Type an = equal sign.
 Click with the mouse on the cell to be calculated.
 Type the mathematically operator to be used in the formula.
 Click on the next cell to be calculated.
 Repeat Steps 4 & 5, as required.
 Press enter to return the result of the formula or click on the tick
on the formula bar. The result of the formula is
displayed in the worksheet cell. The actual formula controlling the
result will be displayed in the formula bar of the worksheet.
Functions
A function is a predefined formula that operates on a value or values and
returns a value or values. Many Excel functions are shorthand versions of

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frequently used formulas. E.g. the Sum function lets you add a series of cell
values by simply selecting a range of cells.
Formula =A1+A2+A3+A4+A5+A6+A7+A8
Function =SUM(A1:A8)
As illustrated above, the sum function makes the formula a lot shorter and
easier to create.
Elements of a Function
The following elements are common in all functions:
 = must start with an equal sign
 function name must have a name
 (….) must have arguments enclosed in brackets.
There are a few exceptions e.g. =now ( )
AutoSum
The SUM function is the most commonly used function so to make it more
accessible there is an AutoSum button on the Home Tab in the Editing
group as well. It is also located on the Formulas Tab.
Calculating sum of a range of cells
 Position the cell pointer in the cell that
will contain the answer of the function.
Usually this will be under a column of
numbers.
 Click on the AutoSum button
 Excel will guess the range of cells to be
calculated and it will insert the =SUM
function. If the range of cells is not correct use the mouse to select the
correct range of cells to be added.
 (use the mouse and the Ctrl key to select non-adjacent cells)
 Press return to display the results in the cell or click on the tick on
the formula bar.
Alternatively
 Position the cell pointer in the cell that will
contain the
 Type in the sum function e.g. =sum(B5:B7),
remember always start with the equals.
 Excel will prompt you with a list of possible
functions, you can click on the function you
require or continue typing it in.
 Ensure the correct range of cells are typed
 Hit Enter

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Inserting Functions
Click on the down arrow to the right of the AutoSum
button on the Home tab, Editing Group
This will immediately allow you to access the
functions; Average, Count, Max & Min. For all other
functions select the More Functions… option or
alternatively click on the Formulas Tab and select
your function from functions library.
Average/Count/Max/Min
 Position the cell pointer in the cell
that will contain the answer to the
function. Usually this will be under a
column of numbers.
 Click on the arrow to the right of the
AutoSum Button
 Select the required function from the
list that appears.
 Excel will guess the range of cells to be calculated and it will insert
the chosen function. If the range of cells is not correct use the mouse
to select the correct range of cells to be used. (use the mouse and the
Ctrl key to select non-adjacent cells)
 Press the Return Key on the keyboard to display the result of the
function.
Note in 2010 there is a huge range of different functions. Click on the
Formulas Tab to see the function library and also more advanced features
such as defining names and formula auditing.
Charts
Creating a chart in Microsoft Office Excel is quick and easy. Excel provides a
variety of chart types that you can choose from when you create a chart.
Excel offers Pie, Line, Bar, and Column charts to name but a few. Showing
data in a chart can make it clearer, more interesting and easier to read.
Charts can also help you evaluate your data and make comparisons
between different values.
Creating a Chart
 Select the data that you want to use in the chart – remember for non-
adjacent cells use the Ctrl key with the mouse.

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 Click on to the Insert Tab
 In the Chart Group Select the Chart
Type that you require.
 From the drop down list select the
version of the chart you require
 The chart will display on your
worksheet and the Chart Tools Tabs
will display
Chart Tools
 Chart Location – Can be used to move the Chart to a separate Sheet
within the Workbook
 Change Chart Type – Having created a chart, if you find it does not
represent your data effectively you can use the change chart type
option to try a different one.
 Chart Styles – These can be used to change the look and colours used
in a chart
 Chart Layout – Title and Legend of a chart can be repositioned using
the different layout options
Modifying Chart Data
The data on a chart can be easily modified. Any changes made to the source
data are automatically reflected in the chart. It is possible to delete a series
from the chart, add a row of data or switch the order of a data series.
Deleting a Data Series
 Click on the Chart
 Data represented in the Chart will be
highlighted by coloured lines

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 Delete the data no longer required or adjust the lines so that they
encompass only the data to be represented in the chart
Adding a Data Series
 Click on to the Chart
 The data displayed in the chart will be highlighted in the work sheet
by coloured lines.
 Type the additional data beneath the highlighted data
 Click on the coloured lines and stretch them so that they include the
new data.
 The Chart should update automatically.
Resizing a Chart
Click on the chart to select it.
 A pale border will appear around the chart. At
the corners on the border and half way along
each length you should see a series of small
dots
 When you rest your mouse on one of the
series of small dots a double-headed arrow
appears.
 Click and drag the edge to adjust the size of the chart as required.
(Use the corner handles combined with holding the Shift key down to
keep the proportions correct.)
Deleting a Chart
 Click on the chart to select it.
 Press the Delete key on the keyboard.
Print Preview & Printing
To preview your worksheet before printing
 Click on the File Menu and click on Print
 The following screen is displayed, showing a preview of your
workbook to the right of the screen showing you the sheet exactly as
it will print. (Working in the Page Layout as outlined on page 4 also
makes it easier to anticipate how your worksheet will print out).
Below is a task given to me during training.

