bahasa inggris

1. SUBJECT : Adv Grammar
LECTURE : Jannes Fredy Pardede M.Hum
Leader : Ani Istiana
Members : 1. Ning Fitri
2. Pipih Yanti
3. Romy Mardian
TO INDENTIFY VERB
AS COMPLEMENTS

2. Definition
Gerund
as object
Difference meaning
No difference meaning
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVE
as subject
Verb followed by either Infinitive / gerund
as object preposition
as object of preposition
Go + gerund

3. A gerund is the – ing form of a verb used as a noun and used in the same ways
as a noun.
Using gerund
1. Gerund as subject
Examples : * Swimming is a good sport.
* Jogging keeps our body healty.
* Singing makes us happy
2. Gerund as object
Example : * Jerrel loves travelling.
* Albert likes reading short story
3. Gerund as object preposition
Example : * They like by hunting
* She has gone before saying anything
GERUND

4. 4. Gerund as object of preposition
frequently used as the object of a preposition ( in, on, at, after, for, by, etc )
Examples : * After having breakfast, I want to go.
* Before going to bed we must pray to God
5. Go + gerund
Followed by gerund in certain idiomatic expressions to ecpress, for the recreational activities.
Ex : We went fishing yesterday.
6. Common verb followed by either infinitive or gerund
Some verb can be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund, sometimes with no difference in
meaning.
Verb + infinitive or gerund ( with no difference in meaning )
Example :
a. It began to rain / it began raining
b. I started to work / I started working
Go hunting, go jogging, go running, go shopping, go skating, go swimming, etc
Begin, like, hate, start, love, can’t stand, continue, prefer, can’t bear

5. B. Verb + infinitive or gerund ( with a difference in meaning )
1. Jerrel often forgets to lock the door.
Forget + infinitive = forget to perform a responbility, duty, or task, as in
2. I’am trying to learn English.
Try + infinitive = make an effort, as in.
3. I remember seeing the Alps for the first time. The sight was impressive.
Remember + gerund = recall, something that happened in the past
4. I’ll never forget seeing the Alps for the first time.
Forget + gerund = forget something that happened in the past.
5. I regret to tell you that you failed the test.
Regret + infinitive = regret to say, to tell someone, to inform someone of some bas news.
Remember, regret, forget, try

6. Followed by the infinitive
VERB Followed by the gerund
NOUN
ADJECTIVES
VERB AS COMPLEMENTS
+ preposition Followed by the gerund
+ preposition Followed by the gerund
Pronoun before by the gerund
Adjectives followed by the Infinitive

7. Some verb take another verb as the complement instead of a noun. Sometimes
the verb functioning as the complement must be in the infinitive ( to + verb ) and
sometimes it must be in the gerund ( verb + ing ) form. The following verb are always
followed by the infinitive if the complement is a verb.
Example
1. John expect to begin studying law next semester
2. Mary learned to swim when she was very young
3. The soldiers are preparing to attack the village
1. VERB THAT ARE ALWAYS FOLLOWED BY THE
INFINITIVE
Agree attempt claim decide demand
Desire expect fail forget hesitate
Hope intend learn need offer
Plan prepare pretend refuse seem
Strive tend want wish

8. 2. VERB THAT ARE ALWAYS FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND
Other verb must always be followed by the gerund. These verb include
Example :
1. John admitted stealing the jewels.
2. We enjoyed seeing them again after so many years.
3. You shouldn’t risk entering that building in its present condition
4. would you mind not smoking in this office ?
Notes : These sentences are made negative by adding the negative particle not before the
infinitive or gerund.
1. John decided not to buy the car.
2. We regretted not going to the party last night.
Admit appreciate avoid cant help consider
Delay deny enjoy finish mind
Miss postpone practice quit recall
Report resent resist resume risk
suggest

9. The following verb can be followed by either the infinitive or the gerund with no
change in meaning.
Example :
1. - He started to study after dinner. or
- He started studying after dinner
2. - Joan hates to ride her bycicle to school. Or
- Joan hates riding her bicycle to school.
Begin can’t stand continue dread
Hate like love prefer
Regret start try

10. 3. VERB + PREPOSITION FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND
If a verb
adjective + preposition
noun
Or preposition alone is followed directly by verb, the verb will always be in the gerund form.
The following list consist of verb + preposition.
The following expressions contain the preposition to. The word to in these
expressions must not be confused with the to in the infinitive.
These verb + preposition expressions must also be followed by the gerund.
Example :
Approve of be better off count on depend on
Give up insist on keep on put off
Rely on succeed in think about think of
Worry about
Object to look forward to confess to

11. 1. Bernard gave up smoking because of his doctor’s advice.
2. Fred confessed to stealing the jewels.
3. Steven is thinking of going to France in January.
4. ADJECTIVES + PREPOSITION FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND
The following adjectives + prepositions are also followed by the gerund.
Examples :
a. Bianca is fond of dancing.
b. Anthony is afraid of getting married now.
c. We are interested in seeing this film
Accustomed to capable of
Intent on successful in
Afraid of fond of
Interested in tired of

12. 5. NOUNS + PREPOSITIONS FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND
The following nouns + prepositions are also followed by the gerund.
Example :
1. There is no reason for leaving this early.
2. Cillary has no excuse for dropping out of school.
Any time a preposition is followed directly by a verb, the verb will be in the gerund form.
Example :
1. After leaving the party, Ali drove home.
2. He should have stayed in New York instead of moving to maine.
Choice of possibility of
Excuse for reason for
Intention of ( method of )
Method for

13. 6. ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY THE INFINITVE
The following adjective are always followed by the infinitive form of the verb and
never by the gerund.
* able means the same as capable in
many instances, but the grammar
is very different. While able is
followed by the infinitive, capable
is followed by Of + ( verb + ing )
a. These students are not yet able to handle such difficult problems.
b. These students are not yet capable of handling such difficult problems.
Examples of the adjectives followed by infinitives :
a. We are ready to leave now.
b. It is difficult to pass this test.
Anxious prepared
Eager common
Pleased dangerous
Usual good
Boring ready
Easy difficult
Hard strange
Able

14. Some verb can be followed by either the infinitive or the gerund, but the meaning changes.
Examples :
a. Justin stopped studying.
( Justin is not going to study anymore )
b. Justin stopped to study.
( Justin stopped doing something in order to study )
7. PRONOUNS BEFORE THE GERUND OR INFINITIVE
In cases where the infinitive is used as a complement, any noun or pronoun
directly preceding it will be the complement form. Some common verb which are followed
by the infinite and which often require an indirect are listed here.
Stop remember when
Allow ask convince instruct
Invite order persuade promise
Remind urge

15. Example :
a. Joy asked Marry to call him when she woke up.
b. I urge you to reconsider your decision.
c. You should prepare your son to take this examination.
however, before the gerund, a noun or pronoun must appear in the possessive form.
Example :
a. He regret her leaving.
b. We are looking forward to their coming next year.
c. We don’t approve of John’s buying this house.
Subject + verb + possessive form of noun + ( verb + ing ) .....
possessive adjective
Subject + verb + complement form ( noun / pronoun ) + ( to + verb ) .....