1. Africa, India, and the Changes and Exchanges
New British Empire in Africa
1750–1870
1750–
New Africa States Muslim States in Africa
► Serious drought hit the coastlands of southeastern Africa in ► In West Africa movements to purify Islam led to the
the early nineteenth century construction of new states through the classic Muslim
This led to conflicts over grazing and farming lands. pattern of jihad.
During these conflicts Shaka used strict military drill and close-
close- ► The largest of these reform movements occurred in the
combat warfare in order to build the Zulu kingdom. Hausa states and led to the establishment of the Sokoto
► Some neighboring Africans created their own states (such Caliphate (1809–1906).
(1809–
as Swaziland and Lesotho) in order to protect themselves ► The new Muslim states became centers of Islamic learning
against the expansionist Zulu kingdom. and reform.
► Shaka ruled the Zulu kingdom for little more than a ► Sokoto and other Muslim states both sold slaves and used
decade, but he succeeded in creating a new national slaves in order to raise food, thus making it possible for
identity as well as a new kingdom. them to seclude free Muslim women in their homes in
accordance with reformed Muslim practice.
Modernization in Egypt Muhammad Ali
► In Egypt, Muhammad Ali (r. 1805–1848) carried out a
1805–
series of modernizing reforms that were intended to
build up Egypt’s military strength.
Egypt’
► In order to pay for his reform program, Muhammad Ali
required Egyptian peasants to cultivate cotton and other
crops for export.
► Muhammad Ali’s grandson Ismail placed even more
Ali’
emphasis on westernizing Egypt.
► Ismail’s ambitious construction programs (railroads, the
Ismail’
new capital city of Cairo) were funded by borrowing
from French and British banks, which led Britain and
France to occupy the country when the market for
cotton collapsed after the American Civil War.
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2. Modernization in Ethiopia France and Algeria
► In the mid- to late nineteenth century
mid- ► In 1830 France invaded Algeria.
Ethiopian kings: ► It took the French eighteen years to defeat
Reconquered territory that had been lost
since the sixteenth century
Algerian resistance organized by the Muslim
Purchased modern European weapons holy man Abd al-Qadir.
al-
Began to manufacture weapons locally It took another thirty years to put down
resistance forces in the mountains.
► An attempt to hold British officials captive
led to a temporary British occupation in ► By 1871 130,000 European settlers had
the 1860s, but the British withdrew and taken possession of rich Algerian farmland.
the modernization program continued.
European Penetration Abolition and Legitimate Trade
► European explorers carried out peaceful ► In 1808 news of slave revolts like that on Saint
expeditions in order to: Domingue and the activities of abolitionists
combined to lead Britain and the United States to
Trace the course of Africa’s rivers
Africa’ prohibit their citizens from participating in the
Assess the mineral wealth of the continent slave trade.
Convert Africans to Christianity. ► The British used their navy in order to stop the
► David Livingstone, Henry Morton Stanley, slave trade, but the continued demand for slaves
and other explorers traced the courses of in Cuba and Brazil meant that the trade did not
the Nile, the Niger, the Zambezi, and the end until 1867.
Congo rivers. ► As the slave trade declined, Africans expanded
their “legitimate trade” in gold and other goods.
trade”
Palm Oil Making Palm Oil
► The most successful new export was palm oil that
was exported to British manufacturers of soap,
candles, and lubricants.
► The increased export of palm oil altered the social
structure of coastal trading communities of the
Niger Delta, as is demonstrated in the career of
the canoe slave Jaja who became a wealthy palm
oil trader in the 1870s.
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3. Slave and Ivory Trade Secondary Empires
► When British patrols ended the slave trade ► The demand for ivory along the East African
on the Atlantic coast, slave traders in the coast allowed African and Arab merchants
Atlantic trade began to purchase their hundreds of miles inland to build large personal
trading empires.
slaves from East African markets.
► Historians refer to these empires as “secondary
► Zanzibar Island and neighboring territories empires” because they depended on Western
empires”
ruled by the Sultan of Oman were important demand for ivory and other goods and on
in the slave trade, the ivory trade, and in Western manufacturers for weapons.
the cultivation of cloves on plantations using ► Egypt’s expansion southward in the nineteenth
Egypt’
slave labor. century may also be considered a secondary
empire. Muhammad Ali invaded the Egyptian
Sudan in order to secure slaves for his armies.
Ivory Pieces
India Under British Rule
Company Men The British East India Company
► In the eighteenth century the Mughal Empire was ► By
the early 1800s the British East India
defeated and its capital sacked by marauding
Iranian armies.
Company had:
► Internally, the Mughal’s deputies (nawabs) had
Mughal’ pushed the French out of south India
become de facto independent rulers of their forced the Mughal Empire to recognize
states. Company rule over Bengal
► British, French, and Dutch companies staffed by taken control of large territories that became
ambitious young “Company Men” established
Men” the core of the “Bombay Presidency.”
Presidency.”
trading posts and strategic places and hired Indian
troops (sepoys) to defend them.
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4. The Raj Indian Government
► The British raj (reign) over India aimed both ► Before 1850 the British created a government that
relied on:
to:
sepoy military power
Introduce administrative and social reform disarmed the warriors of the Indian states
To hold the support of Indian allies by gave free reign to Christian missionaries
respecting Indian social and religious customs. established a private land ownership system in order to
ease tax collection.
► These contradictory goals led to many ► At the same time, the British bolstered the
inconsistencies in British policies toward “traditional” power of princes and holy men and
traditional”
India. invented “traditional” rituals to celebrate their own
traditional”
rule.
