5. • General characteristics
• Mucor is the saprophytic fungus that growing on dead &
decaying bodies (bread, pickle, leather, moist soil, logs, fruits).
• It is cosmopolitan with more than 100 species.
• Mucor is commonly known as Pin mould or Black mould.
• This fungus appears as white cottony mass on dead materials.
The vegetative body of Mucor is called mycelium.
Mycelium consists of long, branched, cottony, delicate thread
like structures called hyphae.
Hypha + Hypha = Mycelium (plant body of Fungus)
The hypha are branched asepted, and multinucleated
structures. Such types of mycelium is called coenocytic
mycelium. Presence of Coenocytic mycelium is the typical
characteristics of Mucor (Phycomycetes).
Fungi: Mucor
7. • The mycelium (plant body of fungi) is vacuolated,
multinucleated, cytoplasmic, coenocytic / asepted (it is
typical characteristic of Phycomycetes !).
Fungi: Mucor
Q.1) What is Coenocytic mycelium?
Ans: Coenocytic mycelium is branched, long,
asepted, multinucleated, mycelium. It is typical
character of class- Phycomycetes. Eg. Mucor
8. • The fungal cell wall made by Chitin (Fungal cellulose).
• Reserve food material is Glycogen.
Reproduction in Mucor:
Mucor reproduces Vegetative, Asexual & Sexual methods.
1} Vegetative Reproduction: By the fragmentation of
mycelium. If mycelium gets fragmented by any methods &
each fragment is capable for the formation of new mycelium.
2} Asexual Reproduction: Mucor reproduces asexually by the
formation of different kind of Spores (such as Clamydospores,
Oidia, Aplanospores).
Fungi: Mucor
10. • 2. Asexual reproduction…..
• During un-favourable environmental conditions fungal hypha
gets swelling by the absorption of water and formation of
swollen sporangium at the tip of hypha.
• The aerial sporangium contains many spores which are
dispersed by the rupturing of sporangial wall.
• These minute spores are dispersed with the help of air and gets
germinated when getting moist soil, dead & decaying material.
• By germination of spores (black, small) again formation of
long, branched, white cottony, multinucleated, new mycelium.
Fungi: Mucor
12. 3} Sexual Reproduction in Mucor:
• Mucor shows sexual reproduction by conjugation.
• During sexual reproduction, two opposite strains of hyphae
(+ strain & - strain) come in to close.
• Than, wall of contact between hypha gets dissolve and fusion
of male nucleus (+ strain) with female nucleus (- strain) &
formation of thick walled Zygospore.
• This zygospore gets germinated in to long, bulbous
Zygosporangium.
• Zygosporangium contains many spores & these spores
dispersed by the rupturing of zygosporangial wall.
• These spores germinates when getting moist substratum
(soil, leather, fruits, vegetables etc.) and life cycle continues.
Fungi: Mucor
15. Life cycle of Mucor
HW.
Q. Describe the life cycle
(Reproduction) of Mucor
with suitable diagram.
16. • Practice Questions : Follow text Book
1. Write economic importance of Fungi…………. (5)
2. Write general characteristics of Fungi (Mycota).
3. Highlight the characteristics of classes of Fungi
Phycomycetes (Oomycetes / Zygomycetes), Ascomycetes,
Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes (Fungi imperfecti :
because sexual reproduction absent !)……. (5)
4. What is mycelium? What is reserve food materials in fungi?
5. What is mode of nutrition in fungi.
6. Differentiate between Fungi & Algae.
7. What is Mycology, Phycology?
8. Describe the life cycle (Reproduction) of Mucor in detail.
Fungi: Mucor
17. Fungi: Yeast
• Systematic Position:
Kingdom: Mycota
Division: Eumycota
Class: Ascomycetes
Order: Endomycetales
Family: Saccharomycetaceae
Genus: Saccharomyces
Species: S. cerevivae
Common Name: Backer’s Yeast
OR
Brewer’s Yeast)
18. Fungi: Yeast
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae is commonly known as Yeast.
