1. LS 7{A} STUDY OF CONTINENTS
EUROPE AND AFRICA

2. EUROPE
EUROPE IS A RATHER SMALL CONTINENT
IN TERMS OF AREA IT RANKS SIXTH
AMONG THE SEVEN CONTINENTS OF THE
WORLD

3. EUROPE’S IMPORTANT FACTS
 LOCATION – IT ENTIRELY LIES IN THE NORTHEN
HEMISPHERE THE PRIME MERIDIAN ( 0°LONGITUDE
PASSES THROUGH GREENWICH NEAR LONDON)
o LATITUDE - 35°N AND 73°N
o LOGITUDE - 25°W AND 65°E

4.  BOUNDARIES - EUROPE IS A PENINSULA IT IS SURROUNDED
BY SEAS ON ITS THREE SIDES EXCEPT THE EASTERN
1. IN THE NORTH IT IS SURROUNDED BY ARCTIC OCEAN
2. IN WEST IT IS BORDERED BY THE ATLANTIC OCEAN
3. IN SOUTH IT IS BORDERED BY MEDITERRANEAN SEA URAL
MOUNTAINS AND RIVER SEPARTE THE EUROPE FROM ASIA

5.  Coastline – The coast line of Europe is highly
INDENTED (BROKEN) DUE TO LARGE NUMBER OF
ENCLOSED SEAS AND BAYS THE INDENTED
COASTLINE OF THE CONTINENTS PROVIDES A
LARGE NUMBER OF NATURAL HARBOURS AND
PORT SITES

6.  STRAIT – STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR
 IMPORTANT MOUNTAINS – ALPS , PYRENEES, BALKANS ,
CAUCASUS , URAL
 IMPORTANT PEAKS – MOUNT BLANC , MOUNT ELBRUS
 IMPORTANT CITES – LONDON , PARIS , COPENHANGEN ,
MOSCOW , BERLIN , WARSAW , VIENNA
 ISLANDS – BRITISH ISLES,ICELAND,SARDINIA,SICILY,CRETE

7.  CLIMATE – 1- THE MARITIME , THE CONTINENTAL 3- THE
MEDITERRANEAN, 4- TUNDRA
 NATURAL VEGETATION – THE TUNDRA ,THE
TAIGA,MIXED FOREST, MEDITERRANEAN
 MAJOR CROPS – WHEAT,MAIZE,BARLEY,OATS,SUGAR
BEET
 MINERAL AND POWER RESOURSES – IRON ORE , COAL ,
PETROLEUM

10. POLITICAL DIVISIONS
1. COUNTRIES – EUROPE IS A SMALL CONTINENT WITH
50 COUNTRIES
2. SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES – ICELAND , NORWAY,
SWEDEN , DENMARK ARE TOGERTHER KNOW AS
SCANDINAVIAN
3. BALTIC STATES – ESTONIA , LITHUANIA , AND LATVIA
ARE TOGERTHER KNOWN AS BALTIC STATES

11. 4. RUSSIA AND FORMER SOVIET UNION – A LARGE PART OF
RUSSIA AND NINE INDEPENDENT REPUBLICS OF THE
FORMER SOVIET UNION ARE PARTS OF EUROPE.
5. LOW COUNTRIES – BELGIUM , NETHERLANDS ,
LUXEMBOURG ARE CALLED THE LOW COUNTRIES
6. BALKAN STATES – SLOVENIA , CROATIA , BOSNIA ,
HERZEGOVINA , MACEDONIA , MONTENERGO, SERBIA,
BULGARIA ,GREECE , ROMANIA ,ALBANIA

12. 7. ITALY AND GREECE – THHESE ARE IN THE SOUTHERN
EUROPE
8. SMALLEST COUNTRY - VACTICAN CITY IS A SMALL AND
INDEPENDENT STATE SITUATED WITHIN THE CITY OF
ROME WITH A POPULATION OF FEW HUNDRED PEOPLEE
IT IS THE SEAT OF POPE AND THE HEADQUATERS OF THE
ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH

