1. VERNACULAR
ARCHITECTURE
GUJARATH
ARCHITECTURE
BHAVANA CHUNDURU
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GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF
GUJARATH:
•Gujarat lies on the western region of India.
•Gujarat is Geographically Divided into four
regions.
1. Kutch, situated in the north west, is home to
the Rann of Kutch. While this region remains
arid throughout year, during rainy season, it
sees heavy downpour.
2. The hilly Saurashtra region is home to low lying
mountains, while the fertile plain lies between
the Rann of Kutch and river Damanganga.
3. Less than 10% of land area in Gujarat is
forested. The Aravalli mountains of Gujarat
cover a major part of the state, but around 8%
of land is under forest cover.
4. The Gujarat Plain
The entire eastern portion of the slate of
Gujarat is a fertile plain and is formed by the
alluvium brought down by the river Sabarmati,
Mahi, Narmada and Tapti.
CLIMATE:
Gujarat is known for its climatic
diversity.
• In Winters - 28 C to 11C
• In Summers - 45C to 35C
• In Rainy seasons the state will
be flooded -100MM to 165MM
GEOGRAPHY
CLIMATE
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LAND OF EARTH QUAKES :
• Divided into three zones:
1. Kutch region - zone V - magnitude 8
2. Areas of North Saurashtra and areas
bordering Eastern part of Kutch - zone IV
– magnitude 7
3. Rest of Gujarat - zone III – magnitude 6
CYCLONE:
• Gujarat falls in the region of tropical
cyclone.
• Two cyclonic storm seasons -
May to June ,
September to November
• Over 120 cyclones originating in the
Arabian sea had passed through Gujarat
over a period of 100 years.
FLOODS:
• The Northern part of the State is mostly
arid and semi-arid, the Southern part is
humid to sub-humid.
• All major rivers in the State pass through
a wide stretch of the very flat terrain .
These flat lowlands are prone to flooding.
• Cities like Ahmedabad, Surat and Bharuch
are located on the flat plains of large
rivers.
NATURAL
CALAMITIES
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INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION:
•The Harappan sites, Dholavira located at Khadir island of Kutch and Lothal and
Surkotda at Dholka Taluka .
• The Indus dichotomy divided the city into a citadel built on
3 m high platforms and a lower town subdivided into two
sectors- commercial center and residential sector .
ARCHITECTURE
• Construction with locally available materials like
mud, bamboo, cane leaves, of late bricks, stone
etc.
• To sustain earth quakes they moved to cylindrical
plans for commercial and residential purposes.
• They used ramps constructed with stones for levels.
RUINS OF A HOUSE IN
LOTHALSTEP WELLS:
•Step wells 'cylindrical brick lined wells' were
integral to the semi-arid regions of Gujarat, as
they provided water for drinking, washing,
bathing and sacred rituals.
•The distance between the entrance and the well
is normally larger. So, various storeys are built to
cover that distance. There are supporting pillars
and recesses with fine carving on them to give them
artistic look.
• Adalaj- ni – Vav is one of the best step wells in
Gujarat.
RUINS OF
STEP WELL
ARCHITECTURE
IN
INDUS VALLEY
4. VERNACULAR
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KUTCH:
The Kutch region can be divided into three parts.
The largest of the three is the Rann in the north
extending towards the southeast. Of this the larger
northern section is known as the Rann of Kutch and
the south eastern part is known as Little Rann.
The northern area of Kutch is mainly saline desert
( great ran).
SETTLEMENT PATTERN:
• Two distinct architectural typologies are evolved
due to different climatic, social and economical
conditions .
• The settlements in northern desert of banni are
a with hot and dry climate are resided by the
nomadic and semi nomadic pastoral communities
with a beautiful circular mud and thatch houses.
• All houses of the village are row houses on both
sides of the street. Kurki houses
Bhonga houses
Y - SETTLEMENT
PATTERN
RURAL
ARCHITECTURE
IN KUTCH
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BHONGA ARCHITECTURE:
• A horizontal clay platform about 50 cm
high, delimits the dwelling unit.