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I was given a task to make a quotation for the supply of House Hold
euipment.
House Hold equipment supply quotation.

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2.1.3 MICROSOFT POWERPOINT
This is a presentation package; it is used for electronic presentation of
ideas in slides.
Microsoft PowerPoint has many features which makes it presentation more
meaningful.
Home Tab
Most of those frequently used commands are located in the Home Tab.
When you open Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 you will notice that instead of
toolbars and drop down menus, you will see what is called a Ribbon. The
feature seems similar to Microsoft Word 2010.
Slides
This is a sub tab in the Home Tab of Microsoft PowerPoint. It contains;
 New Slide: This allows you to add new slide to your presentation, it
can be done by clicking the New Slide button on the Slide
sub tab.
Alternatively,
Right click on any slide and click on New Slide

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 Layout: This helps you to change the look (theme) of a selected slide.
It can be done by clicking the Layout button on the Slide
sub tab and selecting the desired template.
 Reset: This will restore the selected slide to default style. It is done by
clicking the Reset button on the Slide sub tab.
 Section: This button allows you to add, remove and rename section in
a presentation.
Font
This has features to change font style, bold text, underline, text shadow and
lots more.
Paragraph
This has features to change the direction of text on a presentation slide.
Text can be aligned right, left, center and justified.
Drawing
This has features where you can insert shape into a presentation. Shape can
be customized by selecting the appropriate customization tool; like shape
fill, shape outline or shape effect.
Insert Tab
clip art, shapes, charts, header and footer, word art, equation, video and
audio, textbox and date & time into a presentation.

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Tables
This button is used to insert a table into the document. A grid will appear
that can be used to create the table. Additional option for creating a table is
also available, such as drawing a table or using the Quick Tables feature.
Images
This sub chart contains different options for inserting images into a
presentation. They include; Pictures, clip art, screenshot and photo album.
Illustrations
in the document.
 Smart Art: To insert a Smart Art graphic into the document,
click this button. Smart Art graphics are objects such as Venn
diagrams and organizational charts. When the button is clicked,
a gallery of different categories and shapes will be displayed.
 Chart: Use this feature to insert a bar, area, or line chart. When
this button is clicked the Insert Chart dialog box will display. In
this dialog box, it is possible to specify the type of chart.
Links
link to different areas of a document using headings and bookmarks.
When the button is clicked, the Hyperlink dialog box will display. This
is where the link can be specified.
 Action: This is used to add action to a selected object to specify
what will happen when you click on it hover over it.

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Text
 Text Box: Text boxes are used to insert text into a presentation. Click
this button to display a gallery of different types of text boxes. Move
the mouse pointer over the items for a description of each style. To
draw a textbox around selected text, click the Draw Textbox link.
 Header: To insert text that appears at the top of each slide of the
presentation, click this button. A gallery of header styles and formats
into the document.
of each slide of the presentation. A gallery of footer styles and
formats will appear. Click the footer style that is displayed to insert it
into the presentation.
 Slide Number: This is used to number each slide in sequential order.
 WordArt: To insert decorative text into the presentation, click this
 Date and Time: This is used to insert the date and time into a
presentation. The dialog box that appears displays several date and
time formats.
or an Excel Chart into the presentation. A new object can be created
or another presentation can be inserted.
Symbols
This is used to insert equations and formula, Symbols and special
characters into a presentation
Media
This is used to insert video clips or audio clip into a presentation. Each can
be inserted by clicking the appropriate icon.
Design Tab
This tab has many sub tabs with different features.

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Page Setup
This has features to set the slide orientation and size. This could be done by
selecting the appropriate command.
Theme
This sub tab contains list of predesigned templates for customization slide.
Slide colour, fonts and effect can be changed by select the appropriate
option for it.
Backgrounds
Here you can change the background style by selecting rom the
predesigned templates.
Transition Tab
This is made of three different sub tabs.
 Preview: This is used for previewing the immediate slide of the
presentation.
 Transition to the slide: This option is used for changing the transition
of the slide. It contains different predesigned templates which can be
easily selected and used.
 Timing: This is where the duration of the slide show is being set. It
could be automatic after a given seconds or manual on mouse click.
Animation Tab
This tab is made of different sub tab for animation customization. To select
any of the transition effect, click on the animation drop down menu and
select the appropriate effect either for entrance, emphasis or exit.

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Slide Show
This is where the slides can be displayed for presentation. The customized
slides are displayed in sequentially in their order of occurrence. If the
timing is set to on mouse click, each effect will be displayed after the mouse
is clicked, else, they display after their various time.
Below is a task completed in Microsoft PowerPoint.
Deliver a speech on any topic of your choice using Microsoft PowerPoint to
present your ideas.
A speech delivered by ABAH JOSEPH ISRAEL.

