apidays LIVE Paris 2021 - APIs and the Future of Software December 7, 8 & 9, 2021 APIs - How did we get here and where are we going next? Alan Glickenhouse, Digital Transformation Business Strategist at IBM

1. © 2021 IBM Corporation
APIs: How Did We Get Here? and
Where Are We Going Next?
AlanGlickenhouse
glick@us.ibm.com
@ARGlick
DigitalTransformation Business Strategist
IBM

2. Profile:
© 2021 IBM Corporation
Alan Glickenhouse - Digital Transformation Business Strategist
• Assist businesses with their strategy for Digital Transformation, Integration, and the API Economy - all industries, all
geographies, and of all sizes.
• Share insights and best practices through:
• 1:1 workshops
• Conferences / Events
• Author:
• Digital Business / Digital Transformation - 22
• API Economy / API Management Basics - 16
• Business and Value - 25
• Strategy, Governance, and Best Practices - 37
• Architecture, Technology, and IBM Products - 26
• Industry Standards and Use cases - 40
Today we will cover a few
from this category
https://www.antwak.com/author/alan-glickenhouse-184 - job role mentoring videos

3. Agenda
3
As a business strategist I am often asked,
“What’s next?”
Naturally to answer this question I look to the future.
Naturally to answer this question I look to the future past.
• Past - What challenges were faced previously and how were these overcome?
• Present - How are things working today?
• Future - What are the next challenges and how might these be overcome?

4. In the beginning…Technical APIs
4
Challenge: A program which exists and provides good value could be used (called) rather than
recreating the program logic.
The question is how to integrate (call) this program?
The early answer to this question was often – “not easily”.
Many early programs contained code for user interface, business logic,
and data that was not easily segmented. This led to some difficult and
fragile integration scenarios based on screen scraping techniques.
Later programs began to provide an application programming interface (API). Note: not Business/Web APIs.
These “technical APIs” were difficult to use, and provider focused.
A calling program used a remote procedure call (RPC) to access this application interface.

5. Working with Business Partners
5
Challenge: how can multiple businesses communicate (e.g., for supply chain)?
Trying to use an RPC call across businesses was not going to work. Security concerns and non-standard
interfaces are just some of the issues.
Businesses can always exchange a file. Company A can build a file with some number of records (not
vinyl records ;-) ) in an agreed to format that would be sent to company B.
Followed by electronic data interchange (EDI) standards often supported by Value Added Networks (VANs) -
specifying the formats for the files and sending the files between trading partners.
Company A Company B

6. Reliability and Availability
6
Challenge: Different applications running on different platforms need to be called to complete a business
transaction. However, network reliability and system/application availability are concerns. What if the
destination system, application, or network connection is unavailable?
Enter messaging. Rather than require each application to manage outage issues or incomplete
transactions, messaging middleware assures the message from Application A reaches Application B.
Also allowed for independent scalability of the applications and additional messaging patterns - one-
many, routing, and publication/subscription (pub-sub).
Application B
Application A
Messaging
Assured – once and
only once delivery

7. Growth, Standardization, and Maintenance
7
Challenges:
1. Each application may reference data differently and maintain it in different
formats. Keeping these multiple definitions accurate and in sync is a challenge.
2. Tailoring calls to many applications is a problem. The number of point-to-point
application to application connections becomes unmanageable and very fragile.
• Message Brokers - 'hub and spoke' integration pattern helped with the
de-spaghettification, introduced canonical message forms, and process-
driven integration.
• Service Oriented Architecture (SOA):
• defined services using standards (web services) to provide a façade for
traditional, new, or multiple back-end applications.
• Governance to drive the reuse of services.
• Enterprise service bus (ESB) architecture - All calling applications connected
to the ESB which routed and transformed the requests to the correct versions of
the services and returned the response.
• Separation of concerns is the guiding principle.
• Application integration provides transformation, protocol conversions,
and routing
Color = Data type
Shape = Protocol