• Avoid rainfall inside the house.
• Kind of threshold, making boundaries
physically.
PLANNING:
•The building do not share common walls with
adjacent building with a typical distance of
3.0 M.
• Bhonga is circular in plan, with cylindrical
shaped walls and topped with conical roof.
The inner diameter of the Bhonga is
typically between 3m to 6m. A Bhonga
generally has only three openings one door
and two small windows.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS:
FOUNDATION AND BOUNDARY WALLS:
• The components required
a) Clayey soil and rice husk for earth blocks.
b) Cement mortar used for (foundations).
c) Earth sourced from BANNI, cow dung
and local earth for plaster.
d)Earth and rubble stones for filling the
platform -otla – courtyard
PLAN
ELEVATION
SECTION
BHONGA
ARCHITECTURE
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WALLS:
• It consists of mud wall, split
grass, earth, cane.
• Interior cool when the
temperature rises to 40 degrees
Celsius in summer and warm when it
drops to 10 degrees in the winter.
ROOF:
The roof is thatched, made of wheat or
maize straws.
The conical roof of a Bhonga is supported at
its crest by a vertical central wooden post,
which
rests on a wooden joist. The base of the roof
and the wooden joist are generally directly
supported on Bhonga walls.
MUD
MASONRY
WATER
FLAT MUD
BRICKS
CLAY
PLASTERING
MUD
BRICKS
IN SITU
MUD
REINFORCED
WALL
SIKKI
LEAVES
BAMBOO HUSK
BHONGA
ARCHITECTURE
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EVOLUTION:
TYPICALBHONGA
HOUSE
GATEHERING
AREA
MANGALORE TILES
RECTANGULAR IN
PLAN
MODERN BHONGA
HOUSE
ART AND ELEMENTS: PUCCA HOUSE:
• The local convex circular
clay plates called tavdi .
Cladding on the external
wall for insulation.
Small holes are made in
plates for ventilation and
arranged in different designs and
patterns.
• The conical roof and ceiling of houses is
covered for insulation by clay bowls
locally called as vatkas. These 15 cm
diameter bowls are fixed in invert
position on surface forming a pattern
in itself. The surface is textured by
terracota .
JALIS
CLIMATIC
ELEMENT
EVOLUTION OF DOORS
EVOLUTION OF WINDOWS
INTERIORS EXTERIOR
ROOFCEILING
The traditional colors which are bright, Earthy
and composite. Many features like doors and
windows, colours, textures and carvings on lintels
distinguish a particular house and group.
DEVELOPMENT
ART AND
ELEMENTS
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Pol houses
Khadki Settlement patterns:
In the urban landscape of India, one of the most visually appealing spaces
is the walled city of Ahmedabad, known for its intricately carved wooden
architecture and the neighbourhood settlements of pols.
•The word pol is derived from the Sanskrit word pratoli meaning entrance to an
enclosed area.
• Pols are enclosed residential clusters entered by gates, which used to be shut
at nights.
• The essence of a pol is a network of small streets, side lanes, shrines and
open community spaces with a chabutaro, a birdhouse raised on a pole to feed
birds in the neighbourhood.
• Pols were originally made as a protection measure when communal riots
necessitated greater security.
• The residents of each neighborhood tended to belong to not only the same
religion, but also the same caste or occupation group.
POL HOUSES
URBAN
ARCHITECTURE
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PLANNING:
Planning of pols conforms to a general character in their organisation and
articulation
•Narrow frontage
representing composite
•Wooden facade
• Bonding-timber
construction
• An empirically
evolved
labyrinths
pathway like a
maze
•Sharing of
common walls
on longer
sides
•Defined spatial
components
•Densely
articulated
within confined
settlement
pattern
PLANNING
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Characteristics of pol houses:
• The street façade is heavily treated with wooden structural and
decorative elements, including carved Plan of a chowk, Khadkee ,oatla
columns, brackets, window shutters and Pol house balconies.
• The OATLA
– Entrance platform
– generally a plinth with a row of columns
- religious place for hindus.