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2.1.4 MICROSOFT PUBLISHER
This is a publication package. It is used for publishing articles like books,
newspapers, magazines and lots more.
This application is made of so many features that made the publication easy
and beautiful.
Home Tab
This has some sub tabs which houses some of the mostly used features of
the Microsoft Publisher. Most of the features on the home tab are common
with other Microsoft Office applications.
Below are some of the features available in the home tab.
Clipboard
 Cut: This button is used for cutting or moving a highlighted part of
text to a new or different location.
 Copy: This button is used for duplicating a selected part of text. It can
be done by selecting or highlighting the intended text and clicking the
copy button.
 Paste: This button is used pasting the content of the clipboard (cut or
copied item) to a new destination.

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 Format Painter: This is used to copy effect of a selected text to
another text. Example bold, underline, font, size and so on.
Font
This is the same as the effects of fonts in the Microsoft Word. Here you
customize the size of the text, bold, underline, superscript and subscript,
text colour, text shading background and highlight colour. These can be
done by selecting the appropriate option for each.
Paragraph
This has numerous features embedded. They include;
 Bullets: This is used for listing items by using predefined symbols
 Numbering: This feature is used for numbering listed items using
alphabets, numbers or tally.
 Alignment: This is used to change the order of text appearance on the
page of the publication. You can either align selected text left, right,
center or justify but not both.
 Increase and Reduce indent: This feature is used for indentation.
Indentation is the horizontal distance between the margin and the
text. It otherwise called paragraph.
 Line Spacing: This feature is used to increase or reduce the distance
between two lines of text or paragraph.
 Columns: This is used for splitting text into columns. Text on a page
of a publication can be split into various columns.
Objects
This is made of different features where items can be inserted into a
publication.
Group
publication, click this button. The Insert Picture dialog box will
inserted into the publication.

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 Draw Textbox: A text box is an object that you can add to
your publication to emphasize or set off your text.
To add a text box, click Insert > Text > Text Box. A panel opens
that displays a selection of text box types for you to choose
from. Click on the text box type you'd like to insert.
circles, squares, arrows, and triangles into a publication. When
in the publication.
 Tables: This button is used to insert a table into the publication.
A grid will appear that can be used to create the table. Additional
Arrange
 Wrap Text: This feature allows the computer to take uncompleted
text (word) to a new line without breaking the word.
 Bring Forward: This is used to arrange two or more objects on a
publication page. It sends the selected object one step forward.
 Send Backward: This is the opposite action of Bring Forward. It is
used to send the selected object one step backward.
 Group: This is used to make a group of object move as a single object.
Any action effected on the grouped objects will affect all the
component objects.
Insert Tab
clip art, shapes, charts, page numbers, word art, headers, and footers into a
publication.

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Page Group
 Blank Page: To insert a new blank page for a document at the
cursor position, click this button.
 Page Catalogue: Click this button to insert a new catalogue
merge in a publication.
Tables Group
 Tables: This button is used to insert a table into the publication.
A grid will appear that can be used to create the table. Additional
Illustrations Group
document, click this button. The Insert Picture dialog box will
inserted into the publication.
 Pictures Placeholder: Click this button to insert empty pictures
frame to reserve a space for picture in the publication.
in the publication.
 Clip Art: To insert a Smart Art graphic and online pictures into
the publication, click this button. When the button is clicked, a
search dialog will be displayed to enter the name and search.
Building Block
 Page Parts: This is used to insert predesigned page parts into a
publication. They include things like quotes and layouts.
 Calendars: This tool has already arranged calendar tools which can
be picked from the predesigned templates.
 Borders and accents: Here you can insert borders into pages of
publication. They are designed such that you can move them and
place anywhere on the publication pages.
 Advertisement: This contains templates for advert placement. They
can be used for publications and for publisher web pages.

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Links Group:
link to different areas of a publication using headings and
bookmarks. When the button is clicked, the Hyperlink dialog box will
display. This is where the link can be specified.
 Bookmark: This button is used to create a bookmark. A bookmark is
used to assign a name to a specific area within a publication. A
hyperlink can then be created to the bookmark.
Header and Footer Group
 Header: To insert text that appears at the top of each page of the
publication, click this button. A gallery of header styles and formats
into the publication.
of each page of the publication. A gallery of footer styles and formats
will appear. Click the footer style that is displayed to insert it into the
publication.
 Page Number: Click this button to insert a page number into the
publication. A list of page number locations will display. Move the
mouse pointer over each of the items to display a gallery of page
number styles. The Page Number will then be inserted into the
Header or Footer area of the publication.
Text Group
 Text Box: Text boxes are used to highlight text within a publication.
Click this button to display a gallery of different types of text boxes.
Move the mouse pointer over the items for a description of each
style. To draw a textbox around selected text, click the Draw Textbox
link.
 Business Information: This contains list of templates with their detail
information of a company. It can easily be selected and edited.