8. Consumer Focused Consumption and Security
8
Challenges: SOA solved many problems but introduced additional challenges
1. Services are big (coarse grained), often a small subset of information is required, too difficult to invoke,
too much data to be parsed.
2. Governance is burdensome. Contradictory goals – drive reuse, but concern about how much resource
someone might use. Too time consuming and difficult to on board consumers.
3. Security not addressed, especially for outside the enterprise consumers.
Business APIs provide consumer-oriented interfaces tailored
to specific use cases or users’ requirements.
API management provides:
• self-service on-boarding (via a developer portal)
• protects back-end systems through a security gateway
• analytics for insights into usage and patterns.
Spawned new business opportunities: the API Economy,
Monetization, Digital Transformation initiatives, Ecosystems,
and Marketplaces.
Application
Integration
Provider(s)
API Management
Consumer(s)
Exposure
(consumer focused lifecycle)
Control point: routing, versioning,
traffic management, security, logging.
Socialization: Enables discovery,
documentation, self-subscription, analytics.
Implementation
(provider focused lifecycle)
Composition: Implements custom
“integration logic”, including aggregation
from multiple sources, and merging data.
Adaptation: Understands connectivity
protocols and data formats required to
manage communication with specific
provider systems.

9. Decentralization for Agility
9
Challenge: Cloud and microservice applications need to connect with each other and with existing
applications but are not co-located. Traversing the network from a cloud to a central location and then back
out to another location increases latency and introduces concerns around complexity and security risk.
Use the same microservice technology and cloud-native approaches for the integration solutions as is being
used for the applications themselves. This allows the integration runtimes to be deployed as microservices
near the applications they need to integrate – on any cloud or on-premise.
APIM
APIM APIM
API Management
APIM
API Management
APIM
APIM
Gateway
Integration
Integration Int.
Engagement
applications
Systems
of
record
API Management
Socialization/monetization Re-platforming Application autonomy
API Management
Centralized
ESB
Fine-grained
integration
deployment
Decentralized
Integration
ownership
Socialized
APIs

10. Scalability and Performance
10
Challenge: As the number of applications increases and as their usage increases, the number of back-
end transactions increases as well. Handling this scale with necessary performance is costly.
Events move the data that the application needs to the
application location in advance of the request –
eliminating the real time network traversal and providing
the necessary scalability and performance.
Events use pub/sub to allow applications to subscribe
to the data they need from the original back-end
source. The applications access the data locally
removing the latency. Back-end scale requirements are
reduced as the data is published once as it changes
rather than for each individual request.
Microservice Application
SoR SoR SoR
SoR
APIs
invocations
Event
Streams
µService
µService
µService
µService µService
µService µService
µService
µService
API gateway
Enterprise integration
APIs
Are simplest to use,
but create a real-time
dependency
Event streams
Enable microservices to
build decoupled views of
the data

11. (Rhetorical) Quiz Question
11
Question:
I have discussed the following types of integration capabilities: screen-scraping, file,
EDI, messaging, application integration, Business APIs (with a security gateway), and
events.
What can we notice about this full list of integration capabilities?
Answer:
They are all still in use today. A subsequent integration capability does not replace the
preceding capability, it adds an additional tool into our integration tool kit that is used for
the appropriate challenge.
In fact, in most situations multiple of these integration capabilities are used together.

12. Are integration styles independent?
© 2021 IBM Corporation
Consider:
• What happens after an API is
called?
• How is an application integration
invoked?
• What happens when an event
triggers a need for action?
• How are files created and how are
they read when received?
• How are businesses still using
screen scraping?
 Often applications are invoked – App
integration and messaging
 Frequently via API
 Could call an API to take immediate
action
 Application integration to build or read
records into/from a file
 Screen scraping (now using RPA)
allows applications to work with other
applications in a process or larger
integration context

13. CRM
Inventory
Logistics
Finance
Ordering
An example – Order Management
13

14. DigitalTransformation
14
“Digital transformation is the process of shifting your organization from a legacy approach to new
ways of working and thinking using digital, social, mobile and emerging technologies. It involves
a change in leadership, different thinking, the encouragement of innovation and new business
models, incorporating digitization of assets and an increased use of technology to improve the
experience of your organization's employees, customers, suppliers, partners and stakeholders.”
Source: The Agile Elephant - http://www.theagileelephant.com/what-is-digital-transformation/
Existing
Assets
Emerging
Technology
Ecosystem
Agility
Innovation
Privacy &
Security
New Business
Models
Omni-
Channel
Cloud
AI
API Economy
Microservices

15. Sources: Forbes, McKinsey,CMSWire, Gartner Top 10 Trends in PaaS and Platform Innovation, 2020
70%
of digital transformation projects fail due to
lack of integration quality.
Business executives are demanding
a path to
digital operational excellence.
© 2021 IBM Corporation 15