• PANIYARA
– For storing
water & grains
•CHABUTARO or CHABUTRO
– Bird feeder "a stone or
wooden tower with artistic
canopy over it constructed
to feed birds”
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS:
STONES MUD AND COW DUNG
FOUNDATIONS
STONE WALL
BONDED WITH
CLAY
WOODEN BEAMS
AND COLUMNS
FEATURES
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• The PARASAL
– the verandah space around
the court; most utilized spaces
in the house.
• DHUMADIYU
– chimney
• CHULHA
- Fireplace
•BAITHAK
– the formal reception space
– used for visitors.
• ORADA
– Central Hall
• CHOWK
– the Courtyard
is the primary
element of the
house.
•SLOPING
– sheds away the monsoon rains and provides loft space below for storage
• DIWANKHANA
– the large hall where guests were received.
FEATURES
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Three walls are common, so reduces surface area exposed to the sun.
Only shorter façade is open for light & Ventilation .
Chowk acts as vent shaft – which sucks the hot air from the house, providing
thermal .
The balcony and projections act to the open space as a buffer protecting inner
for light & spaces from direct sunlight &ventilation. hot winds.
Cool air flowed through the front window into the house, taking the warm
air up and out through the chowk. This cooled the entire house.
• Wood and stone used as materials for construction – helps in maintaing
the comfort level inside the house.
CLIMATIC CONSIDERATION IN THE HOUSE FORM:
CLIMATIC CONSIDERATION:
• Use of jaali provides protection from
hot winds.
CLIMATIC
FEATURES
13. VERNACULAR
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GUJARATH
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HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF HAVELIS
•Courtyards are a common feature of houses in south asia,
whether they are mansions or farm house. The traditional
courtyard homes of South Asia were influenced by the
ancient principles of VASTU SHASTRA which state that
all spaces emerge from a single point that is the center of
the house.
•The earliest archaeological evidence of courtyard homes
in the region dates back to 3300 BCE. Traditional homes
in South Asia are built around a courtyard, and all family
activities revolved around this chowk or courtyard.
Additionally, the courtyard serves as a lightwell and helps
ventilate the house in the hot and dry climates of the region.
•During the medieval period, the term Haveli was first
applied in Rajputana by the Vaishnava sect to refer to
their temples in Gujarat under the Mughal empire and
rajputana kingdoms
•The generic term haveli eventually came to be identified
with townhouses and mansions of the merchant class.
Materials :
Bricks, sandstone, marble, wood, plaster and granite
are commonly used materials. Decorative aspects are
influenced by various local culture and traditions.
havelis
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•SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECTS: The chowk or courtyard
served as the centre for various ceremonies and rituals.
The sacred tulsi plant was placed here and worshipped daily
to bring prosperity to the house.
•DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES AT DIFFERENT TIMES: The
use of the court in the day time, mostly by women to
carry out their work, interact with other women in
private open space.
Mansions of merchant class had more than one courtyard.
It acted as a perfect shading technique, while also
allowing light inside.
The arcade along the court, or the high wall around it, kept
the interiors cool.
• ARTICULATION OF SPACE: In Mor chowk, City
Palace, Udaipur, there is the concept of courtyard as
a dancing hall. Similarly, in havelis, a courtyard has
several functions, commonly used for weddings and
festive occasions.
FEATURES
•SECURITY AND PRIVACY: The chowk, at times, separated
areas for men and women, and provided them with privacy.
•CLIMATE: Treating open space in building design to
respond to the local climate. Air movement caused by
temperature differences is utilized in the natural
ventilation of building.
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•.
• Havelis of India and Pakistan were influenced by Rajasthani architecture.
They usually contain a courtyard often with a fountain in the centre
•The old cities of Agra, Lucknowand Delhi in India
and Lahore, Multan, Peshawar,Hyderabad in Pakistan
have many fine examples of Rajasthani-style havelis.
•Havelis in Nepal were built in the Newari architecture,.