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 WordArt: To insert decorative text into the publication, click this
 Insert File: This is used to extract text from file and insert the
extracted text into the publication.
 Date and Time: To insert the date and time into a publication, click
this button. The dialog box that appears displays several date and
time formats.
or an Excel Chart into the publication. A new object can be created or
another publication can be inserted.
 Symbol: Click this button to insert a symbol such as a copyright or
trademark into the publication.
Page Design Tab
This has many sub tabs which can be used for customization of publication
pages.
Templates
This is made up of predesigned pages which can be easily inserted into a
publication.
Page Setup
This has three buttons for setting up the pages of publications.
 Margin: Here you can adjust the horizontal and vertical distance
between the text and the edges of the page.
 Orientation: This button has the feature to switch the page between
landscape and portrait.
 Size: This is where you select the preferred size of the publication
pages.

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Layout
This sub tab has features to guide the user on the page arrangement while
working on the pages. When the guide button is clicked, a list designed
guides will show up. The guides are lines across the page of the publication.
Pages
 Delete: This button is used to delete the current page of the
publication. Once the page is deleted, you can only bring it back by
doing Ctrl+Z to give the Undo Command.
 Move: This button is used for switching page position. Once it is
clicked, list of the available pages will be displayed to choose the new
position of the page.
 Rename: This button is used to change the name of the current page o
the publication.
Scheme
Here you can select scheme of the selected page and its contents. Once any
of the schemes is click the page and its content changes immediately to the
style of the selected scheme.
Page Background
Here you can change the background of the current page by clicking the
background button and selecting from the list of colours.

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Below is a task given to me during my training.
Publish a book of any title. Make a cover page and the book should be at
least eight (8) pages.
Done with Microsoft Publisher 2010

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2.1.5 MICROSOFT ACCESS
This is a database package. It is used for keeping data of a given group.
Home Tab
Like the rest of the Microsoft Office Packages, Access also has some sub
tabs in the home tab. They include;
View
This is used to switch between table view and design view. When the
button is clicked on, it opens a dropdown menu containing Datasheet view
and Design view. The one selected will determine the view of the database.
Clipboard
 Cut: This button is used for cutting or moving a highlighted part of
text to a new or different location.

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 Copy: This button is used for duplicating a selected part of text. It can
be done by selecting or highlighting the intended text and clicking the
copy button.
 Paste: This button is used pasting the content of the clipboard (cut or
copied item) to a new destination.
 Format Painter: This is used to copy effect of a selected text to
another text. Example bold, underline, font, size and so on.
Sort & Filter
This is used for arranging texts on the database. Texts can be arranged
either in Ascending or descending order. This can also be used for removing
repeated words.
Records
This group is made up of some quick features which can be easily clicked
for actions.
 Refresh: This button is used to display new and updated data.
 New: This button is used to add new item to the database table.
 Save: This button is used for saving updates to a database.
 Delete: This button is used for removing selected item from the
database.
 Totals: When this button is clicked, a roll will be added to the
database for summation of entire or selected columns.
 Spelling: This is button is used for spell check. When a wrongly spelt
English word is entered into the database, this button can be used to
get the right spelling.
Find
This is used for searching words within the database. When the find button
is clicked, the find and replace dialog box will be displayed. User can enter
the specific word to find or replace.

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Text Formatting
This is used for customization of text on the database. This is the same as
the effects of fonts in the Microsoft Word. Here you customize the size of
the text, bold, underline, text colour, text shading background and highlight
colour. These can be done by selecting the appropriate option for each.
This also has numerous features embedded. They include;
 Bullets: This is used for listing items by using predefined symbols
 Numbering: This feature is used for numbering listed items using
alphabets, numbers or tally.
 Alignment: This is used to change the order of text appearance on the
page of the publication. You can either align selected text left, right,
center or justify but not both.
 Increase and Reduce indent: This feature is used for indentation.
Indentation is the horizontal distance between the margin and the
text. It otherwise called paragraph.
 Gridlines: This feature is used for enabling or disabling gridlines
across the database.
 Alternate Row Colour: This is used for setting row colours in two. The
row at the middle of two coloured row normally has no colour.
Create Tab
This tab contains most of the features for creating new database. They
include;
Template
This group contains Application parts. Application parts is a feature called
Application Parts enables you to add preformatted (or even
preprogrammed) objects to your database. To add a form from the library
of Application Parts, click the Application Parts button in the Templates
group on the Create tab of the Ribbon.

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Tables
 Tables: These are gridlines crossing each other to form rows and
columns. Data are saved into tables in database.
 Table Design: This button is used for creating a new table with three
(3) columns, Field Name, Data Type and Description. This is also used
for storing data in the database.
Queries
 Query Wizard: This button when clicked shows a query wizard,
which helps you create a simple query, a Crosstab query, a Find
Duplicate query, or a find Unmatched query.
 Query Design: This will create a new blank query in design view. The
show table dialog is displayed from which you can select tables or
query to add to the query design.
Forms
 Form: This helps you create a form that lets you enter information for
one record at a time.
 Form Design: This helps you create a new blank form in design view.
In design view you can make advanced design changes to form, such
as adding custom control types and writing codes.
 Blank Form: This allows you create a blank form with no control or
format.
Reports
 Report: This is used to create a basic report on the data in the current
query or table, to which you can add features such as groups or total.
 Report Design: This is used to create new blank report in design
view. In design view you can make advanced design changes to
report, such as adding custom control types and writing codes.

