Cancer, Mechanism, and causes

1. PRESENTATION SERIES ON
CANCER
PART-1
PRESENTATION BY: ADITYA BHATT

2. CANCER PART-1
CONTENT:
• INTRODUCTION .
• CANCER CELL PROPERTIES.
• CAUSES OF CANCER.
• FACTORS OF CANCER.
• CELL STRAIN AND CELL LINES.
• CANCER CELL GROWTH.
• GENES ASSOCIATED WITH CANCER.

3. INTRODUCTION
• A LARGE GROUP OF DISEASES CHARACTERIZED BY THE UNCONTROLLED
GROWTH AND SPREAD OF ABNORMAL CELLS.
• CANCER IS A TYPE OF TUMOUR, CLUMPING OF NEOPLASMIC CELLS.
• TUMOUR, WHEN THE CELLS DIVIDE & MULTIPLY CONSTANTLY IT MAKE
A PILE OF CELLS IN A REGION CALLED TUMOUR .
• WHEN IT BECAME INVASIVE AND MALIGNANT IT CAUSES CANCER.
• IT IS REQIRED TO KILL THE CELLS WHEN IT DONE ITS FUNCTION.

4. • GROWTH CONTROL & KILLING PATHWAYS ARE BECOME FAULTY.
• THIS RESULT IN MASSIVE GROWTH OF CELLS (TUMOUR CELLS) .
• THEN THE CELL’S CAN:
DIVIDE INDEPENDENTLY.
BECAME IMMORTAL.
BECAME INVASIVE.
• THIS TYPE OF TUMOUR IS CALLED MALIGNANT TUMOUR, TUMOROGENESIS
AND CANCER.
Tumor
Benign Tumor
Malignant Tumor
(Cancer)

5. CANCER CELL PROPERTIES:
• IMMORTALITY ( NO APOPTOSIS).
• RAPID GROWTH AND DEVISION.
• CHECK POINTS FAILS.
• LOTS OF GROWTH RECEPTOR’S.
• NO CONTACT INHIBITION.
• METASTASIS.
• LOW NUTRIENTS NEEDED.
• ANGIOGENIC IN NATURE.

6. DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA
G1
Cell growth
S
DNA replication
G2
Cell growth
preparation for
division
Mitotic Phase (M)
Interphase
Interphase
Interphase

7. CAUSES OF CANCER:
• CHROMOSOMAL CHANGES – CAN BE CAUSED BY MUTATION .
• MUTATION DUE TO:
CHEMICAL CARCINOGENES.
PHYSICAL CARCINOGENES.
• EATING HABITS.
• VIRUSES LIKE SV40,CHANGE CHROSOMAL SEQUENCE.
• INHERITANCE IF IT AFFECTS THE GERM LINE CELLS.

8. TYPES OF CANCER:
CARCINOMAS (EPITHELIAL TISSUE)
SARCOMAS (MESODERMAL TISSUE)
LYMPHOMAS (LYMPHOID ORGANS)
LEUKEMIA (WBC CANCER)

9. Biological Factors
• Some cancers such as breast, stomach, colon, prostate, uterus,
ovaries and lung appear to run in families
• research suggests that a gene for breast cancer exists.
• A rare form of eye cancer appears to be transmitted genetically from
mother to child

10. Social And Psychological Factors
• Stress has been implicated in increased susceptibility to several types
of cancers.
• Sleep disturbances, diet, or a combination of factors may weaken the
body’s immune system.

11. Chemicals In Foods
• Sodium nitrate when ingested forms a potential carcinogen, form
nitrosamine.
• Pesticide and herbicide residues.

12. Viral Factors
• Herpes-related viruses may be involved in the development
of leukemia, Hodgkin’s disease, cervical cancer, and Burkitt’s
lymphoma
• Epstein-Barr virus, associated with mononucleosis, may
contribute to cancer
• Human papillomavirus (HPV), virus that causes genital warts,
has been linked to cervical cancer
• Helicobacter pylori causes ulcers which are a major factor in
the development of stomach cancer

13. Microorganism Cancer
Human papilloma virus Cervical cancer
Helicobacter pylori Stomach cancer
Hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses Liver cancer
Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus Lymphoma and leukemia
Human immunodeficiency virus Lymphoma
Epstein-Barr virus Lymphoma
Human herpes virus 8 Kaposi's sarcoma
Certain viruses or bacteria may increase the risk of developing cancer

14. Medical Factors
• Some medical treatments actually increase a person’s
risk for cancer
• Diethylstilbestrol (DES) used 1940 to 1960 to control
bleeding during pregnancy, the daughters of mothers
that used DES were found to have an increased risk for
cancers of the reproductive organs
• Estrogen supplementation
• Chemotherapy used to treat one form of cancer may
increase risk for another type of cancer

15. Reproductive And Hormonal Risks For Cancer
• Pregnancy and oral contraceptives increase a woman’s chances of
breast cancer
• Late menarche, early menopause, early first childbirth, having many
children have been shown to reduce risk of breast cancer

16. FACTORS BELIEVED TO CONTRIBUTE TO GLOBAL
CAUSES OF CANCER:

17. CANCER’S SEVEN WARNING SIGNALS:

18. Cancer Type Risk Factor
Liver Hepatitis viruses (HCV.HBV)
Pancreas Smoking
Diabetes
Being male
Kidney Tobacco smoking
High blood pressure
Leukemia Radiation
Chemotherapy
Certain disease (Down syndrome)
Human T cell leukemia virus
RISK FACTOR/ CANCER
TYPE

19. DISTINGUISHING NORMAL CELLS FROM
CANCEROUS CELLS:
• LARGE NUCLEUS, SMALL CYTOPLASM.
• REMARKABLE MACHINARY TO GO AGAINST OUR IMMUNE
SYSTEM.
• MASKING THE ANTIGENIC REGIONS BY SVERAL THINGS.
• NEED LESS NUTRIENTS THAN NORMAL CELLS.

20. CELL CULTURE:
CELL STRAIN.
CELL LINES.
APPLICATION:
FOR EXAMINING THE CANCEROUS CELL’S. (BIOPSY)

21. CANCER CELL GROWTH PATTERN:

22. GENES ASSOCIATED WITH CANCER
SURVIVAL DEATH
PROLIFERATING GENES.-
SIR,SRC,FAS,K-RAS,N-RAS
TUMOUR SUPRESSOR GENES.-
P53,P21
APOPTOTIC GENES.-
BCL2
ANTI APOPTOTIC GENES.-
AATF,AKT-1
PROTEIN LEVEL:
EGF
TYR-K
PROTEIN LEVEL:
CASPASE
PERFORINS

23. Detecting Cancer
• The earlier the diagnosis the better the prospect for survival
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Computerized axial tomography scan (CAT scan)
• Prostatic ultrasound
• Regular self-exams, and check ups

24. New Hope In Cancer Treatments
• Remove less surrounding tissue during surgery
• Combine surgery with radiation or chemotherapy
• Immunotherapy
• Cancer-fighting vaccines
• Gene therapy
• Stem cell research

25. CANCER PART-2
PREVIEW OF NEXT PRESENTATION
• COLON CANCER DEVELOPMENT (3 STEP PROCEDURE).
• MUTATION IN GROWTH REGULATORY GENE LEADS TO CANCER.
• MUTATION IN TUMOUR SUPRESSOR GENE LEADS TO CANCER.
• TYPES OF PROTO ONCO GENES.
• TYPES OF ONCOGENES.
• CONCLUSION.

26. THANK YOU