2. Topics
Definitions & some key facts
Major causes of child mortality.
Determinants of child health.
Interventions to improve child health.
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3. Why Child Health
Children are most vulnerable segment of society
Higher risk of morbidity/mortality
Global share of morbidity and mortality
Majority conditions are preventable
Indicative of health of society
5. Stillbirth
Infant Mortality
Neonatal Death Post-neonatal Death
Early
neonatal
Death
Perinatal Death
Late neonatal
death
28 weeks
of gestation
Birth 7 Days 28 Days 1 Year
MORTALITY IN AND AROUND INFANCY; TERMINOLOGY
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6. Indicators of child mortality
Indicator Definition
Under 5 mortality Rate (U5MR) Deaths under 5 years/ 1000 live births
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) Deaths under 1 year / 1000 live births
Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR) Deaths upto 28 days after birth / 1000 live births
7. How big is the problem
Year Under 5 deaths
1990 12.7 million
2010 7.1 million
2012 6.6 million
2015 5.9 million
8. Neonatal deaths
2.7 million neonatal deaths every year
50% of all neonatal deaths occur in first 24 hours
75% of all neonatal deaths occur in first week
1 million neonatal deaths occur on the day of birth
9. More than half of under 5 deaths are preventable with simple interventions
Children in sub-Saharan Africa are more than 14 times more likely to
die before the age of 5 than children in developed regions
21. 5 leading Causes of under 5 mortality
Leading causes of death in children under 5 years are
1. Prematuriy…………………………………………(18%)
2. Pneumonia ……………………………………….(16%)
3. birth asphyxia ………………………………… (11%)
4. diarrhoea …………………………………………..(9%)
5. Malaria ……………………………………………….(5%)
22. Important causes by age
NEONATAL PERIOD
Prematurity
Birth asphyxia
POST NEONATAL PERIOD
Pneumonia
Diarrhea
Malaria
28. Biological
Birth Weight: low birth weight (< 2.5 kg) & high birth weight (> 4 kg)
Age of The Mother : <19 years) or >over 30 years
High Fertility
Repeated pregnancies
Birth Spacing: < 1 year = 2-4 times risk
Mutiple Births: more risk due to low birth weight
Family Size: 3 or more children, more frequent/prolonged illness
Birth Order: Mortality risk increased after the third birth.
29. Socio-economic Factors
Low income countries
Rural areas
Low education
Nutrition
Breast & formula milk use
Health care quality
Environmental conditions
Violence (wife beating, infanticide)
32. MDG 4: Reduce child mortality
Target 4 A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-
five mortality rate
Indicator 4.1 Under-five mortality rate
Indicator 4.2 Infant mortality rate
Indicateur 4.3 Proportion of 1 year-old children immunized against
measles
33. WHO strategies
To deliver these interventions, WHO promotes four main strategies:
1. Appropriate home care & timely treatment of complications for newborns
2. Integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI)
3. Expanded programme on immunization;
4. infant and young child feeding
40. Simple, effective proven measures to
reduce U5MR
Vaccines
Antibiotics
micronutrient supplementation,
insecticide-treated bed nets,
improved family care
Hand washing with soap
Breast feeding practices
Oral rehydradion therapy
Empowering women,
removing financial and social
barriers to accessing basic services,
developing innovations that make
the supply of critical services
41. Integrated Management of Childhood
illness (IMCI)
Integrated approach to child health
Focus on well being of whole child instead of one disease
Aims to reduce death, illness & promote growth in under 5
Preventive & curative services implemented by families, communities,
health facilities
Has been introduced in 75 countries
42. IMCI Strategy
Strategy includes 3 main components
Improved skills of health care staff
Improved overall health systems
Improving family & community health practices
47. Reduction in neonatal Mortality
Year Neonatal Deaths
1990 5.7 million
2015 2.7 million
48. MDG4, 1990-2015
62 /195 countries achieved MDG target 4 of 2/3rd reduction in U5MR
74 /195 countries have reduced U5MR by half
10 of the 12 low-income countries that achieved MDG4 are in Africa.
51. Sustainable Development Goals
SDGs ……….. 17 Goals ……… 169 targets
SDG 3 “Ensure healthy lives & promote wellbeing, for all, at all ages”
Target 3.2 …… By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children
under 5, to reduce neonatal mortality to 12 /1000 and U5MR to 25 /1000 .
52. Sustainable Development Goals
SDG target for U5MR is at least 25 / 1000 for all countries
Currently 79 countries have U5MR above 25 / 1000
47 countries are unlikely to achieve the target till 2030 if current trends
continue
53. Global Initiatives to achieve SDGs
1. "ending preventable maternal mortality" and "every newborn
action plan" to promote universal coverage of high quality maternal
and newborn care;
2. the “Global Action Plan for the Prevention and treatment of Pneumonia
and Diarrhoea“ (GAPPD)
3. a "comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, and infant and
young child nutrition" to reduce under nutrition and obesity;
54. Global Initiatives to achieve SDGs
4. the "Global Technical Strategy for Malaria" to reduce global
malaria case incidence and mortality by 2030
5. the "Global Vaccine Action Plan" to prevent childhood diseases
through vaccination
6. the United Nations Decade of Action on Nutrition 2016–2025 to
eradicate hunger and prevent all forms of malnutrition worldwide.
55. Global Action Plan for the
Prevention & treatment of
Pneumonia & Diarrhoea (WHO)
Peumonia & diarrhea together cause 29% of
under 5 deaths
Deaths of 2 million children annually
Targets (for 2025)
Reduce pneumonia deaths to < 3 / 1000
Reduce diarrhea deaths to < 1 / 1000