This presentation is very beneficial for those who are in the field of prosthetics & orthotics. I have covered the basics of prosthetic foot, its mechanisms & its types. I have mentioned advanced prosthetic foot also. Hope this will help you all.

1. PRESENTATION ON
PROSTHETIC FOOT
By Aamir Siddiqui

2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE OF
PROSTHETIC FOOT
FUNCTIONS OF
PROSTHETIC FOOT
CLASSIFICATION OF
PROSTHETIC FOOT
JAIPUR FOOT
SACH FOOT & IT’S
TYPES
SACH FOOT V/S
JAIPUR FOOT
STEN FOOT
MECHANICAL
FOOT & IT’S TYPES
FLEXIBLE-KEEL
DYNAMIC
RESPONSE FOOT
SPRINGLITE FOOT
NON-ARTICULATED
SHORT-KEEL FOOT
& IT’S TYPES
ARTICULATED
DYNAMIC
RESPONSE FOOT
ADVANCED
PROSTHETIC FOOT

3. INTRODUCTION
Current prosthetic foot designs do not replicate the exact
characteristics of a normal foot. A human foot is a multi-functional
device that can be used to perform a wide range of activities,
however a prosthetic foot is limited to only a few. More recently,
manufacturers of prosthetic feet have looked into the characteristics
of a prosthesis that may be adjustable. The amputee may then able
to perform number of activities without requiring a different
prosthesis.
Prosthetic foot provide essential connection between prosthesis and
ground
Currently divided into traditional foot classifications:
SACH
FLEXIBLE KEEL
SINGLE AXIS
MULTI AXIS
DYNAMIC RESPONSE

4. PURPOSE OF
PROSTHETIC
FOOT
The purpose of prosthetic foot is to serve in place of
anatomical foot in terms of cosmesis and functions.
Cosmesis : prosthetic foot looks like an anatomical
foot.
Functions like walking , balancing etc.

5. FUNCTIONS OF PROSTHETIC FOOT
Joint simulation : By helping in dorsiflexion & plantarflexion
By helping in inversion & eversion
Smooth roll over during heel off & toe off.
All these movements of prosthetic foot simulates the anatomical foot and thus provides us smooth,
more natural and low energy expenditure gait pattern.
Shock Absorption: -The foot must absorb the impact of heel strike and weight acceptance
without transmitting excessive forces to the residual limb. Too much shock absorption, in
contrast, might fail to generate the normal knee flexion when the foot is flat and result in an
unacceptable gait pattern. moment
A stable weight-bearing base of support
Muscle simulation
Cosmesis: While function of the prosthetic foot is of primary concern to the prosthetist, the
importance of cosmesis cannot be overlooked. The design of a particular foot may enhance or
diminish its cosmetic appeal.

6. CLASSIFICATION
OF PROSTHETIC
FOOT
PROSTHETIC FOOT
CONVENTIONAL
FOOT
JAIPUR FOOT
STEN FOOT
SAFE FOOT
SINGLE AXIS
DOUBLE-AXIS
MULTI-AXIS
SACH FOOT
DYNAMIC
RESPONSE FOOT
NON-ARTICULATED
FOOT
LONG KEEL NON-
ARTICULATED
FLEX FOOT
SPRINGLITE FOOT
SABOLITCH FOOT
SHORT KEEL NON-
ARTICULATED
SEATTLE FOOT
CC II FOOT
QUANTUM FOOT
DYNAMIC FOOT
ARTICULATED FOOT
TRUSTEP FOOT

7. JAIPUR FOOT
• The Jaipur Foot, also known as the Jaipur Leg.
• It is a rubber-based prosthetic leg for people with below-
knee amputations. Although inferior in many ways to the
composite carbon fibre variants, its variable applicability and cost
efficiency make it an acceptable choice for prosthesis.
• Ram Chander Sharma designed and developed it in 1968
• It is a foot piece of same contour (shape) as a human foot with
fingers.
• It can be used without shoes for base foot walking.
• Mostly used by people who belongs to rural background.
• It has wide range of motion such as plantarflexion, dorsiflexion,
inversion & eversion helps in cross legged position.

8. MATERIAL
REQUIRED FOR
JAIPUR FOOT
• Ordinary MCR ( Micro Cellular Rubber ),
• Rubber Cord,
• Rubber Cushion,
• Skin Coloured Rubber,
• Dyes, and
• Stationary ankle

9. ADVANTAGES OF JAIPUR
FOOT
• It doesn’t require shoes & has certain degree
of cosmetic acceptance by amputee.
• It permits certain degree of transverse
rotation to facilitate gait
• Easily available and cheap.
• Made up of waterproof material.
• Raw materials used for making Jaipur Foot is
easily available.
• In appearance, it mimics a real foot.