• It is saprophytic fungi with more than 40 species world wide.
• It is found in sugar rich substances such as sweet fruits, flour,
sugarcane, milk products, soil, animal excreta, food stuffs.
• Yeast is commonly used in brewing or backing industries
because it converts sugar in to the alcohol by fermentation.
19. • Yeast is the oval shape, unicellular & non-mycelial fungi.
• The cell wall is the outermost covering made up of by Chitin.
Mitochondria, ER, Golgi body, Ribosomes present in the cell
but Chloroplast absent in fungi.
Reserve food material present in the form of Glycogen / Fat.
Nucleus is attached at the one end of large central vacuole
such type of nucleus is called nuclear vacuole.
Fungi: Yeast
20. • Yeast reproduces by 2 methods; Asexual & sexual methods
Reproduction in Yeast
21. • 1. Asexual reproduction: Yeast reproduces asexually by
Budding & Fission.
• Budding: It is most common method of reproduction in Yeast.
• During this process, cell wall produces outgrowth with
nucleus & this bud separates from mother Yeast produces new
Yeast.
Reproduction in Yeast
23. • Fission: In this process of reproduction, mature Yeast cell
elongates and nucleus divides in to two nucleus.
• At the same time, cytoplasm divides from central part of
Yeast cell & forms two new Yeast cells.
Reproduction in Yeast
24. • 2. Sexual Reproduction:
• Sexual reproduction takes place by Conjugation.
• It occurs rarely during un-favourable conditions.
• Sex organs are absent in Yeast.
• During sexual reproduction, two individuals (+ve / -ve) come
in to close and forms small out growth.
• First of all fusion of cytoplasm takes place (Plasmogamy).
• Then, Fusion of nuclei (+ve /-ve) takes place (Karyogamy).
• Finally, Zygote (2n) undergoes meiosis & daughter cells (new
Yeast) are produced.
Reproduction in Yeast
25. • Guilliermond (1940), has discovered 3 types of sexual
reproduction in Yeast.
Reproduction in Yeast
26. • 1. Haplobiontic Life Cycle: This type of reproduction found
in Schizosaccharomyces octosporus.
• In this reproduction method, haploid phase is dominant &
diploid phase (zygote) is very short.
• During this process two Yeast cells of opposite strain come to
close & produces small outgrowth.
• Through this outgrowth cytoplasm & nuclei transfer from
male Yeast (+stain) to female Yeast (-ve stain).
• First of all cytoplasm fusion takes place (Plasmogamy) and
than nuclear fusion occurs (Karyogamy) and zygote forms.
• This zygote (2n) divides & re-divides and formation of 8
ascospores inside Ascus (fruiting body).
• These haploid ascospores (8) are germinates in to new Yeast.
Reproduction in Yeast
30. Economic Importance of Yeast:
• Yeast is used for making different types of soft, spongy,
delicious bakery products like Bread, Dosa, Cake etc.
• Yeast are richest source of vitamin & enzymes.
• It is used for the extraction of enzymes (Zymase, Invertase).
• Yeast tablets are used to cure the stomach disorder.
• Different types of alcohol products like beer, wine, whisky,
rum, vodka, brandy etc. are produced by using Yeast.
• Yeast are good source of vitamin B complex.
• Negative impacts: Yeast degrade (spoil) the food stuffs like
cheese, vegetables, dairy products and causes many skin
diseases.
Mycota: Yeast
31. • Study of fungi is called Mycology & person who study fungi is
called Mycologist.
• Fungi are non-chlorophillous, spore producing Decomposers.
• Fungi has Glycogen is reserve food materials.
• Fungal cell wall made by Chitin (fungal cellulose).
• Fungi are non-vascular, non-flowering, thallophytic,
multicellular, eukaryotic plants.
• The plant body of fungi is called mycelium, mycelium made
by many, thread like structures called hyphae.
• Reproduction takes by vegetative, asexual & sexual methods.
• Sex organs are unicellular & non-jacketed.
• Embryo is not formed after fertilization.
