Henrik Lund, Professor in Energy Planning, Aalborg University Guest Lecture at Beijing Normal University, 22 March 2019

1. Smart Energy Systems
The Design of 100% Renewable Energy Solutions
Henrik Lund
Professor in Energy Planning
Aalborg Universitet
Beijing Normal University, China
22 March 2019

2. Aalborg University, Denmark
Jutland/Denmark:
• appox. 40% wind power (local owners)
• High share of the world’s offshore power
• 30% Distributed Generation
• 50% of electricity supplied by CHP
• >50% District Heating

3. Renewable Energy Systems
A Smart Energy Systems Approach to the
Choice and Modeling of 100% Renewable Solutions
1. Edition in 2010
2. Edition in 2014
New Chapter on
Smart Energy
Systems and
Infrastructures

4. The long-term Objective of
Danish Energy Policy
Expressed by former Prime
Minister Anders Fogh
Rasmussen in his opening
speech to the Parliament in
2006 and in several political
agreements since then:
To convert to 100%
Renewable Energy
Prime minister 16 November 2008:
”We will free Denmark totally
from fossil fuels like oil, coal and
gas”
Prime minister 16 November 2008:
”… position Denmark in the heart
of green growth”

5. 100% Renewable Energy 2050
…… but how…???!!

6. Energy System Analysis Model
能源系统分析模型
www.EnergyPLAN.eu

8. IDA Energiplan 2030
IDA 能源计划 2030

9. CEESA Project 2011/2012

10. Smart Energy Systems
智慧能源系统

11. Smart Energy Systems 智慧能源系统 :
Hourly modelling of all smart grids to identify
synergies!
所有智能电网的逐小时建模以识别协同效应
… and influence of different types of energy
storage..!
以及不同储能方式的影响

12. Smart Energy Systems
智慧能源系统
www.energyplan.eu/smartenergysystems/

13. Smart Energy Systems 智慧能源系统
The key to cost-efficient 100% Renewable Energy
实现具有成本效益的 100% 可再生能源体系的关键点
• A sole focus on renewable electricity (smart grid)
production leads to electricity storage and flexible demand
solutions!
专注可再生电力生产（智能电网）的电力存储和灵活供给解
决方案
• Looking at renewable electricity as a part smart energy
systems including heating, industry, gas and
transportation opens for cheaper and better solutions…
将可再生电力看作智能能源系统的一部分，包括采暖、工业
、天然气和交通，可以找到更便宜和更好的解决方案。
Power-to-Heat
热电联产
Power-to-Gas 燃气发电
Power-to-Transport 电力交通

14. Energy Storage 储能
Pump Hydro Storage 抽水蓄能电站
175 €/kWh
(Source: Electricity Energy Storage
Technology Options: A White Paper Primer
on Applications, Costs, and Benefits.
Electric Power Research Institute, 2010)
Natural Gas Underground Storage
天然气地下储存
0.05 €/kWh
(Source: Current State Of and Issues
Concerning Underground Natural Gas
Storage. Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission, 2004)
Oil Tank 油罐
0.02 €/kWh
(Source: Dahl KH, Oil
tanking Copenhagen A/S,
2013: Oil Storage Tank.
2013)
Thermal Storage 蓄热站
1-4 €/kWh
(Source: Danish Technology
Catalogue, 2012)
价格 效率
价格
( 欧
元 /MWh)
效率
%
储能： 价格和效率
电力 热力 天然气 液体燃料

15. Thermal Storage 储热
6200 m3 Thermal Storage
6200 立方储热设施
2500 €/MWh
(Skagen: 6200 m3
for 5.4 mio. DKK)
0.16 m3 Thermal Storage
0.16 立方储热设施
300.000 €/MWh
(Private house: 160 liter
for 15000 DKK)
200,000 m3 Thermal Storage
20 万立方储热设施
500 €/MWh
(Vojens: 200,000 m3
for 30 mio. DKK)
4 m3 Thermal Storage
4 立方储热设施
40,000 €/MWh
(Private outdoor: 4000 m3
for 50,000 DKK)
储热： 价格和规模

16. Electricity Storage 储电
Pump Hydro Storage
抽水蓄能站
100 €/kWh
(Source: Goldisthal Pumped
Storage Station, Germany,
www.store-project.eu)
Sodium-Sulphur Battery
钠硫电池
600 €/kWh
(Source: Table 4:
http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2012/ph240/dos
hay1/docs/EPRI.pdf)
Tesla PowerWall
特斯拉蓄能板
800 €/kWh
(Source: Dahl KH, Oil tanking
Copenhagen A/S, 2013: Oil
Storage Tank. 2013)
Compressed Air Energy Storage
压缩空气储能站
125 €/kWh
(Source:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar
ticle/pii/S0196890409000429)
储电： 价格和规模

