This document provides an overview of alternative fuels and strategies for implementing alternative fuel use. It discusses the current fuel market which is dominated by gasoline and diesel but notes opportunities for alternative fuels are growing. Case studies are presented on developing a regional electric vehicle charging network through partnerships and converting a bus fleet to run on compressed natural gas. The document advocates that a portfolio of planning, design, and implementation techniques can help overcome barriers to alternative fuel adoption.

1. 1
FUELING
GOOD
STRATEGIES FOR
ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Ben Moore, AICP, LEED AP O+M, GPCP
904-256-2348
ben.moore@rsandh.com
Tom McVey PE
904-256-2144
thomas.mvey@rsandh.com

2. 2
SUMMARY
» While gasoline & diesel will dominate supply for the near
future, opportunities for alternative fuels are growing.
» Like energy efficiency & renewables in buildings,
alternatives can reduce risk & enhance the bottom line.
» Alternatives are diverse, with distinct applications for
maritime, rail, logistics, transit, municipalities /
government, airports, service fleets, private vehicles.
» A portfolio of planning, design & implementation
strategies can overcome market barriers.
» Multi-discipline techniques (law, economics, engineering)
& innovative funding (public & private) are essential to
achieve results.

3. 3
OUTLINE
» Why?
– From Dependence to
Opportunity
– The Bottom Line
» Alt. Fuels 101
– Energy Content
– Price
– Environment
– Efficiency
– Range Anxiety
– Infrastructure
– Regulation
– Incentives
» Alt. Fuels Ecosystem
– Finding the Alt. Fuel Niche
» Case Studies:
1. Master Planning: North
Florida TPO and the Clean
Fuels Coalition
2. Partnerships: Developing a
Regional EV Charging
Network
3. Innovation: Enhancing
Mobility through Public
Private Partnerships

4. 4
WHY ALTERNATIVE FUELS?

5. 5
FROM DEPENDENCE TO OPPORTUNITY
Gasoline
71%
Diesel
23%
Ethanol
Additives
5%
Alt.
Fuels
1%
Biodiesel (64%)
CNG (15%)
E85 (10%)
Propane (9%)
LNG (2%)
Electricity (1%)
Hydrogen (0%)
Source: EIA, 2012

6. 6
$0.00
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
$4.00
$5.00
$6.00
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
THE BOTTOM LINE
Natural Gas (CNG)
Diesel
$Source: EIA, 2014
Lower Operating Costs
Risk Management
Economic Development
Improved Public Health
Less Toxicity
Reduced Emissions

7. 7
DIVERSITY
» Sources
» Energy content
» Price history & forecast
» Air quality
» Fuel Economy
» Range
» Availability
» Infrastructure
» Regulation
5

8. 8
BANG! – ENERGY CONTENT
Fuel Btu/Unit Gallon-equivalent

9. 9
BUCK$ - PRICE TRENDS
$0.00
$0.50
$1.00
$1.50
$2.00
$2.50
$3.00
$3.50
$4.00
$4.50
$5.00
4/10/00
6/4/01
2/11/02
7/22/02
2/10/03
3/8/04
11/15/04
9/1/05
5/24/06
2/21/07
10/2/07
4/1/08
10/1/08
4/15/09
10/26/09
4/12/10
10/14/10
5/15/11
10/14/11
3/30/12
10/12/12
4/12/13
10/4/13
4/1/14
10/1/14
4/1/15
$/GGE
Gasoline Diesel B20 Electricity* E85 CNG Propane

10. 10
Estimated Air Emissions of Alternative Fuels Relative to Conventional Fuels
Fuel/Technology NOx VOC CO PM10 GHG
Biodiesel +3% -20% -10% -8% -10 – -13%
Electricity (EV) -96% -96% -96% -11% -48 – -72%
Ethanol +8% +2% 0% +1 -15 – -28%
Hydrogen -96% -96% -96% -1 – -11% -26 – -91%
Natural Gas (CNG) -19 – 0% -72% * * -11 – -30%
Natural Gas (LNG) -5% – +4% -72% * -1 – -2% -11 – -16%
Propane +3 – +26% +600% 0% 0% -18 – -20%
*Data not available
AIR QUALITY & GHG EMISSIONS