10. SACH FOOT
It was first manufactured by University of California in 1947.
SACH stands for Solid-Ankle Cushion-Heel Feet.
Introduced in 1956 by Radcliffe and Foort.
The light weight, durability, low cost, and cosmesis of the SACH
foot make it the single most frequently recommended prosthetic
foot.
 Although recent innovations in prosthetic foot design may
change this, the SACH foot has been the traditional foot of choice
for children and for the majority of adult patients with transtibial
or ankle disarticulation amputations.
They are available for multiple shoe styles and heel heights,
postoperative uses, Syme's fittings, external-keel "waterproof'
fittings, and pediatric sizes.
The cushioned heel compressed under loading to stimulate ankle
plantarflexion and the eccentric contraction of the ankle
dorsiflexors during loading response.

11. ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
OF SACH FOOT
ADVANTAGES
Smooth,
Durable,
Light Weight,
Requires little
maintenance,
Higher degree of
acceptance by
amputee, and
Psychologically
accepted by women &
children,
Good shock absorption
for moderately active
patients.
DISADVANTAGES
Lack of ability to absorb
the torque produced
during locomotion,
Limited range of
plantarflexion,
The heel cushion
deteriorates over time,
The heel cushion may
loose elasticity,
The rigid forefoot
provides poor shock
absorption for high-
output activities.

12. TYPES OF SACH FOOT
SACH FOOT
STANDARD SACH
FOOT
POST-OPERATIVE
SACH FOOT
SYME SACH FOOT
EXTERNAL-KEEL
SACH FOOT

13. STANDARD SACH FEET
Also known as Internel-Keel Sach Foot.
Internal-keel SACH feet include a solid wood or
aluminum internal keel that extends to the toe
break and is surrounded by a molded external
foam foot with cosmetic toes and a cushioned
heel wedge available in different densities.

14. POSTOPERATIVE SACH FOOT
The postoperative SACH foot is
designed so that the patient can walk
without shoes or in slippers.
 As the name implies, its primary use is
on postoperative or temporary
prostheses.
 It has no heel rise, and since no shoes
are worn, the postoperative foot has a
wider sole than a standard SACH foot to
provide more stability.
The molded rubber foot and heel are
softer, which makes the postoperative
foot very shock absorbent.

15. SYME SACH FOOT
The Syme SACH foot was designed to
provide the ankle disarticulation amputee
with the advantages of a SACH foot.
Since an ankle disarticulation in an adult
results in only an average I½ in. shortening
of the leg, the space available for the
addition of a prosthetic foot is limited.
The Syme foot, therefore, is lower in height
than the SACH foot in order to
accommodate this minimal ground
clearance. Important to note is the thinner
heel cushion. Because the foot height is
reduced, the heel cushion is also reduced
and therefore less shock absorbent.

16. EXTERNAL-KEEL SACH
FOOT
In the external-keel SACH foot the keel portion is not
incorporated within the rubber foot. Instead, the rubber
portion of the foot is affixed to the keel.
It is used for exoskeletal prostheses only.
This foot is recommended for a Syme prosthesis when
an internal-keel foot will not accommodate a minimal
leg length discrepancy. The need for optimum cosmesis
at the ankle on an exoskeletal prosthesis may also be an
indication for an external-keel SACH foot.
The foot's wider keel makes it ideal for patients who
require added stability, although an attempt should be
made to gain stability through prosthetic alignment first.
The external-keel SACH foot also permits the prosthesis
to be made waterproof.

17. JAIPUR FOOT
V/S SACH
FOOT
SACH FOOT
On the basis of appearance
SACH foot doesn’t look like
a normal foot.
SACH foot requires a
closed shoe to protect as
well as hide it.
JAIPUR FOOT
On the basis of appearance
It looks like a normal foot
No such need or
requirement with Jaipur
Foot. But in case someone
wants to wear a shoe, he can
do it comfortably with a flat
heel shoe.