The Sepoy Rebellion Political Reform & Industrial Impact
► British political and economic influence benefited ► After the rebellion of 1857–1858 the British
1857–
Indian elites and created jobs in some sectors. eliminated the last traces of Mughal and
► It did bring new oppression to the poor and Company rule and installed a new
caused the collapse of the traditional textile government, administered from London.
industry. ► The new government continued to:
► Discontent among the needy and particularly emphasize both tradition and reform
among the Indian soldiers led to the Sepoy maintain Indian princes in luxury
Rebellion of 1857. Stage elaborate ceremonial pageants known as
The rebellion was suppressed in 1858, but it gave the durbars
British a severe shock.
Indian Civil Service The British in India
► An efficient bureaucracy, the Indian Civil ► After1857 the British government and British
Service, now controlled the Indian masses. enterprises:
expanded the production and export of agricultural
► Recruitment into the ICS was by commodities
examinations that were theoretically open to built irrigation systems, railroads, and telegraph lines
all, but in practice, racist attitudes ► Freer movement of people into the cities caused
prevented Indians from gaining access to the spread of cholera, which was brought under
the upper levels of administration. control when new sewage and filtered water
systems were installed in the major cities in the
late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
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5. Rising Indian Nationalism Brahmo Samaj Movement
► The failure of the rebellion of 1857 ► Inthe early nineteenth century Ram Mouhan Roy
prompted some Indians to argue that the and his Brahmo Samaj movement tried to:
only way for Indians to regain control of Reconcile Indian religious traditions with Western values
Reform traditional abuses of women.
their destiny was to reduce their country’s
country’
► After 1857, Indian intellectuals tended to turn
social and ethnic divisions and to promote a
toward Western secular values and western
Pan-Indian nationalism.
Pan- nationalism as a way of developing a Pan-Indian
Pan-
nationalism that would transcend regional and
religious differences.
Ram Mouhan Roy Indian National Congress
► Indian middle class nationalists convened
the first Indian National Congress in 1885.
► The Congress promoted national unity and
argued for greater inclusion of Indians in
the Civil Service, but it was an elite
organization with little support from the
masses.
Colonies and Commerce
► British defeat of French and Dutch forces in the
Napoleonic Wars allowed Britain to expand its
control in South Africa, Southeast Asia, and the
southern Caribbean.
Britain’s Eastern Empire ► The Cape Colony was valuable to Britain because
of its strategic importance as a supply station on
the route to India.
► In response to British pressure the descendants of
earlier French and Dutch settlers (the Afrikaners)
embarked on a “Great Trek” to found new colonies
Trek”
on the fertile high field that had been depopulated
by the Zulu wars.
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6. Britain’s Southeast Asian Posts Thomas Raffles
► The British also established a series of
strategic outposts in Southeast Asia.
Thomas Raffles established the free port of
Singapore in 1824
Assam was annexed to India in 1826
Burma was annexed in 1852
Imperial Policies and Shipping Exportation of Goods
► Historians usually depict Britain in this ► Whether colonized or not, African, Asian,
period as a reluctant empire builder, more and Pacific lands were being drawn into the
interested in trade than in acquiring commercial networks created by British
territory. expansion and industrialization.
► Most of the new colonies were intended to
► These areas became exporters of raw
serve as ports in a global shipping network
that the British envisioned in terms of free materials and agricultural goods and
trade, as opposed to the previous importers of affordable manufactured
mercantilist trade policy. products.
Colonization of
Shipbuilding
Australia and New Zealand
►A second impetus to global commercial ► The development of new ships and shipping
expansion was the technological revolution contributed to the colonization of Australia and
in the construction of oceangoing ships in New Zealand by British settlers that displaced
the indigenous populations.
the nineteenth century.
► Portuguese mariners sighted Australia in the
► Use of iron to fasten timbers together and early seventeenth century, and Captain James
the use of huge canvas sails allowed Cook surveyed New Zealand and the eastern
shipbuilders to make larger, faster vessels Australian coast between 1769 and 1778.
that lowered the cost of shipping and thus ► Unfamiliar diseases brought by new overseas
stimulated maritime trade. contacts substantially reduced the populations of
the hunter-gatherer Aborigines of Australia and
hunter-
the Maori of New Zealand.
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7. Captain James Cook Immigration
► Australia received British convicts and, after
the discovery of gold in 1851, a flood of free
European (and some Chinese) settlers.
► British settlers came more slowly to New
Zealand until defeat of the Maori, faster
ships, and a short gold rush brought more
British immigrants after 1860.
Governing Themselves New Labor Migrations
► The British crown gradually turned governing ► Between 1834 and 1870 large numbers of
power over to the British settlers of Australia and Indians, Chinese, and Africans went
New Zealand, but Aborigines and the Maori overseas as laborers.
experienced discrimination.
► British India was the greatest source of
► Australia did develop powerful trade unions.
migrant laborers, and British colonies
► New Zealand promoted the availability of land for
the common person. (particularly sugar plantations) were the
► Both Australia and New Zealand granted women
principal destinations of the migrants.
the right to vote in 1894.
Indentured Servitude Returns Changes in Indentured Servitude
► With the end of slavery, the demand for cheap ► These new indentured migrants were similar to
labor in the British colonies, Cuba, and Hawaii was the European emigrants of the time in that they
filled by Indians, free Africans, Chinese, and left their homelands voluntarily in order to make
Japanese workers. money that they could send or take back home or
to finance a new life in their new country.
► These workers served under contracts of
► However, people recruited as indentured laborers
indenture which bound them to work for a were:
specified number of years in return for free much poorer than European emigrants
passage to their overseas destination, a small took lower-paying jobs
lower-
salary, and free housing, clothing and medical unable to afford the passage to the most desirable
care. areas
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