16. IBM can help you modernize
with an Agile integration
strategy.
Integration
requirements….
…to achieve
development,
deployment, and
operational
agility
People & Process
• Decentralized
ownership
• Empowering teams
• Agile methods
Architecture
• Fine-grained
deployment
• API led
• Event-driven
• Microservices aligned
• Highly scalable
Technology
• Cloud-native
infrastructure
• Essential integration
capabilities
• Unified security,
governance, and
operations
IBM Cloud / © 2021 IBM Corporation

17. The next integration challenge…
17
Challenge: The need for integration is increasing. Need to scale the ability to deliver quality integration
solutions.
Expand the number of developers who can implement integration tasks while maintaining quality. Provide
the ability to automate integrations, powered by AI, leveraging best practices and built-in reuse to
eliminate the skills barrier
Use Artificial Intelligence (AI) to capture the skills of experienced
integration experts and support additional developers taking on these
tasks. Recognize common patterns and guide developers to do things
the “right” way.
Use Automation to speed integration development and remove
manual tasks, while also reducing the potential for errors.

18. IBM Cloud Pak for Integration
© 2021 IBM Corporation 18
IBM Cloud AWS Microsoft
Azure
Google
Cloud
End
points
Private IBM Z
IBM LinuxOne
IBM Power
Systems
VMware
⎻ Robotic Process
Automation
⎻ Event detection ⎻ 3rd Party
integrations
⎻ Natural language
interactions
⎻ Machine learning ⎻ Operational models
⎻ Process mining
Enterprise
messaging
End-to-end
security
Application
integration
Event
streaming
High speed
data transfer
Shared
asset
repository
Unified
governance
framework
API
management
AI and machine learning
Client & Partner Applications
IBM Automation foundation
⎻ Robotic Process
Automation
⎻ Event detection ⎻ 3rd Party
integrations
⎻ Natural language
interactions
⎻ Machine learning ⎻ Operational models
⎻ Process and task
mining

19. FinalThoughts
1. Have a good set of integration tools and use the right tool for
the job
• You can bang in a nail with a screwdriver, but it will be much more difficult, and the
outcome may not be what you want.
• One size fits all - does not really
• Look at the bigger picture and understand the requirements. Let this drive the tool(s)
required – not the other way around!
2. Good integration patterns never die, you just add more!
• Understand how we got here to look for what comes next
• Each step along the integration journey solved an important issue. Don’t recreate the
issues that these solved when implementing newer techniques.
• Today we are focused on the latest techniques – APIs, Events, Microservices. These are
great, but if you think we are done, you are wrong. There are always more constraints
that can be overcome.
3. Create your strategy to move forward
• What constraints are you seeing that are holding you back?
• Could you benefit from multiple styles of integration being used together?
• How can automation and AI remove your integration constraints?

20. Additional Resources
© 2021 IBM Corporation

21. Alan’s Articles, Blogs, Papers, andVideos…
https://community.ibm.com/community/user/blogs/alan-glickenhouse1/2021
(change year for each year’s content)
API Economy and API Management Basics:
•. What is an API? and What is the API Economy?
• What is an API? An Updated Definition
• What is API Management?
• Alan Tells All About APIs (old video – no longer available)
• IT Uncensored – What is API Management? (old video – no longer
available)
• What are businesses doing with APIs and why are they doing it? (video)
• API Economy Drivers
• Happy API Year! (from 2017)
• I Already Have Partners Accessing My Services. Why Should I Use
APIs?
• Should Business APIs Replace EDI?
• Providing APIs or Managing APIs – There is a Big Difference
• Don’t be Afraid of Public APIs
• Does size matter? (for your business to participate in the API Economy)
• API Connect Video Series: API Economy – What’s happening and where
is this going? (Part 1) and (Part 2) (video)
•APIs and Events – Recognizing Opportunities Instead of Reacting to
Problems
•The Biggest Impediment to API Economy Growth is…?
• Is Two-Speed (Bimodal) IT a Good Thing or a Bad Thing?
Digital Business / Digital Transformation / Cloud Integration:
• Becoming a Digital Business – Is API Management Enough?
• Digital Transformation – Becoming a Digital Business
• Digital Business and APIs – Need to See the Forest and the Trees
(article)
• Digital Business Value when Combining API Management and Istio
• Digital Transformation Requires Integration Modernization
• Integration Modernization Requires Good Parenting
• Why Become a Digital Business?
• How Systemized Innovation Enables Digital Transformation (article)
• History of IT Constraints – What Might Constrain Digital
Transformation?
• Creating A Digital Ecosystem – Past, Present, and Future
• Business APIs – The Secret Sauce in Successful Digital Marketing
(article)
• Overcoming the 3 Largest Obstacles to Digital Transformation (article)
• Covid-19 and Cloud Integration 1 – Moving Forward
• Covid-19 and Cloud Integration 2 - Immediate Actions
• Covid-19 and Cloud Integration 3 - Shopping and Supply Chains
• Covid-19 and Cloud Integration 4 – Supporting Your Customers
• Covid-19 and Cloud Integration 5 – Government Scenarios
• Covid-19 and Cloud Integration 6 - Service businesses, Recreation,
Entertainment, Travel, and Risk management
• Covid-19 and Cloud Integration 7 - Call to Action
• Good Integration Patterns Never Die, You Just Add More
• A Perspective on Current Integration Scenarios and What Might
Follow