13. 9. THE BRITISH ISLES – THE BRITISH ISLES ARE MADE UP
OF 5000 ISLANDS IT IS MADE UP OF TWO INDEPENDENT
COUNTRIES UNITED KINGDOM AND REPUBLIC OF
IRELAND
10 . THE IBERIAN PENINSULA : IT IS MADE UP OF THE
COUNTRIES OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL

14. PHYSICAL FEATURES
EUROPE IS A LAND OF PHYSICAL DIVERSITY ON ONE HAND
ARE THE NEARLY SEA LEVEL PARTS OF THE LOW COUNTRIES
WHILE ON THE OTHER HAND ARE THE MOUNTAINS ARES
SUCH AS SWITERLAND .ON THE BASIS OF FEATURES THIS CAN
BE DIVIDED INTO FOUR MAJOR DIVISIONS
1 NORT WESTERN HIGHLANDS
2, THE NORTHEN EUROPEAN PLAINS , 3. THE CENTRAL
UPLANDS , 4 THE APLINE SYSTEM

15. THE NORTH WESTERN
HIGHLANDS
1. THIS IS THE HIGHLAND REGION SITUATED INFAR
NORTH OF EUROPETHESE HIGHLANDS STRETCH FROM
FINLAND THROUGH SWEDEN NORWAY AND THE
BRITISH ISLES TO ICE LAND THE REGION IS RICH IN
METALLIC MINERALS THESE HIGHLADS ARE MADE UP
OF ANCIENT ROCKS THAT WERE SHAPED BY
GLACIATIONS THESE ARE VERY LOW FERTILITY

16. EUROPE PHYSICAL

17. THE NORTHEN EUROPEAN
PLAINS
THIS IS A STRETCH OF FLAT LAND EXTENDING BETWEEN
URAL MOUNTAINS IN EAST AND ATLANTIC COAST IN WEST
THIS PLAIN IS BRODER IN THE EAST AND IT NARROWS TO
THE WEST . THE SEINE AND RHINE ARE THE MOST
IMPORTANT RIVERS AND OTHER IMPORTANT RIVERS ARE
THE DANUBE THE DNEIPER THE DON AND THE VOLGA .
VOLGA IS THE LONGEST RIVER OF EUROPE RICH DEPOSITS
OF FOSSIL FUELS ARE FOUND

18. 3. THE CENTRAL UPLANDS
THE CENTRAL UPLAND REGION
CONSISTS OF A NUMBER OF MOUNTAINS HILLS AND
PLATEAUSTHE MAJOR PARTS OF THIS REGION ARE THE
MESETA IN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL THE MASSIF CENTRAL
AND THE JURA MOUNTAIN IN FRANCE THE BLACK FOREST
IN GERMANY AND A NUMBER OF LOW RANGE IN CZECH
SLOVAK REPUBLICS . THERE ARE TWO VALLEYS IN THIS
REGION FORMED BY RIVERS RHINE AND RHONE

19. 4. THE APLINE SYSTEM
IN THE SOUTHERN PARTS OF EUROPE IS A CHAIN OF HIGH
MOUNTAIN THESE ARE YOUNG FOLD MOUNTAINSAND
ARE OLD AS ATLAS MOUNTAINS IN AFRICA AND THE ROCK
MOUNTAINS IN NORTH AMERICA THE APLINE CHAIN
EXTENDS FROM THE ATLANTIC OCEAN IN THE WEST TO
THE CASPIAN SEA EAST . THE HIGHEST PEAKS ARE MOUNT
BLANC 4,807 METRES AND MOUNT ELBRUS 5,633 METRES IN
CAUCASUS

20. APLINE MOUNTAINS

21. AFRICA
 AFRICA IS THE WORLDS SECOND LARGEST MOST
POPULOUS CONTINENT AFTER ASIA THE CONTINENT IS
SURROUNDED BY THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA TO THE
NORTH BOTH SUEZ CANAL AND THE RED SEA TH THE
NORTH ALONG THE SINAI PENINSULA TO THE
NORTHEAST