•Houses in old markets and bazaars in
the Kathmandu, Kritipur, Bhakthapur and Patan are built
in this style
History of Lallubhai Haveli, Bharuch
•Lallubhai Haveli in Bharuch is one of the very old forts and
monuments not only in Bharuch but in whole of Gujarat state.
•Its foundation dates back to around 1791 AD.
•It was constructed by Lallubhai who was an ex-Divan of the
former Nawab of Broach.
Description of Lallubhai Haveli, Bharuch
•On visiting this haveli you will come across a tiny bungli or room
that is located on the second floor. It is said that in this room
Lallubhai used to conduct his court meet.
•It has underground passages which were the common feature
of most of the traditional structures.
•The façade of this one storied building is graced with rich
wood carvings.
•The arrangements for positioning matchlock guns defines the
spatial arrangements in the haveli.
Lallubhai
Haveli
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.
AKSHARDHAM TEMPLE ,GANDHINAGAR
Built in : During 1979 -1992
Built by : Pramukh Swami Maharaj
Dedicated to : Swaminarayan
Attraction : One of the largest temple complexes in Gujarat
Highlights : Intricate architecture & various exhibitions
•Akshardham Temple is an architectural phenomenon that is
recounting the cultural heritage of India.
•Designed on the lines of Sthapatya Shashtra, This is a paradigm of silence and
peace.
•Akshardham presents a perfect blend of devotion, art, architecture, education,
exhibitions and research at one venue.
•In the temple complex, 'Sahajanand', 'Sat-Chit-Anand' and 'Nityanand' are
three permanent exhibition halls that are made to enlighten the visitor on
spiritual matters.
Architecture :
•After employing continuous labor for 13 years, the colossal structure
took its complete form.
•The colonnade to this shrine is approximately 1,751 feet in its length.
•The massive structure extends to 108 feet in height, 240 feet in length
and 131 feet in width that was imported from Rajasthan.
•The intricate carvings boast of the skilled artisans of Bansipahadpur.
• No steel or iron has been used in the construction of temple to ensure
the maximum life of the monumen.
•The sanctum sanctorum embraces the seven feet tall, gilded image of
Lord Swaminarayan.
• Hari Mandapam, Prasadi Mandapam and Vibhuti Mandapam , these
floors embrace various sections, where people are engaged in the
selfless service to the Lord.
AKSHARDHAM
TEMPLE
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Adalaj Vav:
•Adalaj Vav in Adalaj is one of the popular excursion spots in
Ahmedabad in Gujarat.
•This architectural wonder is one of the best monuments of Gujarat.
•Step wells were usually used by the travelers and caravans as halt
point along their trade routes.
•The step wells provided water and the cool interiors of the step
wells provided relief to its visitors from the parching rays of the
sun during summer season.
History of Adalaj Vav:
•Adalaj Adalaj's Adalaj Vav is a step well which was constructed
by Queen Rudabai. The Vav or the step-well in Adalaj gets its
name from the lady patron, Ruda, who was the wife of the
Vaghela chief, Virsinh.
• Adalaj Vav has an inscription written in Sanskrit, which depicts
the entire history to its visitors with accurate dates.
ARCHITECTURE of Adalaj Vav,Adalaj:
•Adalaj Vav in Adalaj is a seven-storied structure in the shape of a
well. It features a number of chambers.
•The stepwell at Adalaj Vav is marvel in water architecture.
•The length of the step well is 75.3 meters.
•This has three entrance stairs which leads the visitors to the
stepped corridor.
•The platform of the Adalaj Vav stands on 16 richly carved pillars.
•These pillars flaunt leaves and flowers, birds, fishes
and friezes of ornamental designs.
•The five storied Octagonal shaft wonderful sculptures
of a king seated on a stool beneath a parasol with two
bearer gods, goddesses, dancing maidens, musicians,
birds, animal, leaves one enthralled.
STEP WELL
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VERNACULAR
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GUJARAT
ARCHITECTURE
HAVELIS OF
BOHRA MUSLIMS
• Founded by the Solanki ruler
Siddhraj Jaisinh in the 10th
century on the banks of river
Saraswati, Siddhpur is essentially
a holy place for Hindus.