17. www.journals.aau.dk/index.php/sepm
相关发表文献

18. 丹麦储能水平
丹麦石油储备约
50TWh
丹麦天然气储备约
11TWh
丹麦储热约 0.09TWh

19. 丹麦石油储备约
50TWh
丹麦天然气储备约
11TWh
丹麦储热约 0.200TWh
丹麦储氢能约
0.550TWh
丹麦储电约 0.015TWh
2050 丹麦 100% 可持续能源储
备能力

20. Eksisterende distributionsnet 现有电网
现有电网 ( 兆瓦级 )
天然气 区域供暖 电力

21. 100% Renewable Energy 2050
Power-to-Heat

22. Four different technologies
Power
Station
40 units of electrcity
80
Elec.
Electric
heating
80 units of
heat
300 units of
fuel
Electric heating
Power
Station
40 units of electricity
Boiler 80 units of heat
100 units of
fuel
Traditional System
100 units of
fuel
200
units of
fuel
CHP
plant
40 units of electricity
80 units of heat
135 units of
fuel
CHP System
CHP
unit
40 units of electricity
Heat
Pump
80 units of
heat
Integrated System with renewable energy
85 units of
fuel
Wind
turbine
20 elec.
10 elec.
45 heat

23. Domestic heating

25. Heat Roadmap Europe
欧洲供暖路线图
GIS 勘
测
热源
•城区 ( 供暖需求
)
•热电联产
•废弃物管理
•工业余热
•地热
•太阳能
研究指出建筑区
域供暖市场份
额 2030 年将增
加 30% ， 2050
年将增加 50%

26. STRATEGO WP2
STRATEGO 工作包 2Enhanced National Heating and Cooling
Strategies
提升国家供暖供冷战略
Presenter Name (i.e. David Connolly)
Title (i.e. Associate Professor in Energy Planning)
Presenter Organisation (i.e. Aalborg University)
Presenter Email (i.e. david@plan.aau.dk)
Host Organisation (i.e. DG Energy)
Host Location (i.e. Brussels, Belgium)
Date (i.e. 12th
May 2015)

27. Czech Republic Croatia
Italy Romania United Kingdom
Specific Map & Summary Report
Available for Each Country
27

28. HRE4 Countries: 14 Largest EU Countries by
Heat Demand = 90% of EU Heat
HRE4 参与国：欧洲 14 国 – 覆盖相当于整个欧盟供暖需求
90% 的区域
• Belgium (BE) 比利时
• Czech Republic (CZ) 捷克
• Germany (DE) 德国
• Spain (ES) 西班牙
• France (FR) 法国
• Italy (IT) 意大利
• Hungary (HU) 匈牙利
• Netherlands (NL) 荷兰
• Austria (AT) 奥地利
• Poland (PL) 波兰
• Romania (RO) 罗马尼亚
• Finland (FI) 芬兰
• Sweden (SE) 瑞典
• United Kingdom (UK) 英
国

29. Smart Heating Europe
欧洲智慧供暖

30. 100% Renewable Energy 2050
… the overall system..

31. IDA Energiplan 2030

33. 100% Renewable Energy in
2050
Primær energiforsyning 100% VE i år 2050, PJ
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
Ref 2030 IDA 2030 IDA 2050 Bio IDA 2050 Vind IDA 2050
Eksport
VE-el
Solvarme
Biomasse
Naturgas
Olie
Kul
Biomass potentials and consumtion in IDA 2030, PJ
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
DEA potential IDA 2030 Max potential
Waste
Energy crops
Slurry fibre fraction
Slurry biogas
Wood
Straw

34. CEESA Project 2011/2012

35. TransportPLAN
modeling and
profiling in CEESA
• Particular focus due
to large challenges:
– >95% reliant on oil
– High increase
historically
– Large potential for
electric cars and
direct electricity
but..
– Specific challenges
in bringing in
electricity in sea,
aviation and good
transport

36. CEESA Project 2011/2012
CEESA 项目 2011/2012
Transport 交通 :
Electric vehicles is best from an energy efficient
point of view. But gas and/or liquid fuels is
needed to transform to 100%.
从能源效率的角度来看，电动汽车是最好的。
但是气体和 / 或液体燃料转化需达 100% 。
Biomass 生物质 :
.. is a limited resource and can not satisfy all the
transportation needs.
是一种有限的资源，不能满足所有的运输需求
Consequence 推论
… Electricity from Wind (and similar resources)
needs to be converted to gas and liquid fuels in
the long-term perspective…
从长期来看，风（和类似资源）的电力需要转
化为天然气和液态燃料