18. JAIPUR FOOT
V/S SACH
FOOT
JAIPUR FOOT
On the basis of Movements & ADL
Cross- legged sitting is possible
because sufficient forefoot
adduction & transverse rotation
of foot in relation to shank is
available.
Squatting is easily achieved.
Bare-Foot walking is possible.
As transverse rotation of foot in
relation to leg is possible, no
complaint of discomfort while
walking on uneven ground.
SACH FOOT
On the basis of Movements & ADL
No cross-leg sitting is possible
because it requires adduction at
forefoot & transverse rotation of
foot in relation to shank.
Squatting is not possible.
Bare-Foot walking is not possible
Great discomfort is complained
by amputees while walking on
uneven surface.

19. STEN FOOT
The STEN foot is one of the simplest designs in
prosthetic feet for it uses the Kingsley foot
moulds and rubbers.
It comes in a wide variety of sizes and heel
heights from a child (18cm keel) through to an
adult (30cm keel). The heels also come is soft,
medium or hard densities.
Although it is slightly heavier than the
conventional SACH foot, it differs in its keel which
allows for smooth roll - over of the prosthesis.
As the name suggests the STEN, STored ENergy,
has the capacity to store energy. However, the
effectiveness of its ability to store energy is
debatable. The structure of its keel disperses the
energy rather than storing and then returning it.
The STEN Foot is characterised by its :
• Varying density heel
• Polyurethane bumpers
• Reinforcement bands

20. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF STEN
FOOT
ADVANTAGES
Allows motion that
stimulates to the
anatomical foot.
It can be
accommodated
into different shoe
types / styles.
DISADVANTAGES Expensive
Not at all
recommended for
heavy-weight
amputees.

21. SAFE FOOT
SAFE stands for STATIONARY
ATTACHMENT FLEXIBLE ENDOSKELETAL
foot.
The SAFE Foot (Stationary Ankle Flexible
Endoskeleton) has a solid ankle and
provides large amounts of transverse
rotation as well as inversion and eversion.
The advantage of the SAFE Foot is that it is
moisture and grit - resistant. This makes
this prosthesis very low maintenance
The SAFE foot and other soft keel designs
should be viewed as offering increased
shock absorption and comfort at the
expense of responsiveness in a
competitive situation.

22. ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
OF SAFE FOOT
ADVANTAGES
• Little maintenance required,
• Moisture resistant,
• Adjustable heel height,
• Pediatries size available.
DISADVANTAGES
• Less medio-lateral stability,
• Poor push-off at the end of stance
phase.

23. CONEVNTIONAL OR
MECHANICAL FOOT
Conventional foot is of three types :
I. Single-Axis Foot
II. Double-Axis Foot
III. Multi-Axis Foot

24. SINGLE-AXIS FOOT
• The single-axis foot is available for
exoskeletal or endoskeletal prostheses.
• Its components include a solid wood
internal keel, a molded foam rubber shell,
a metal single-axis joint, a rubber plantar
flexion bumper, and a dorsiflexion stop.
• Ankle plantar flexion and dorsiflexion are
provided in a limited way by rotation
about the ankle joint. Minimal inversion
and eversion occur through the flexibility
of the rubber sole. Toe dorsiflexion is
simulated by the flexibility of the rubber
toe section.

25. SINGLE-AXIS FOOT
• The single-axis foot offers shock
absorption at heel strike through the
plantar flexion bumper, which is
available in multiple durometers.
Because the foot plantar-flexes after
heel strike, thus dampening knee flexion
moments, and since it is in contact with
the ground for a longer period of time,
stance-phase stability is excellent.
• Single-axis feet have specific application
in transfem-oral (above-knee)
prosthetics and are rarely necessary for
transtibial amputees, although some
amputees prefer the sensation of ankle
motion.

26. ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES OF
SINGLE-AXIS FOOT
ADVANTAGES
• The plantar flexion capability
provides increased knee stability
at heel strike and foot flat and
may lessen the difficulty of
descending inclines.
• Plantar flexion resistance can be
varied
DISADVANTAGES
• Relatively high maintenance
due to moving components.
• Increased weight.
• Less cosmetic.
• Tendency to "squeak."

27. DOUBLE- AXIS FOOT
• Also known as Foreway Foot.
• It has medio-lateral ankle joints.
• Provides plantarflexion, dorsiflexion,
inversion and eversion
• It is heavier than Single-Axis Foot
• It has two rubber bumper which are
added medially and laterally to provide
inversion and eversion.
• It is not commonly used.

