Plastics consist of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic compounds that are malleable and so can be molded into solid objects

2. Effect of plastic on humans and animals
Ashwathi Govind

3.  Introduction
 History
 Plastic products
 Types of plastics
 Plastic pollution
 Recycling of plastics
 Effect of plastic on animals
 Effect of plastic on humans

5. History of Plastic
O The first man-made plastic was called Parkesine
O Derived from cellulose
O Created by Alexander Parkes
O Demonstrated at the 1862 Great International
Exhibition in London

6. PLASTIC PRODUCTS
500 billion plastic bags are consumed worldwide each year.
Plastic Bags
Plastic
Coatings
Plastic
Furniture
Plastic
Sheets
Plastic
Fittings
Plastic Tanks
Plastic Toys

7. Type
(Resin
Identificati
on Code)
Plastic
s
Common Uses
1 PET Polyethylene Terephthalate – Fizzy drink bottles and oven-ready meal
trays
2 HDPE High Density Polyethylene – Bottles for milk and washing up liquids.
3 PVC Polyvinyl Chloride – Food trays, cling film, bottle for squash, mineral
water and shampoo
4 LDPE Low Density Polyethylene – Carrier bags and bin liners
5 PP Polypropylene– Margarine tubs, microwaveable meal trays
6 PS Polystyrene – Yoghurt pots, fish trays, boxes, wedding cups, protective
packaging for electronic goods and toys
7 OTHER Any Other Plastics - an example is melamine, which is often used in
plastic plates and cups.

8. Plastic is a non-biodegradable substance
O Composed of toxic chemicals- pollutes the earth, air, and water
O Very strong and durable, they won't rot, decay, crack or dissolve
O Does not undergo bacterial decomposition
O Landfilling using plastic would mean preserving the poison forever
O A tincan that entered the ocean in 1986 decomposes in 2006, but a
plastic bottle that entered the ocean in 1986 will decompose only by
2436

9. Plastics pollute beaches & oceans
O Since 1940, plastic use has increased dramatically
O This resulted in a huge quantity of nearly indestructible, lightweight
material floating in the oceans and eventually depositing on beaches
worldwide

10. O Releases a host of poisonous chemicals into the air, including
dioxin
O Dioxins are found throughout the world in the environment
O Accumulate in the food chain, mainly in the fatty tissue of
animals
When plastics burn in air

11. Plastics poison - Styrofoam
O Styrofoam is one of the most common environmental toxins found in
plastic
O Extracting these raw materials generates air and water pollution, it can
lead to lung cancer and neurological problems in factory workers
O styrene has been present in our fatty tissue and breast milk for the past
30 years

12. Pollution due to plastic bottles bisphenol -A
• Food and drinks stored in plastic bottles can contain a trace amount
of Bisphenol A (BPA)
• Repeated re-use of plastic increases the chance that chemicals will
leak out of the tiny cracks
• BPA has been linked to breast and uterine cancer and decreased
testosterone levels

13. RECYCLING OF PLASTIC
O Typically, workers sort the plastic by looking at the resin
identification code
O Only 3.5 percent of all plastics are recycled
O Recycling of plastic is associated with skin and respiratory
problems
O This results from exposure to and inhalation of toxic fumes, especially
hydrocarbons and residues released during the process

14. PLASTIC BAGS KILL ANIMALS

15. • Plastic bags kill about 1,00,000 animals annually
• Many animals ingest plastic bags, mistaking them for food, and
therefore die
• If burned, plastic can produce harmful gases (CO2, NO, SO2)which
cause acid rain, which makes the lake acidic and causes fishes to
die these gas also contribute to global warming

16. Effect of plastic on humans

17. 1.Reproductive disorders
O In 2013, scientists from Brigham and Women's Hospital published
findings showing that BPA exposure can affect egg maturation in
women
O In 2015, evidence for the interference of endocrine function
involving the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland by BPA were
published
O It can affect puberty and ovulation, and it may lead to infertility

18. 2.Heart disease
O Research has linked even low-dose BPA exposure to cardiovascular
problems,
O Coronary artery heart disease, angina, heart attack, hypertension,
and peripheral artery disease
O Findings suggest that this type of exposure could trigger
O atherosclerosis, and blood pressure changes

19. 3.Type 2 diabetes and body weight
O There is evidence that low-level exposure to BPA could
contribute to insulin resistance and therefore type 2 diabetes
O Less reliable evidence indicates that it may also impact body
weight

20. 4.Fetal brain development
O Environmental exposure to BPA has the potential to affect the
developing brain during gestation
O The impact includes changes in structural development,
interference with estrogen regulation, DNA modifications
O This could have effects on social behavior and anxiety after
the birth

21. 6.Asthma
O In 2016, it was found that exposure to BPA before birth increases
the risk of wheezing and asthma
O This occurred during the second trimester of pregnancy

22. 6.Cancer
• BPA is usually known as estrogenic agent and binds to the same
receptor as the female hormone does
• This endocrine disruptor thus enters the body by ‘Leaching’
results when the polymer breaks to release the BPA monomer
• BPA binds and activates estrogen receptors ER α and ER β, but
with a much lesser affinity when compared to estradiol

23. O Physiologically BPA can alter ovarian cycle and interfere
with embryonic development
O Exerts its role in many physiological and biological changes
in women, besides causing a variety of cancers including
breast cancer

25. CONCLUSION
O Plastics are synthetic substances produced by chemical reactions
O Almost all plastics are made from carbon and petroleum
O We use plastic in countless ways in our daily life
O Plastic is a non- biodegradable material
O Plastic pollutes the air, earth, and water and is composed of toxic
chemicals
O Also, many toxic gases are emitted during recycling and burning
of plastic
O Harmful as humans can get cancer or other diseases like asthma,
heart diseases, fetal brain development, reproductive disorder etc.

27. O Aguado, D.P. Serano, G. San Miguel, 2007 European Trends In, The Feedstock
Recycling of Plastic Wastes, Global NEST Journal
O Arthur, C., Baker, J. & Bamford, H. 2009.Proceedings of the International Research
Workshop on the Occurrence, Effects, and Fate of Microplastic Marine Debris. Sept 9-
11, 2008. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Memorandum
O Barnes, D.K.A. & Milner, P. 2005. Drifting plastic and its consequences for sessile
organism dispersal in the Atlantic Ocean. Marine Biology.
O Global Industry Analysts, 2011.Molded Plastics: A Global Strategic Business Report.
O Vandenberg LN, Maffini MV, Sonnenschein C, Rubin BS, Soto AM (2009) Bisphenol-
A and the great divide: a review of controversies in the field of endocrine disruption.

28. • OSPAR & UNEP, 2009.Marine Litter Preventing a Sea of Plastic. UNEP
and OSPAR Commission
• Food Standards Australia and New Zealand (FSANZ). Responses to BPA
studies.
• Derraik JGB (2002) The pollution of the marine environment by plastic
debris
• Colborn T, vom Saal FS, Soto AM (1993) Developmental effects of
endocrine disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans. Environ Health
Perspect
• .Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Bourguignon JP, Giudice LC, Hauser R, Prins
GS, et al. (2009) Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine disrupting
chemicals;an endocrine society scientific chemical