• It was only in the 19th century
that the Dawoodi Bohras, an
affluent Muslim trading
community, fanned out and settled
in Siddhpur.
The Bohra settlements of Siddhpur display a distinctive
architectural patois and global character born out of the confluence
and influence of various architectural styles worldwide.
• Borrowed from the European
architectural styles while building
their own houses.
• For the Bohras, religion is a way of
life that also provides a civic code,
influencing social behaviour and
interactions.
• In contrast to Islamic philosophy,
there is exterior display and frontal
exposure as the facades are rich in
variety and aesthetic expression.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
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•Besides the houses, a large Bohrwad generally contains a mosque, a
Madressa, a Jamat Khana, and other buildings for collective functions. In the
Bohrwads, the neighbourhood mosque is the most important institution as the
central public space for religious rituals.
•The Bohrwad streets stand apart because of a sense of order, extreme
cleanliness, well-designed drainage system and the element of visual surprise.
• The meandering passageway with a pedestrian sense of scale creates a
series of vistas as one walks down the street.
BOHRA
STREETS
SETTLEMENTS
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ARCHITECTURE
PLANNING in
BOHRA HAVELI
There are two broad categories of Bohrwads: one has an organic
layout while the other is strictly geometrically laid out. The structure
of a typical organic Bohrwad is inwardly oriented, where the houses
are arranged in an introverted neighbourhood form.
The spatial hierarchy in the typical Bohra house has a sequence of
otla (entrance platform), deli (arrival space), avas (courtyard), parsalli
and the ordo (room). The upper floors mainly house the bedrooms and
the agashi (terrace).
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ARCHITECTURE
A traditional Bohra house, seen in its cultural and spatial context,
creates a sense of place in a distinct domestic setting.
• The Bohrwad is made up of three to four storeyed-high houses
arranged in a high-density layout.
•They also have an internal courtyard, about 4 square feet in size, like
traditional Indian houses.
•Gender is important as an organizing theme in dwelling layouts and use
of spaces.
•The kitchen is common to all and it becomes central to the family.
BOHRA
HOUSES
A lot of variation was perceived in the types of
zarookhas (floor projections) that were
incorporated as a part of the design of facades in
various Bohra housing in Gujarat.
•One hardly sees any person standing in the
external zarookha or the balcony and interacting
because the Bohra life-style emphasizes privacy,
formality and internalization.
•This bay window has iron screens on the outside.
Spacious and well-lit.
• Intricate iron railings adorn the entrance to
these houses which are raised above the ground
by a 4-5 feet.
Since both the Hindu and Bohra house types are based on a common
regional house form, there are more similarities than differences, where
the differences generally occur through subtle interventions due to the
required change in the cultural use of domestic space.
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GUJARAT
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• Most Bohrwads have a formal entrance where gates used to be closed at
night in the past. The houses in a Bohrwad are typically grouped around a
street and these form a mohalla, several mohallas form a Bohrwad. Each
mohalla is an exogamous unit and may have fifty to a hundred houses.
• The facades enhance the totality of the physical ambience of the built
environment.
• The eclectic facades of the houses are characterised by Victorian gable
pediments, ornate pilasters and columns, Baroque-style cornices, friezes,
arches and hoods richly carved in wood and plaster.
•The surface of the facade is visually broken by ornamented columns,
brackets and mouldings, at times bringing multi-coloured cohesion to the
streets. FACADES OF BOHR
HAVELIS•The Bohras have adopted the regional
tradition of Gujarat of making facades with
intricate details in wood.
•They create a sense of enclosure and a play of
light and shadows by using of solids and voids .
Through the display of several textures and
patterns, they express balance and harmony
within a predominantly symmetrical
composition.
•There is a lot of aesthetic attention paid to
the making of the windows, entrance doors,
columns, brackets, grills and other elements.
•In the embellishments they use only non-
figural and abstract geometrical patterns as
per the Islamic tradition, which rejects
animate objects in carving.
