2. 6-2
Introduction
Organization
structure determines who
works together
It
is the way managers design their firms to
achieve their organization’s mission and goals
Organizational
communication flows
through its structure, which affects:
behavior
human
relations
performance
3. 6-3
The transition from an economy based on
materials to an economy based on flows of
information has created considerable
challenges for organizational structure, and
communication.
4. 6-4
Principles of Organization (1 of 3)
Division
of Labor and Departmentalization
Division
of labor, or work specialization – refers to
the degree to which tasks are subdivided into
separate jobs
Departmentalization – grouping of related
activities into units
Chain
line
of Command
of authority from the top to the bottom of the
organization, which is shown in an organization
chart
5. 6-5
Principles of Organization (2 of 3)
Span
of Management
refers
to number of employees reporting to a
manager
Centralized
With
and Decentralized Authority
centralized authority, top managers make
important decisions
With decentralized authority, middle and first-line
managers make important decisions where the
action is
6. 6-6
Principles of Organization (3 of 3)
Coordination
With
the division of labor and departmentalization
comes the need to coordinate the work of all
departments
7. Questions and Answers for
Designing Organizational Structure:
Questions
Answers
How should we subdivide work?
Division of Labor and
Departmentalization
Who should departments and
individuals report to?
Chain of Command
How many individuals should report to Span of Management
each manager?
At what level should decisions be
made?
Centralization vs.
Decentralization
How do we get everyone to work
together as a team?
Coordination
6-7
8. 6-8
Formal Organization Structure
Vertical downward
communication
President
Vice President
Production
Vice President
Finance
Vice President
Marketing
Vertical upward
communication
Manager
A
Manager
B
Manager
C
Manager
D
Manager
E
Exhibit 6.2
Manager
F
Manager
G
Manager
H
Manager
I
11. Common Types of
Departmentalization (2 of 4)
Functional
6 - 11
Departmentalization
involves
organizing departments around essential
input activities, such as:
production
and operations
finance and accounting
marketing and sales
human resources
Product
(Service) Departmentalization
involves
organizing departments around goods
and services provided
12. Common Types of
Departmentalization (3 of 4)
Customer
6 - 12
Departmentalization
involves
organizing departments around the
needs of different types of customers with unique
needs calling for different sales staffs and
products
Divisional
Departmentalization (M-Form)
the
firm develops independent lines of business
that operate as separate companies, all
contributing to the corporation profitability
Territory
(Geographic) Departmentalization
involves
organizing departments in each area in
which the enterprise does business
13. Common Types of
Departmentalization (4 of 4)
Matrix
Departmentalization
combines
the functional and product
departmental structures
Combination
many
large companies have more than one form
of departmentalization
6 - 13
14. 6 - 14
Contemporary Organization Design
Learning
Organizations
Virtual
Organizations
Team Organizations
and
Reengineering
Boundaryless
Organizations
E-Organizations
15. 6 - 15
American and Japanese Organization
Structures
Division
of labor tends to be a bit less
specialized in Japan
Both countries use the same types of
departmentalization
American organizations tend to be quicker to
hire, lay off, and to change jobs than the
Japanese
16. 6 - 16
Organizational Communication
Organizational
communication – the
compounded interpersonal communication
process across an organization
Communication flows in an organization are:
Vertical
Horizontal
Grapevine
(multidirectional)
17. Vertical and Horizontal
Communication
Vertical Communication
The flow of information
both up and down the
chain of command
Formal communication
Recognized as official
Status and power are not
equal among participants
in vertical
communication
•
•
•
•
Horizontal
Communication
The flow of
information between
colleagues and peers
Informal
communication
Does not follow the
chain of command
Not recognized as
official
6 - 17
18. 6 - 18
Grapevine Communication
Grapevine
– the informal vehicle through
which messages flow throughout the
organization
“When the grapevine allows employees to
know about a management decision almost
before it is made, management must be
doing something right.”
19. 6 - 19
Communication Networks
Communication
networks – sets of
employees who have stable contact through
which information is generated and
transmitted
Two major types of communication networks:
1. within organizations
2. within departments and small groups
20. 6 - 20
Message Transmission Channels
Oral Communication
Written
Communication
Nonverbal
Communication
21. 6 - 21
Oral Communication Media
Face-to-Face
Telephone
Meetings
Presentations
22. 6 - 22
Written Communication (1 of 2)
With
increased use of e-mail, managers
substitute face-to-face communication with email
Communication Objective Guidelines
Memos
Letters
Reports
Bulletin
board notices
Posters
Computers/e-mail
Fax
23. 6 - 23
Written Communication (2 of 2)
Writing
skills
Grammar
– rules for use of the eight parts of speech
To simplify grammar, we use subjects, predicates,
modifiers, and connectives
25. 6 - 25
Emotions (1 of 2)
Emotional
labor –
requires the expression
of desired emotions
during interpersonal
relations
• Universal emotions:
– happiness
– surprise
– fear
– sadness
– anger
– disgust
26. 6 - 26
Emotions (2 of 2)
Understanding
Feelings
Feelings
are subjective – they tell you people’s
attitudes and needs
Feelings are usually disguised as factual
statements
Feelings are neither right nor wrong but behavior
is
Gender
Differences
Global Differences
27. 6 - 27
Dealing with Emotional Employees
Calming
the emotional person
Use reflecting responses
29. Guidelines for Giving Effective
Criticism
Give
more praise than criticism
Criticize immediately
Criticism should be performance oriented
Give specific and accurate criticism
Open on a positive note and close by
repeating what action is needed
6 - 29