22. Alan’s Articles, Blogs, Papers, and
Videos…
Business and Value
• Why Your Business Needs APIs (and Why Your APIs Need IBM API Connect) (white
paper) + Blog
• Why Choose IBM API Connect?
• API Monetization – What Does It Really Mean?
• API Connect Video Series: API Monetization (video)
• API Monetization Understanding Business Model Options (white paper) + Blog
• Gartner Once Again Recognized IBM as a Leader in 2020 Magic Quadrant (2020)
•Gartner Once Again Recognized IBM API Connect as a Leader in 2019 Magic
Quadrant (2019)
• IBM’s API Management Undisputed #1 in Market Share – Again (2019)
• IBM’s API Management Undisputed #1 in Market Share (2018)
• Analyst Firm Lists IBM API Connect as an API Management Leader (2020)
• Analyst Firm Lists IBM API Connect as an API Management Leader (2018)
• Analysts Cite IBM as a Leader (2016)
• What is the ROI for API Connect? – Forrester TEI Study Demonstrates Economic
Benefits
• Forrester TEI Study Results Show 674% ROI
• RFP Template – Assistance in Choosing an API Solution Partner
• IBM API Connect: Powering the New Channel
• Do APIs Cause Channel Issues and Loss of Direct Customer Interaction?
• State of the API Economy (video interview)
• State of the API Economy 2020
• State of the API Economy – January 2019
• How to Get the Business to Participate in an API Initiative
• How IBM API Connect Helps Royal Mail Group Deliver
• The Business of API Marketplaces (article)
• Now Trending: API Platform Economy (article)
• Ecosystem and Marketplace Strategy with Alan Glickenhouse of IBM (interview)
Strategy, Governance, and Best Practices
• Creating an API Economy Strategy
• Creating an API Economy Strategy – short version (video)
• Implementing Governance of an API Initiative
• Organization and Governance of API Initiatives
• What are the Recommended Roles for an API Initiative?
• What is the Recommended Organizational Structure for an API Initiative?
• Real World Experiences with API Centers of Excellence (CoE)
• Recommendations for an API Economy Center of Excellence (white paper) + Blog
• API Center of Excellence and Governance (interview)
• API Economy Best Practices (white paper) + Blog
• API Connect Video Series: API Economy Best Practices (video)
• Identifying Good Candidates for APIs
• The 7 Biggest Mistakes Companies Make on their API Initiatives
• GDPR Considerations for Integration and the API Economy
• API Management Across Multiple Lines of Business (LoBs)
• API Versioning – Best Practices (and not so great practices)
• API Connect Video Series: API Use Cases (video)
• API Economy – 4 Business Drivers and 7 Use Case Categories – Series Overview
• API Economy Business Drivers: #1 – Speed
• API Economy Business Drivers: #2 – Reach
• API Economy Business Drivers: #3 – Innovation
• API Economy Business Drivers: #4 – Domains
• API Economy Use Case Identification: #1 – Mobile
• API Economy Use Case Identification: #2 – Social
• API Economy Use Case Identification: #3 – Data
• API Economy Use Case Identification: #4 – Other
• API Economy Use Case Identification: #5 – Partner
• API Economy Use Case Identification: #6 – Public
• API Economy Use Case Identification: #7 – IoT
• API Products – Who, What, Where, When, Why, and How
• APIs as a Product Livecast (video)
• Monetizing API Products
• Beating (or Catching Up with) the Competition through APIs
• The API Economy Journey Map: How Are You Doing?
• API Economy Journey Map FAQs
• Discussing Your API Initiative With the Legal Department
• Why Isn’t My API Achieving the Desired Results?
• Changing Culture – How Committed Are You? (article)