22. AFRICA AT A GLANCE
 LATITUDE – 37° N AND 35° S
 LONGITUDE - 20°W AND 52°E
 AREA – 30.2 MILLION Sq. Km.
 POPULATION- 1.03 BILLION
 LOCATION – A TROPICAL CONTINENT
 HIGHEST MOUNTAINS – KILIMANJARO ( 5,895 m)

23.  MAIN RIVERS – NILE , CONGO , NIGER, ZAMBEZI ,
ORANGE , LIMPOPO
 MAIN LAKES – VICTORIA , TANGANYIKA , CHAD
 MINERALS – GOLD , DIAMOND , PLATINIUM , COAL
COPPER , TIN
 TOWNS – CARIO ,NAIROBI , ACCRA , LAGOS , PRETORIA,
CAPETOWN , KHARTOUM , HARARE

24. AFRICA - POLITICAL

26.  THE POLITICAL MAP OF AFRICA HAS UNDERGONE A
LOT OF CHANGES IN RECENT YEARS DUE TO FREEDOM
MOVEMENTSIN IN THE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
 FOUR IMPORTANT LINES OF LATITUDE AND LINES OF
LONGITUDE PASS THROUGH THIS CONTINENT:
 THE EQUATOR , THE PRIME MERIDIAN , THE TROPIC
OF CANCER AND THE TROPIC OF CAPRICORN

27. PHYSICAL FEATURES
 THE PLATEAUS : THE CONTINENT OF AFRICA IS
MADE UP OF SERIES OF PLATEAU IN FACT THE
ENTIRE CONTIENENT APPEARS LIKE A HUGE
TABLE LAND THE HEIGHT OF PLATEAUS IS MORE
IN THE SOUTHERN AND EASTERN PLATEAU

28. MOUNTAINS
 THE CONTINENT DOES NOT HAVE ANY MAJOR
MOUNTAIN RANGES THERE ARE ONLY TWO SMALL
MOUNTAIN RANGES ATLAS IN THE NORTHWEST AND
DRAKENNNSBERG IN THE SOUTHEAST THE OTHER HIGH
LANDS ARE ETHIOPIAN HIGHLANDS AND THE EAST
AFRICAN HIGHLANDS THE HIGHEST PEAK IS KILIMANJARO
IS A VOLCANIC PEAK OF A HEIGHT OF (5,895 M)

29. LOWLANDS
 AFRICA LACKS IN LARGE LOWLANDS THE LOW LAND
AREAS ARE CONFIED TO THE WESTERN AND THE
NORTHER PARTS THERE ARE NARROW LOWLANDS
ALONG THE COAST SAHARA DESERT IN THE NORTH IS
THE LARGEST DESERT IN THE WORLD NAMIB AND
KALAHARI DESERTS

30. SAHARA DESERT

31. THE GREAT RIFT VALLEY
 THE MAJOR FEATURES OF THE AFRICAN CONTINENT
IS THE GREAT RIFT VALLEY THE GREAT RIFT VALLEY IS
THE NAME GIVEN TO THE CONTINOUS
GEOGRAPHICAL THROUGH APPROXIMATELY 6,000 Km IN
LENGTH THAT RUNS FROM NORTHEN SYRIA IN
SOUTHWEST ASIA TO CENTRAL MOZAMBIQUE IN EAST
AFRICA

32. THE GREAT RIFT VALLEY

33. LAKES
 THE HIGHLAND REGION OF AFRICA HAS A NUMBER
OF LAKES THE LARGEST AMONG THESE IS LAKE
VICTORIA THE OTHER MAJOR LAKES ARE IN AFRICA ARE
MALAWI TANGANYIKA EDWARD ALBERT RUDILPH
RIVER NILE THE IONGEST RIVER IN THE WORLD RISES
FROM LAKE VICTORIA

34. THANK YOU
EVERYONE