28. MULTI-AXIS FOOT
• This foot provides more ankle motion than any
other prosthetic foot. Available for endoskeletal
and exoskeletal prostheses, it provides motion in
all three planes, which makes it particularly
suitable for patients who walk on uneven
terrain.
• Its components include a solid-wood internal
keel, a molded rubber foot, a central rubber
rocker block that allows sagittal-plane motion,
and a transverse ankle joint that provides
inversion, eversion, and transverse rotation.
• Joint simulation is achieved by the various
bumpers. Although transverse rotation is not
truly an anatomic ankle joint motion, it reduces
shear forces transmitted to the residual limb and
is an alternative to a rotation unit.

29. MULTI-AXIS FOOT
• Shock absorption is excellent in the multiaxis
foot because of the many bumpers. The degree
of compressibility and rebound of these
individual components determines the degree
of shock absorption during various gait phases.
• Because of the many motions it allows, the
foot may be considered less stable statically.
However, because of its ability to absorb forces
in all planes the multiaxis foot reduces torque
on the residual limb that might occur on
uneven terrain.
• It is a good option for patients who traverse
frequently over uneven terrain, but its
increased weight and maintenance may
overshadow its advantages. It is not
recommended for patients who are weak and
debilitated, those for which cosmesis is a
priority, or those with limited access to
prosthetic follow-up.

30. ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
OF MULTI-AXIS
FOOT
ADVANTAGES
• Allows motion in all
planes.
• Reduces torque on the
residual limb.
• Adjustability.
DISADVANTAGES
• Increased weight.
• Increased maintenance.
• Decreased cosmesis.
• May provide less
stability than other feet
on smooth surfaces

31. GREISSINGER FOOT
The Greissinger Foot is a multi-axial foot that allows for
rotation in all three phases :
• Flexion / extension
• Inversion / eversion
• Internal / external rotation
Multi - axis foot - ankle assemblies such as the
Greissinger Foot were designed for very active below -
knee amputees. They are widely used to reduce the
shearing action between the stump and the socket.
The Greissinger Foot is characterised by its :
• Carbon fibre keel
• Polyurethane casing
• Multi - axis ankle
The advantage of having a multiple degree of freedom
axis is that it allows for inversion / eversion that
enables the patient to walk on uneven ground.

32. FLEXIBLE-KEEL DYNAMIC RESPONSE FOOT

33. FLEXIBLE-KEEL DYNAMIC RESPONSE FOOT
Prosthetic feet are primarily designed
for walking, yet many lower-limb
amputees have the desire to be more
active and therefore require the use of
a prosthetic foot that will allow them
increased activity. This need has
promoted research and resulted in a
new generation of feet that aid the
more active amputee.
These feet incorporate a shock
absorption mechanism in the form of a
flexible keel that dissipates energy,
provides a smoother gait, and gives
some degree of push-off that the rigid
keel cannot provide.
As a patient's cadence increases, the
amount of time spent on the heel
decreases, while the amount of time
spent on the forefoot increases. Since
relatively more time is spent, and
considerably more forces are exerted
on the forefoot, there is an increase in
the dorsiflexion moment.
Through the use of new designs and
materials, this dorsiflexion moment
allows the keel to compress or distort,
thereby absorbing energy that is
released during push-off, and aids in
propelling the patient forward. Some of
the materials currently in use include
graphite composite, Delrin, Kevlar,
polyurethane elastomer, and flexible
rubber, which generally result in a
lighter-weight foot. In addition, the feet
allow a more fluid motion, which
produces a more normal gait.

34. SPRINGLITE FOOT
It is similar in design to the flex
foot
It consists of carbon & fibre
glass filaments surrounded by a
short cover.

35. NON-ARTICULATED SHORT KEEL FEET
A non-articulated short-keel design dynamic response foot
doesn’t attach to the socket but is attached to a pilon at the ankle.
Since, they have shortened keel, they are less responsive and
provides less dorsiflexion than the long keel design.
Examples :
SEATTLE FOOT
CC II ( CARBON COPY II ) FOOT
QUANTUM FOOT

36. SEATTLE FOOT
It is a Non-Articulated Short-keel foot.
It was developed in early 1980s at the
University of Washington. This was the
first foot to provide increased push-off.
It was initially developed for runners and
has leaf like appearance and a cleft
between great and second-tea that
allows bearing beach things.
During mid to terminal stance, the keel
section gradually stores energy, i.e.,
released at the end of stance-off.

37. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF SEATTLE
FOOT
ADVANTAGES
• Dynamic response
• Improved cosmetic
appearance
DISADVANTAGES
• Increased weight &
cost.