23. Alan’s Articles, Blogs, Papers, and
Videos…
Industry
• FAQ – Which Geographies and Industries are Most Advanced in the API Economy (article)
• API use cases for every industry
• APIs for Aerospace and Defense Blast Off
• What’s driving APIs in Automotive?
• Identifying API Use Cases: Automotive (white paper) + Blog
• Banking on APIs
• Banking on APIs – part 1 and part 2 (podcast)
• PSD2: Banking and the API Economy (video panel discussion)
• Q&A with the Head of Technology at Open Banking Ltd.
• Identifying API Use Cases: Banking (white paper) + Blog
• Drilling into API usage in Chemical and Petroleum
• APIs for CPG – Managing Bathrooms to Supply Chains
• Learning your ABCs using APIs – APIs in Education
• No Shock the Electronics Industry is Charged Up about APIs
• Financial Services – Planning to Retire on APIs
• Identifying API Use Cases: Life Insurance / Financial (white paper) + Blog
• Government APIs – Do More with Less
• Identifying API Use Cases: Government (white paper) + Blog
• Healthcare APIs – A Cure to Accessing Healthcare Systems
• Healthcare Providers – A Prescription for APIs
• Identifying API Use Cases: Healthcare / Life Sciences (white paper) + Blog
• Healthcare and APIs (podcast)
• Sample API Use Cases for Insurance (article)
• Creating an Insurance API Platform (article)
• APIs for Insurance – Avoid the Risk of Falling Behind
• Identifying API Use Cases: P&C Insurance (white paper) + Blog
• Legal vs IT: Usage of APIs throughout the Business (article)
• APIs: A Prescription for Challenges in Life Sciences
• Building APIs for the Manufacturing Industry
• Media and Entertainment – Hooray for APIs!
• Unearthing API Use Cases in Metals and Mining
• Today’s Special: APIs for the Retail Industry
• Identifying API Use Cases: Retail (white paper) + Blog
• ReshAPIng Cities – Using APIs to Build Smarter Cities
• Software Industry API Use Cases – Eating Our Own Cooking
• Telecom and APIs – Now We Are Talking
• Identifying API Use Cases: Telecommunications (white paper) + Blog
• APIs are Taking Off In Travel and Transportation
• APIs for Utilities – Let’s Do Something About the Weather!
• API Industry Standards and Regulatory Requirements
Architecture, Technology, and IBM Products
• Introducing API Connect (video)
• APIs and SOA – Better Together (video)
• API Connect Video Series: APIs and Services What’s the difference? (video)
• Positioning APIs and Services – Let’s End the Confusion!
• How To Get To Two Speed IT
• An ESB is Not API Management
• Is a Combined ESB and API Management a Good Idea?
• IBM Brings Multiple Integrations To a Single Platform; Focuses on Optimizing
Integration for the Multi-Cloud Enterprise (interview)
• Using APIs and Microservices as a Fast, Low-Cost and Low-Risk Innovation Engine
(article)
• API Connect Video Series: IOT – Focus on Security (video)
• Internet of Things APIs – Focus on Security
• Analytics: The Icing on Top of Your API Management Cake
•Clearing Up Misconceptions About APIs and Microservices
•Which Comes First, The API or The Service?
•Do Not Be Afraid of API Initiative SUCCESS
•Integration Architecture Decisions – APIs, Services, and Microservices
•Use API-First Design to Address Multi-Cloud Architectures (article)
•How Do You Ensure API Quality?
• API Connect V2018 Whitepaper Now Available
• Ping Identity and IBM Partner to Protect Against API Cyberattacks
• IBM API Connect Wins 2019 iF Design Award
• Integration Monitoring – Do You See the Trunk or the Entire Elephant?
• Today’s Biggest IT Constraint – Break Through It!
• Focus on the API Developer (article)
• Principles for API Security (white paper) + Blog
• Plan Ahead! Don’t Build an API Superhighway into a Cul-de-sac