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 Blank Report: This button helps you create a new blank report so
that you can insert field and control and design the report.
Macros & Codes
 Macro: This button is used for adding logic to database to automate
repetitive tasks and create more usable interface.
External Data Tab
This tab contains tools for importing and exporting data.
Import and Link
This sub tab contains feature for importing data from saved Ms Access
database, Excel or ODBC Database, or linking them to the database.
Export
Here you can export your database to Excel, Text file, XML file, PDF file, or
email.
Database Tool Tab
This has other sub tabs which are essential to Ms Access database.
Tool
This helps you make database compactible. Also for repairing database.

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Macro
 Visual Basic: This button is used for opening Visual Basic editor for
entering commands.
 Run Macro: This button is used for running the logics applied to the
database.
Relationship
This defines how the data in tables is related such ID field or Name field in
different tables that should match.
Analyze
This sub tab contains the following buttons
 Database Documenter: This is used for documenting the created
database for referencing purpose.
 Analysis Performance: This acts as a check to the performance of the
database.
Move Data
This sub tab has features that enables you move your database to another
database server like SQL and share point.

SIWES REPORT
Below is a task given to me during my training on Microsoft Access.
I was given a task to create a Microsoft Access database for customers of a
company.

SIWES REPORT
2.2 COMPUTER NETWORKING
During my stay at G.M.G. Computer Training Institute, I was taught the
basic computer networking.
I was able to cover the following topics;
 Definition of terms
 Type/classification of computer network
 Practical
2.2.1 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Computer Networks
A computer network consists of two or more computing devices that are
connected in order to share the components of your network (its
resources) and the information. The most basic computer network (which
consists of just two connected computers) can expand and become more
usable when additional computers join and add their resources to those
being shared.
Computer Networking
This is the process of connecting computers together to share information
and resources.
Networked Computers
2.2.2 TYPES/CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER NETWORK
Classifying Networks by Their Geography Networks are frequently
classified according to the geographical boundaries the network spans.

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Two basic geographical designations for networks local area network
(LAN) and wide area network (WAN) are the most common.
A third designation, metropolitan area network (MAN), is also used,
although its use has become clouded (because it might not be a clear-cut
classification anymore) as networks continue connecting to the Internet.
These three classifications, unlike the other methods used to describe
networks, are based upon the specific levels of technology they use when
going from one level to the other. The three geographical classifications are
discussed next because the geographical concepts and the increased
emphasis they place on technology as you go from one level to the next still
apply.
Local Area Network (LAN)
If the network is contained within a relatively small area, such as a class
room, school, or single building, as shown below, it is commonly referred to
as a local area network (LAN). This type of network has the lowest cost and
least overall capability of the three geographic classifications. Because the
pieces of equipment in a LAN are in relatively close proximity, LANs are
inexpensive to install. Despite their decreased capability, however, their
closeness and resultant low costs typically result in the use of the fastest
technology on a LAN. Thus, this network classification usually has the
highest speed components and fastest communications equipment before
the other network classifications see such equipment using the same
speeds. This is because it takes less overall investment to get the smaller
network running the faster equipment. LANs, therefore, are commonly
considered the building blocks for creating larger networks.
Local Area Network
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
As the computers get further apart, a LAN becomes more difficult to install,
and additional measures such as additional communications equipment

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may need to be employed. When the network spans the distance of a
typical metropolitan city, as shown below, it can be referred to as a
metropolitan area network (MAN). Although this term is beginning to lose
its popular use, the concept of the network outgrowing its local confines
and requiring additional resources still applies. Much of the same
technology, such as the fast networking components and communications
equipment used in LANs, can he used in MANs, but more are required, so
this classification is not quite as technologically advanced as are LANs.
Although the speeds achieved in a MAN are typically as high as in a LAN, it
requires high-speed connections, such as fiber optics. Increasing the
distance and the technology levels increases the relative installation and
operation costs of MANs.
Metropolitan Area Network
Wide Area Network (WAN)
The MAN outgrows its usefulness when the network must expand beyond
the confines of the typical metropolitan area. When the network spans a
larger area, as shown below, it is classified as a wide area network (WAN).
Because of the extensive distances over which WANs communicate, they
use long-distance telecommunications networks for their connections,
which increase the costs of the network. The Internet is just a giant WAN.
Wide Area Network (WAN)