37. Electro-fuels 电力燃料
100% Renewable Energy 2050
Power-to-Transportation
2050 年实现 100% 可再生能源交通

38. Electricity
(111 PJ)
Conversion Process││ │ │Transport Fuel
Electric Grid1
Electricity
(100 PJ)
│Transport Demand
294 Gpkm
323 Gtkm
OR
Resource
Resource
Electricity
(111 PJ)
Conversion Process││ │ │
Electricity
(100 PJ)
│ Transport Demand
313 Gpkm
Freight is not
applicable
Transport Fuel
ORElectric Grid1
Electrolyser1
Biomass
[Cellulose]
(65 PJ)
Electricity
(83.5 PJ)
Methane
(100 PJ2
)
H2
(60.5 PJ)
Steam
Gasifier
Chemical
Synthesis
Hydrogenation
1.9 Mt
Syngas
Resource Conversion Process││ │ ││ Transport Demand
61 Gpkm
36 Gtkm
Transport Fuel
OR
H2
O
(2.6 Mt)
4.5Mt
Marginal Heat
3
(7.6 PJ)
Power Plant
6 PJ
3
0.6 PJ
83 PJ
59 PJ
Electrolyser1
Biomass
[Glucose]
(60 PJ)
Electricity
(83 PJ)
Methane
(100 PJ2
)
H2
(60.5 PJ)
Anaerobic
Digester
Chemical
Synthesis
CO2
Hydrogenation
4.5 Mt
Resource Conversion Process││ │ ││ Transport Demand
61 Gpkm
36 Gtkm
Transport Fuel
OR
H2
O
(2.3 Mt)
Biogas
(50 GJ)
2.3 Mt
OR
Biomass1
(77 PJ)
Methanol/DME
(100 PJ5
)
Electricity
(178 PJ)
CO2
(7 Mt)
Co-electrolysis4
Carbon
Sequestration &
Recycling3Electricity2
(7.3 PJ)
Chemical
Synthesis
Syngas
(139 PJ)
H2
O
(5.7 Mt)
Resource Conversion Process││ │ ││ Transport Demand
or
50 Gtkm
83 Gpkm
Transport Fuel
Electricity
HeatPower Plant
Electrolyser6
Chemical
Synthesis
Fermenter
Hydrogenation
Chemical
Synthesis
Electricity
(307 PJ)
H2
(149.4 PJ)
Straw
(401.7 PJ)
H2
(72.2 PJ)
Methanol/DME
(62.6 PJ2
)
Ethanol
(100 PJ)
Methanol/DME
(337.5 PJ2
)
CO2
(4.4 Mt)
H2O
(15.5 Mt)
Hydrogenation
Low & High
Temperature
Gasification7
Resource Conversion Process││ │ │Transport Fuel
OR
Transport Demand │
52 Gpkm
67 Gpkm
31 Gtkm
39 Gtkm4
279 Gpkm
169 Gtkm
OR
OR
Lignin (197.7 PJ)
C5 Sugars (92.8 PJ)
Biomass
(40.2 PJ)
Power Plant
115
Mt
1 Mt
Marginal Heat1
(50.2 PJ)
303.6 PJ
3.4 PJ3
3.5 Mt

39. Smart Energy Systems
The key to cost-efficient 100% Renewable Energy
• A sole focus on renewable electricity (smart
grid) production leads to electricity storage
and flexible demand solutions!
• Looking at renewable electricity as a part
smart energy systems including heating,
industry, gas and transportation opens for
cheaper and better solutions…
Power-to-Heat
Power-to-Gas
Power-to-Transport

40. CEESA Project 2011/2012
Smart Energy Systems:
Integrated use of Power-To-Heat, Power-
To-Transport and Power-To-Gas/Liquid
fuel
RES integration:
Hourly balance of wind etc. by use of
thermal and gas/fuel storage. (Least-cost
solution)
No electricity storage
… except from batteries in cars…

41. Publication
Smart Energy Europe
www.EnergyPLAN.eu/SmartEnergyEuro
pe
Report Online
Paper Published

42. 10 Steps to Smart Energy Europe
Maximise Wind in
All Scenarios

43. More information:
http://energy.plan.aau.dk/book.php
www.EnergyPLAN.eu
www.4DH.dk
www.energyplan.eu/smartenergysystems/
www.henriklund.eu
www.heatroadmap.eu
www.energyplan.eu/SmartEnergyEurope