38. CARBON COPY II FOOT
The Carbon Copy II was
first introduced on the
market in May 1986 by
the Ohio Willow Wood
Company.
It was the most recent
entry in the energy
storing arena and has only
been updated in the past
few years.
The CC II uses a
combination of
components from
previous designs such as :
• Solid ankle.
• Kevlar / Nylon keel.
• Fibreglass / epoxy attachment
plates.
• Low density Styrofoam fill.
• Heavy polyurethane elastomer
outer shell.

39. FIGURE SHOWING CC II FOOT

40. CARBON COPY II FOOT
The CCII offers, through its design, versatility and can be adapted to many levels of
amputation including uni and bi - lateral above and below knee amputees. Overall the
CCII is preferred by patients for its light weight and two levels of energy return.
The CCII has the ability to provide two levels of energy return. One level is for normal
walking were the thin primary deflection plate returns a small amount of energy. The
other level of energy return is for rigorous activities were the primary and secondary
both act to provide a larger amount of returned energy.

41. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF CC II
FOOT
ADVANTAGES
Good medio-
lateral stability,
Light in weight.
DISADVANTAGES Costly

42. FIGURE
SHOWING
SEATTLE,
DYNAMIC,
STEN, SAFE &
CC II FOOT

43. QUANTUM FOOT
The Quantum, foot was designed and manufactured by Hanger in
London and consists of three major components :
• The spring module
• The foam ankle cosmesis
• The foot cosmesis
The Quantum foot offers a good range of eversion and inversion
as well as rotational control, enabling the patient to walk on
inclined surfaces.
The foam ankle cosmesis is manufactured from its block form to
its desired shape and attached to the foot. The foot cosmesis is a
rubber cover for the spring module. Features such as toes and
skin colour give it good cosmetic properties.

44. ARTICULATED DYNAMIC RESPONSE
FOOT
This foot allows significant
terrain accommodation as well
as plantarflexion & dorsiflexion,
inversion, eversion, torsion,
absorption, etc.
Example :-
True
Step.

45. TRU STEP FOOT
Made by the company, named “ College
Park”.
It was designed to mimic the anatomical
foot and ankle.
This foot contains cushioning bumpers and
ankle alignment bushings.
ADVANTAGES
 Increased stability & adjustable bumpers.
DISADVANTAGES
 Increased maintenance,
 Expensive,
 Available only for adult sizes, low heeled
shoes.

46. ADVANCED PROSTHETIC FOOT
PROPRIO FOOT
It is also known as Intelligent foot.
Manufactured by the company of USA, “ OSSUR “.
It provides unprecedented psychological benefits for transtibial
amputee.
A wide & automated range of ankle fraction with proven flex-foot
dynamics means functions as close as you can get today to the
human foot.
Has stress & strain sensors to determine the scenario of
surrounding and receive stimulation.

47. PROPRIO FOOT
This foot “ thinks for itself “ responding beautifully to changing
terrain & transforming the approach to stairs and slopes, as well as
level ground walking angling itself approximately.
Also helps amputees to sit and stand up easily and more naturally
Heel height can be changed easily with no impact on alignment of
prosthesis.
Overall, the effect is a feeling of improved proprioception with more
balanced, symmetric and a confident gait with reduced wear & tear
on the back, hips and knees.
Cutting edge sensors technology & artificial intelligence identifies
sloping gradients and ascent & descent of stairs, after the first step
and instructs the ankle to flex properly.

48. PROPRIO FOOT
Users can place the foot fully on a step when climbing,
descending stairs and it will automatically adopt it’s ankle
position to enable the next stop.
The active ankle motion also allows users to tuck both feet back
behind their knees when getting up from chair or sitting down.
Also points the toe down for a more natural appearance once
seated, when walking it automatically gives the toe a lift at exact
point.
In swing phase, that will allow sufficient ground clearance to
prevent dragging of foot.
Despite it’s sophisticated technology, the proprio foot has an
extremely user friendly design and is easy to set up and operate.

49. BATTERY OF
PROPRIO FOOT
Simple di-ion battery facilitates 36
hrs of constant use.
CHARGING TIME: 3-4 Hrs with
90% discharge at home / on the
road.
TURN-OFF POWER: When not in
use to extend power.

50. CONCLUSION
The human body requires feet in order to
provide stability and balance when
standing or moving. Amputation of a foot
significantly reduces the amputees ability
to perform normal activities such as
walking. The basic goal of a prosthesis of
any type is to improve or restore function
to a physically handicapped individual.
1
Prosthetic foot tries to give the normal
life to the amputees. Nowadays there are
very advanced prosthetic foot which
almost behaves like an anatomical foot
2

51. THANK YOU