11. 11
FUEL ECONOMY
Plug-In Hybrid Gasoline /
Electric (Electric Mode)
Electric Vehicle
Hydrogen, Fuel Cell
Plug-In Hybrid Gasoline /
Electric (Gas Mode)
Hybrid Gasoline / Electric
Hydrogen, ICE
Ultra-low Sulfur Diesel
B20
E85 / Flex-Fuel
Gasoline, ICE
CNG
Propane
80.4
80.4
44.7
31.3
30.1
29.1
28.8
28.8
23.0
22.3
22.3
22.3
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0
Range Baseline MPGGE

12. 12
RELATIVE DRIVING RANGE OF LIGHT DUTY VEHICLES
RANGE ANXIETY?
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Electricity
CNG
Hydrogen
E85
Propane
B20
Conventional
Relative Driving Range of Light-Duty Vehicles

13. 13
Fuel / Technology Cost
Biodiesel -
Electricity Low
Ethanol -
Hydrogen Very High
CNG Time Fill Moderate
CNG Fast Fill High
LNG High
Propane Moderate
INFRASTRUCTURE
Source: RS&H

14. 14
REGULATION
Code / Standard
B20
Electricity
E85
Hydrogen
CNG
LNG
Propane
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code ● ● ● ● ●
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 2, Hydrogen
Technologies Code ●
NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code ● ●
NFPA 30A Code for Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities and
Repair Garages ● ● ●
NFPA 52, Vehicular Gaseous Fuel Systems Code ● ● ●
NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code ●
NFPA 59A, Standard for the Production, Storage Handling of
Liquefied Natural Gas ●
NFPA 68 & 69, Standards on Explosion Prevention and
Protection ● ●
NFPA 70, National Electrical Code (NEC) Article 625: EV
Charging System Equipment ●

15. 15
Incentive Description
Decal Fee for Florida
Registered Vehicles
Fee eliminated for alternative fuel vehicles.
Biofuels Investment Tax
Credit
Available for 75% of all capital, operation, maintenance and research and development
costs incurred with investment in the production, storage and distribution of biodiesel
(blends of B10 or above), ethanol (blends of E10 or above), or other renewable fuel, up to
$1 million annually per income taxpayer. The annual budget for this program is
$10,000,000.
Biodiesel Tax
Exemption
Biodiesel manufactured in a volume less than 1,000 gallons by a public or private
secondary school for its own use is exempt from the diesel fuel excise tax.
Natural Gas and
Propane Vehicle
Rebates
As of January 1, 2014, a rebate of 50% of the incremental cost of an OEM natural gas or
propane fleet vehicle up to $25,000 and $250,000 per applicant, per year, is available. For
2014, $6,000,000 has been allocated to the program, of which 40% is reserved for public
fleets. The remainder is earmarked for private fleets. Funding is subject to annual
reauthorization by the Florida legislature.
Natural Gas and
Propane Tax Holiday
CNG, LNG and Propane will be subject to an excise tax at a rate of $0.04 per GGE, a $0.01
ninth-cent fuel tax, a $0.01 local option fuel tax, and an additional variable component to
be determined by the Florida Department of Revenue each calendar year for the following
12-month period. However, these fuels are exempt from sales and excise taxes until 2019.
INCENTIVES

16. 16
Other
Petroleum
Diesel
Gasoline
Freight
Vehicles
Heavy Duty
Vehicles
Specialty
Vehicles
Mid-duty
Vehicles
Light Duty
Vehicles
LNG
CNG
CNG
Electric
Biodiesel
Biodiesel
Propane
Ethanol
Biodiesel
Propane EthanolBiodiesel
THE ALT FUELS ECOSYSTEM
Fuel Alt. Fuel “Niche”

17. 17
CASE: ALT. FUELS
MASTER PLAN
» Detail: Comprehensive plan for
regional development
» Fuel: Cross-cutting
» Niche: Whole Ecosystem
» Funding: Federal (CMAQ)
» Techniques: Survey, Public
Involvement, Data Inventory and
Forecast, Project Development
» Metric: 40% growth over 3 years
» Highlight: Regional strategy for
multi-modal logistics (maritime,
rail, trucking) fueled by CNG
Source: Cheniere
7