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Personal Area Network (PAN)
A PAN is a network that is used for communicating among computers and
computer devices (including telephones) in close proximity of around a few
meters within a room. It can be used for communicating between the
devices themselves, or for connecting to a larger network such as the
internet. PAN can be wired or wireless.
Personal Area Network (PAN)
CLASSIFYING NETWORKS BY COMPONENT ROLES
Another method used to classify networks focuses on the roles the
networked computers play in the network’s operation, and more
specifically on which computer controls that operation. There are two basic
types of role classifications for networks—peer-to-peer networks and
server-based networks. The difference between the two revolves around
which computer is in charge of the network. A third classification, client-
based networks, has come into existence because of the increased
capabilities of the typical client computer.
PEER-TO-PEER NETWORKS
A peer is considered an equal. All computers on a peer-to-peer network can
be considered equals, as shown below. That is to say, no one computer is in
charge of the network’s operation. Each computer controls its own
information and is capable of functioning as either a client or a server
depending on which is needed at the time.
Peer-to--peer networks are popular as home networks and for use in small
companies because they are inexpensive and easy to install. Most operating
systems (the software that runs the basic computer functionality) come
with peer-to-peer networking capability built in. The only other cost
involved with setting up a peer- to-peer network comes into play if a

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computer does not have a network interface card, or NIC (the device that
physically connects your computer to your network’s cabling), already
installed.
Typical initial peer-to-peer networking involves no security measures.
Rather, each peer simply shares its resources and allows others open
access to them. In fact, a peer-to-peer network becomes difficult to manage
when more and more security is added to the resources. This is because
users control their own security by adding password protection to each
share they create. Shares are any resources users control on their
computers, such as document folders, printers, and other peripherals. Each
shared resource can actually have its own password. Someone wanting
access to numerous shared resources has to remember many passwords.
Security on a peer-to-peer network can quickly become complex and
confusing.
Peer-to-Peer Network
SERVER-BASED NETWORKS
Unlike peer-to-peer networks that operate without central control and are
difficult to secure, a server-based network offers centralized control and is
designed for secured operations, as shown below. While there are still both
clients and servers on a server-based network, a dedicated server controls
the network. A dedicated server is one that, for all practical purposes,
operates solely as a server.
A dedicated server on a server-based network services its network clients
by storing data, applications, and other resources, and then providing
access to those resources when called for by a client. When a client
requests a resource such as a document, the server sends the whole
resource (the document) over the network to the client, where it is
processed and later returned to the server for continued storage.
Dedicated servers can also control the entire network’s security from one
central location or share that control with other specially configured

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servers. This central network control also contributes to the economies of
scale discussed under the “Facilitating Centralized Management” section
earlier in this chapter (using similar equipment results in cheaper
equipment prices and fewer training costs) and makes the server-based
network the dominant networking model used in networks today.
Server based Network
CLIENT-BASED NETWORKS
Client-based networks are a further refinement to the concept of a server-
based network that relieves the heavy burden on the network’s capacity
resulting from frequent server-performed transactions. A client-based
network takes better advantage of the server’s powerful processors and of
the increasingly powerful computers used in typical workstations. A client-
based network utilizes a client workstation’s power in processing some
functions locally while requesting additional processing from a server
whenever it is needed for increased speed.
Client-based network servers process requests from clients and return just
the results, rather than sending the original resource to the client to be
processed and returned after computations are complete. Client-based
networks, therefore, take advantage of the powerful processing capabilities
of both the client and the server, as shown below. This type of arrangement
may include application servers (where entire computer programs are
shared from the server) and communications servers (where e-mail and
other communications media are operated).
Client-Based Networks.

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2.2.3 PRACTICAL
Below is a task given to me during my training.
I was given a task to network three (3) computers locally using switch and
network cables.
Tools Used
- RJ45
- Switch
- CAT5 Cables
- SWIFT Router
- Crimping Tool

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2.3 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER PROGRAMMING USING C-SHARP
(C#)
C Sharp (C#) is a computer programming language developed by Microsoft.
It is used for development of applications across multiple platforms.
Although C# is derived from the C programming language, it has features
such as garbage collection that allow beginners to become proficient in C#
more quickly than in C or C++. Similar to Java, it is object-oriented, comes
with an extensive class library, and supports exception handling, multiple
types of polymorphism, and separation of interfaces from implementations.
Those features, combined with its powerful development tools, multi-
platform support, and generics, make C# a good choice for many types of
software development projects: rapid application development projects,
projects implemented by individuals or large or small teams, Internet
applications, and projects with strict reliability requirements. Testing
frameworks such as NUnit make C# amenable to test-driven development
and thus a good language for use with Extreme Programming (XP). Its
strong typing helps to prevent many programming errors that are common
in weakly typed languages.
2.3.1 Setting Up Visual Studio for C#
Visual Studio for C# can be downloaded from the Microsoft Visual Studio
website on the internet http://www.visualstudio.com once the site opens,
select package installer the suite your computer, Professional, Enterprise
or ….. Once downloaded, run the installer, and select the platform you wish
to develop applications and the installer will have them downloaded.
Once the download is completed, you should see like the image below.

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When the IDE loads completely, you will have the screen below
Microsoft Visual Studio Start Page
To begin a new project, click on the New Project… link and select the type of
project to be executed.
Microsoft Visual Studio New Project Dialog box.