Mycota / Fungi : General characteristics
32. Sexual reproduction in Fungi occurs in three phases:
• Plasmogamy: Fusion of cystoplasm of +ve / -ve mycelium.
• Karyogamy: Fusion of nucleus of +ve / -ve mycelium.
• Meiosis: Diploid zygote produces haploid spores by meiosis.
• Classification of Fungi:
• True Fungi (Eumycota) are classified as follows;
• 1.Phycomycetes (Algal fungi): Oomycetes & Zygomycetes
• The hypha are coenocytic (asepted, branched, multinucleated).
• They are mostly aquatic, some are terrestrial habitat.
• The cell wall made by chitin (fungal cellulose).
• Asexual reproduction by zoospore. Example: Mucor
• Sexual reproduction takes place by gametangial contact.
Mycota / Fungi : General characteristics
33. • 2. Ascomycetes (Sac Fungi):
• They are mainly found in terrestrial habitat.
• Mycelium is branched & septate (except Yeast).
• Fungal cell wall by chitin & reserve food material is glycogen.
• Vegetative reproduction by budding, fission, fragmentation.
• Asexual reproduction by spores (Conidia, Chlamydospores).
• Sexual reproduction Plasmogamy, Karyogamy & Meiosis.
• Ascus is the fruiting body which contains 8 ascospores.
Mycota / Fungi : General characteristics
34. • 3. Basidiomycetes (Club Fungi): Mushroom
• Basidiomycetes has two types of mycelium (primary &
secondary mycelium).
• It is most developed / advance group of fungi.
• Mycelium contains small pore called Doli pore.
• They are mostly terrestrial, saprophytic & parasitic.
• Mycelium is branched & septed.
• Clamp connections occurs in the secondary mycelium.
• Fungal cell wall made by chitin & reserve food is glycogen.
• Reproduction: vegetative, asexual & sexual methods.
• Asexual reproduction by basidiospores produce on basidiocarp.
• Example: Agaricus (edible Mushroom), Amanita (Poisonous).
Mycota / Fungi : General characteristics
36. • 4. Deuteromycetes (Fungi imperfecti)
• Deuteromycetes can not perform sexual reproduction so
they are called fungi imperfecti / incomplete fungi.
• They are mostly found on terrestrial some are saprophytes.
• Mycelium is branched and septate.
• Cell wall made by chitin &
• Reserve food is glycogen.
• Reproduction: vegetative & asexual.
• Fruiting bodies are not formed.
• They cause different plant disease such as early blight of Potato
(Aalu ko Dadhuwa Roog) by Alternanthera solani fungus.
Mycota / Fungi : General characteristics
38. Write economic importance of Fungi
• Positive effects of Fungi:
• Many edible mushrooms (Fungi such as Agarcus, Morchella) are
taken as good dietary source of vitamin, protein & mineral sources.
• Fungi play an important role as decomposer of agriculture, forest,
ponds ecosystem.
• Mycorrhizal root act as symbiotic relation between Pinus root &
Fungi. Fungal partner helps in absorption of nutrients from soil.
• Plant growth hormone (Gibberellins) synthesized from fungi.
• Alcoholic fermentation takes place by the help of fungi (Yeast).
• Wine produced by fermenting Rice with Aspergillus oryzae (Fungi).
• Yeast / Fungi are used as fermenting agent in backing industry.
39. • Enzyme such as Zymase & Invertase prepared from Yeast.
• Yeast are good source of vitamin B complex.
• Fungi are used for the preparation of antibiotics / medicine.
• Negative effects of Fungi:
• Several fungus causes plant & animal disease such as early blight of
potato (by Alternaria solani), lung disease (by Aspergillus niger),
Ringworm caused by Microsporum audouini.
• Some of wild non-edible mushroom secretes toxin, cause death.
• Many vegetables, fruits, food stuffs are degrade (spoiled) by Mucor,
Rhizopus Penicillium that make toxic for consumption and cause
health allergy.
Write economic importance of Fungi