18. 18
CASE: CHARGEWELL
» Detail: EV charging incentive program
» Fuel: Electricity
» Niche: Light duty passenger vehicles
» Funding: MPO / Utility Partnership
» Techniques: Public Involvement, GIS, Engineering,
Program Development
» Metric: 27 stations by early 2016
» Highlight: Brand & partnership model for regional
expansion

19. 19
PARTNERSHIPS
» Programming:
– North Florida Transportation
Planning Organization
» Planning:
– RS&H
» Administration:
– JEA
» Installation:
– NovaCharge
Source: RS&H

20. 20
DESIGN
» Geospatial analysis of “range
anxiety” & “activity centers”
» Competitive application
process
» Incentive: Level 2 EVSE, 2 yr
networking & up to $7500
towards installation
» Rebate: $500 - $1000 for EVs
» Events: Drive Electric Rallies,
Workplace Charging Lunch &
Learns
Source: RS&H
Source: NORTH FLORIDA TPO

21. 21
RESULTS
» 27 stations installed
» 225% increase in public,
non-dealership affiliated
charge points
» Near-full geographic
coverage of Duval County
» 46% increase in EV
registration over 2014
» Next: Clay, Nassau & St.
Johns Counties
Source: NORTH FLORIDA TPO

22. 22
CASE: CNG BUS FLEET CONVERSION
» Detail: 100 CNG buses & construction of private and
public fueling stations
» Fuel: CNG
» Niche: Transit buses
» Funding: Public-Private Partnership
» Techniques: Engineering, Economics, Law, CEI, Cx
» Metric: 40 % displacement (1 million gallons) in year 5
» Highlight: P3 investment + public match = public fueling
station & royalty for transit authority
9

23. 23
TEAM
» Owner (Risk, Legal, Safety,
Engineering/Proj. Mgmt.,
Finance, Operations,
Outreach)
» Technical (RS&H, Porter
Mgmt.)
» Financial (Clary)
» Legal (Broad & Cassel)
Source: JTA
9

24. 24
PRE-PLANNING
» Due Diligence
– Regional Alternative Fuels
Planning (Clean Cities)
– Business Case for CNG
» Stakeholder Engagement
– Market / Regulatory
Feedback
– Delivery Methods
– Leverage Funding
(TPO/MPO FDOT TRIP
funding)
Source: RS&H
Source: RS&H

25. 25
PLANNING
» Owner’s Project
Requirements
– CNG Compression
Infrastructure
– Modified Fueling
Infrastructure
– Modified Maintenance
Infrastructure
– Publicly-Accessible Fueling
Infrastructure
» Parameters
– Schedule
– Sequencing
Source: RS&H
Source: RS&H

26. 26
DELIVERY METHOD
» Why P3?
– Speed to market
– Industry innovation &
expertise
– Risk management
» Value for Money Analysis
– Public Sector Comparator
Source: RS&H
Source: RS&H

27. 27
Procurement
» RFP Development
– Performance Specifications
– General Conditions
– Evaluation Criteria (Two-
Step)
» Contract (Two-Part)
– Design Build
– Lease Concession
Source: JTA
Source: JTA

28. 28
IMPLEMENTATION
» Design & Construction
» Construction Management /
Design Review (Eisman
Russo)
» Operations & Maintenance
» Fuel Marketing
Source: JTA

29. 29
RESULTS
» $8,000,000 in public and
private investment
» Delivered on-time for roll-
out of new BRT line
» 40% diesel fuel
displacement in 5 years
» Air pollution reduction
(NOx, VOCs, Ozone)
» 11 – 30% GHG reduction
» Potential cost savings
Source: RS&H

30. 30
Ben Moore,
AICP, LEED AP O+M, GPCP
Energy & Sustainability Planner
904-256-2348
ben.moore@rsandh.com
Tom McVey, PE
Senior Project Manager
904-256-2411
thomas.mcvey@rsandh.com