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Windows Form Applications
This is used for developing Computer applications using C#. It comprises of
graphic tools that can be easily selected and use. Once selected you will
have the below screen.
New Windows Form Project.
Console Application
This option is used for building console applications with C#.
Microsoft Visual Studio New Project Dialog box.

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Once the option it is selected, you will see something like this
New Console Project
2.3.2 Characteristics/Properties of C# Programming Language
Objects
As I noted earlier, we live in an object-oriented world. You are an object.
You interact with other objects. In fact, you are an object with data such as
your height and hair color. You also have methods that you perform or that
are performed on you, such as eating and walking.
So what are objects? In OOP terms, an object is a structure for
incorporating data and the procedures for working with that data. For
example, if you were interested in tracking data associated with product
inventory, you would create a product object that is responsible for
maintaining and using the data pertaining to the products. If you wanted to
have printing capabilities in your application, you would work with a
printer object that is responsible for the data and methods used to interact
with your printers.
Abstraction
When you interact with objects in the world, you are often only concerned
with a subset of their properties. Without this ability to abstract or filter
out the extraneous properties of objects, you would find it hard to process
the plethora of information bombarding you and concentrate on the task at
hand. As a result of abstraction, when two different people interact with the
same object, they often deal with a different subset of attributes. When I
drive my car, for example, I need to know the speed of the car and the

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direction it is going. Because the car is using an automatic transmission, I
do not need to know the revolutions per minute (RPMs) of the engine, so I
filter this information out. On the other hand, this information would be
critical to a racecar driver, who would not filter it out.
When constructing objects in OOP applications, it is important to
incorporate this concept of abstraction. The objects include only the
information that is relevant in the context of the application. If you were
building a shipping application, you would construct a product object with
attributes such as size and weight. The color of the item would be
extraneous information and would be ignored. On the other hand, when
constructing an order-entry application, the color could be important and
would be included as an attribute of the product object.
Encapsulation
Another important feature of OOP is encapsulation. Encapsulation is the
process in which no direct access is granted to the data; instead, it is
hidden. If you want to gain access to the data, you have to interact with the
object responsible for the data. In the previous inventory example, if you
wanted to view or update information on the products, you would have to
work through the product object. To read the data, you would send the
product object a message. The product object would then read the value
and send back a message telling you what the value is. The product object
defines which operations can be performed on the product data. If you send
a message to modify the data and the product object determines it is a valid
request, it will perform the operation for you and send a message back with
the result.
You experience encapsulation in your daily life all the time. Think about a
human resources department. They encapsulate (hide) the information
about employees. They determine how this data can be used and
manipulated.
Any request for the employee data or request to update the data has to be
routed through them. Another example is network security. Any request for
security information or a change to a security policy must be made through
a network security administrator. The security data is encapsulated from
the users of the network.
By encapsulating data, you make the data of your system more secure and
reliable. You know how the data is being accessed and what operations are
being performed on the data. This makes program maintenance much
easier and also greatly simplifies the debugging process. You can also
modify the methods used to work on the data, and, if you do not alter how
the method is requested and the type of response sent back, you do not
have to alter the other objects using the method. Think about when you

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send a letter in the mail. You make a request to the post office to deliver the
letter. How the post office accomplishes this is not exposed to you. If it
changes the route it uses to mail the letter, it does not affect how you
initiate the sending of the letter. You do not have to know the post office’s
internal procedures used to deliver the letter.
Polymorphism
Polymorphism is the ability of two different objects to respond to the same
request message in their own unique way.
For example, I could train my dog to respond to the command bark and my
bird to respond to the command chirp.
On the other hand, I could train them to both respond to the command
speak. Through polymorphism I know that the dog will respond with a bark
and the bird will respond with a chirp.
How does this relate to OOP? You can create objects that respond to the
same message in their own unique implementations. For example, you
could send a print message to a printer object that would print the text on a
printer, and you could send the same message to a screen object that would
print the text to a window on your computer screen.
Another good example of polymorphism is the use of words in the English
language. Words have many different meanings, but through the context of
the sentence you can deduce which meaning is intended. You know that
someone who says “Give me a break!” is not asking you to break his leg!
In OOP you implement this type of polymorphism through a process called
overloading. You can implement different methods of an object that have
the same name. The object can then tell which method to implement
depending on the context (in other words, the number and type of
arguments passed) of the message. For example, you could create two
methods of an inventory object to look up the price of a product. Both these
methods would be named getPrice.
Another object could call this method and pass either the name of the
product or the product ID. The inventory object could tell which getPrice
method to run by whether a string value or an integer value was passed
with the request.
Inheritance
Most real-life objects can be classified into hierarchies. For example, you
can classify all dogs together as having certain common characteristics
such as having four legs and fur. Their breeds further classify them into
subgroups with common attributes such as size and demeanor. You also
classify objects according to their function. For example, there are
commercial vehicles and recreational vehicles. There are trucks and

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passenger cars. You classify cars according to their make and model. To
make sense of the world, you need to use object hierarchies and
classifications.
You use inheritance in OOP to classify the objects in your programs
according to common characteristics and function. This makes working
with the objects easier and more intuitive. It also makes programming
easier because it enables you to combine general characteristics into a
parent object and inherit these characteristics in the child objects. For
example, you can define an employee object that defines all the general
characteristics of employees in your company. You can then define a
manager object that inherits the characteristics of the employee object but
also adds characteristics unique to managers in your company. Because of
inheritance the manager object will automatically reflect any changes to
the characteristics of the employee object.
Aggregation
Aggregation is when an object consists of a composite of other objects that
work together. For example, your lawn mower object is a composite of the
wheel objects, the engine object, the blade object, and so on. In fact, the
engine object is a composite of many other objects. There are many
examples of aggregation in the world around us. The ability to use
aggregation in OOP is a powerful feature that enables you to accurately
model and implement business processes in your programs.
Printing Hello World in C#

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When this code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
The above program consists of the following parts:
 Namespace declaration
 A class
 Class methods
 Class attributes
 A Main method
 Statements and Expressions
Let us look at the various parts of the given program:
 The first line of the program using System; - the using keyword is
used to include the System namespace in the program. A program
generally has multiple using statements.
 The next line has the namespace declaration. A namespace is a
collection of classes. Beginner namespace contains the class
Program.
 The next line has a class declaration, the class Program contains the
data and method definitions that your program uses. Classes
generally contain multiple methods. Methods define the behavior of
the class. However, the Program class has only one method Main.
 The next line defines the Main method, which is the entry point for all
C# programs. The Main method states what the class does when
executed.
 The Main method specifies its behavior with the statement
Console.WriteLine("Hello World!");
 WriteLine is a method of the Console class defined in the System
namespace. This statement causes the message "Hello World!" to be
displayed on the screen.

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 The last line Console.ReadKey(); is for the VS.NET Users. This makes
the program wait for a key press and it prevents the screen from
running and closing quickly when the program is launched from
Visual Studio .NET.
It is worth to note the following points:
 C# is case sensitive.
 All statements and expression must end with a semicolon (;).
 The program execution starts at the Main method.
 Unlike Java, program file name could be different from the class
name.
2.3.3 ACCEPTING INPUT FROM USER AND DISPLAYING OUTPUT
The program below will prompt user to enter a name and display a
welcome message.
The output of the above code is given below

SIWES REPORT
2.3.4 CONTROL STRUCTURE
There are three types of control structures in C#. They are given below.
1. Sequential: Instructions are executed in order.
2. Conditional: Which instruction executes next depends on some
condition.
3. Looping: A group of instructions may be executed many times.
Sequential flow of control, the default, is what occurs if the program
does not contain any instances of the other two control structures.
Instructions are executed sequentially, according to the statements.
Sequential control structure.
Conditional Control structure deals with decision making. Decision making
structures require that the programmer specify one or more conditions to
be evaluated or tested by the program, along with a statement or
statements to be executed if the condition is determined to be true, and
optionally, other statements to be executed if the condition is determined
to be false.
Conditional Control Structure

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Statement Description
if statement An if statement consists of a Boolean expression
followed by one or more statements.
if...else statement An if statement can be followed by an optional else
statement, which executes when the Boolean
expression is false.
nested if statements You can use one if or else if statement inside
another if or else if statements.
switch statement A switch statement allows a variable to be tested
for equality against a list of values.
nested switch You can use one switch statement inside another
switch statements.
Looping
Now let’s look at the third variation on flow of control, namely looping
(iteration). We want to execute the same group of statements (called the
loop body) repeatedly, depending on the result of a Boolean condition. As
long as (while) the condition remains true, the loop body is executed. The
condition is tested before each execution of the loop body. When the
condition becomes false, the loop body is not executed again, which is
usually expressed by saying that the algorithm exits the loop. To ensure
that the algorithm ultimately exits the loop, the condition must be such that
its truth value can be affected by what happens when the loop body is
executed. The diagram below illustrates the while loop. The loop body is
statement S1 (which can be a compound statement), and S1 is executed
while the condition is true. Once the condition is false, the flow of control
moves on to statement S2. If the condition is false when it is first evaluated,
then the body of the loop is never executed at all.
Loop control structure.

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There are different types of loop. Below are given examples.
 While loop: This test for condition before executing the body of the
statement.
while (condition test)
{
Statement
}
 Do while loop: This execute the given statement before testing for
given condition.
do {
statement
}
while( condition test)
 For loop:
for(variable; condition test; change)
{
}
I was given a task to write a program to find the average score of ten
students using loop.
Code view

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Output
2.3.5 UNDERSTANDING WINDOWS FORM AND ITS PROPERTIES
This stage covers the graphical aspect of the C Sharp Programming
Language. It is used for development of simple windows applications using
drag and drop of objects in the C# windows forms.
To start a graphic windows form, follow the steps given below;
 Start a new project by selecting windows form from the new project
menu.
 Having created a new project, use the objects on the ToolBox to
design the form created.

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 Selecting objects from the Toolbox
From the listed tools, you can select any of the objects, drag and then drop
it on the created from for manipulation.

Computer Basics - A SIWES Report.

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