4 realtime wether station for monitoring and control of agricultre

Real Time Weather Station for Monitoring & Control of Agriculture
Dept. of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, PLITMS 1
REAL TIME WEATHER STATION FOR MONITORING AND CONTROL
OF AGRICULTURE
B.E Project
By
Mr. Shrikishor V. Jadhav Ms. Payal O. Panpaliya
Mr. Manoj M. Dhandar Mr. Bhushan M. Deore
Mr.Amit S. Aware Mr. Viral P. Sawle
Under the guidance
Prof. P. B. Shelke
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering,
Pankaj Laddhad Institute of Technology & Management Studies,
Buldana-443001, (M.S), India.
Session 2013-2014Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The main scope of this project is to make the mankind available the accurate
weather conditions at a glance on the webpage which will be beneficial for evaluating the
plans for tour even though the person is not available there and the person can make the
accurate plans without any convenience in future if he goes to that place. Also the
Tourism, health ministry, Air-force, Navy, Agricultural sector and Industrial sector can
make use of this module.
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
Every year, we experience a problem to predict the accurate weather conditions of
the area we wish to. Strong typhoons with heavy rains and flooding during the monsoon
season, air quality in the industrial area and of surroundings, atmospheric conditions for
the agricultural sector affect our day to day life and quality of production. Any error in
order to evaluate this weather updates will lead to severe loss. In order to prevent or
minimize damage caused by this natural phenomenon, obtaining timely and accurate data
is key to disaster prevention and mitigation.
To prepare for such calamities and to give exact weather condition of the local
area, the project will deploy the network for Real Time Weather Station for Monitoring &
Control of Agricultures (OWS) in different strategic locations across the country to
complement weather forecasting system.
1.3 RESEARCH METHODS
The Real Time Weather Station for Monitoring & Control of Agricultures are
monitoring stations equipped with different sensors capable of measuring the following
weather parameters:
 Air temperature
 Air humidity
 CO2 level
 Light intensity

To gather and record the amount of above discussed weather parameters at a
continuous rate,we have used the hardware circuitry of dspic processor and Ethernet
controller IC ENC28J60 and a display module in form of webpage. The microcontroller
takes the samples of the reading from every sensors output one at a time and gives that
collected data to the weather report web-page.The microcontroller makes a connection to
internet through the Ethernet controller chip and connects to the webpage and gives the
data from microcontroller to print it on the webpage.
Just the remote maintenance and diagnostic of components and systems by Web
browsers via the Internet, or a local Intranet has a very high weight for many development
projects. In numerous development departments people work on completely Web based
configurations and services for embedded systems. The remaining days of the classic user
interface made by a small LC-display with front panel and a few function keys are over.
Through future evolutions in the field of the mobile Internet, Bluetooth-based PANs
(Personal Area Network's) and the rapidly growing M2M communication
(M2M=Machine-to-Machine) a further innovating advance is to be expected.
The central function unit to get access on an embedded system via Web browser is
the Web server. Such Web servers bring the desired HTML pages (HTML=Hyper Text
Markup Language) and pictures over the worldwide Internet or a local network to the
Web browser.
1.4 ORGANIZATION OF PROJECT REPORT

Chapter 1:Includes the introduction of the project, its scope and research methods.
Chapter 2:Includes the introduction to Real time weather station for monitoring and
control of agriculture and its basic concepts.
Chapter 3:Includes the survey which has been undergone for designing of the project.
Also what all protocols OSI, TCP/IP,Ethernet overview (in terms of Protocols,frame
format,frame transmission using CSMA-CD technique & CRC code) can be utilized to
implement this project has been included in literature review.
Chapter 4& 5:Includes the problem statement for designing of this project and the
proposed system as solution to the problem.
Chapter 6:Includes the analysis and design of the project.
Chapter 7:Includes the hardware description of each & every component with its
specifications & characteristics and the programming languages like Ajax,HTML,CSS
used in this project to design webpage.Working of the hardware designed model is also
included in working and also the snapshots of implementation which includes coding for
design of webpage.
Chapter 8:Includes the Result and the related discussion of this project.
Chapter 9:Includes the conclusion,advantages & limitations of the project model.
Chapter 10:Includes various application areas where our proposed system can be used &
the future scope of the proposed system.
Chapter 11:Includes the Documentation which can be used as an help manual for the new
user who intends to use this project.
Chapter 2

INTRODUCTION TO REAL TIME WEATHER STATION
FOR MONITORING & CONTROL OF AGRICULTURE
2.1INTRODUCTION
In present scenario, weather conditions are drastically changing from time to time,
place to place in a much unexpected manner. Various technologies so far are available
which gives us the information about weather, which is generally given with updates of
3hr, 6hr, and 12hr and so on. And also which is not applicable for a specific place in
physical area surrounding to that location instead it is common for the geographic area
surrounding to that place, which is the main disadvantage of these previously developed
techniques.
Here we are eager to present - “Real Time weather station for Monitoring &
control of Agriculture”, which gives us real time updates on the webpage of a specific
agricultural field, which gives us the information about real time changes in surrounding
area in a continuous manner. The continuous monitoring of weather is essential in
agricultural sector as the crop end products are totally dependent on atmospheric
parameters.
For collecting the weather information we used 4 sensors viz. temperature,
humidity, CO2 and light intensity, which collects the real time information about these
parameters present in weather. Then the outputs of these sensors are given as input to the
dspic controller and it is displayed on webpage through the Ethernet protocol using
Ethernet controller chip. DSPIC processor, Ethernet IC ENC2860 to support serial
peripheral interface(SPI).The microcontroller makes a connection to Ajax file through the
LAN using Ethernet protocol. Ajax connects to the webpage and gives the data from
microcontroller to print it on the webpage.
Ethernet has traditionally been a quite complex interface. A small chip with 28
pins only and has a SPI interface, which is easy to use from any micro controller. This
opens a whole world of completely new applications. You can easily build small devices,
which can be spread all over the house and simply connected to Ethernet. You don't need
any more a separate serial connection or other bus. Everything can be easily connected

via Ethernet. Distance is no longer a limiting factor. Even WIFI connectivity is possible
because you can connect the devices to a wireless bridge.
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the
standardized Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). The Internet carries a vast array of
information resources and services, most notably the inter-linked hypertext documents of
the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail.
2.2BASIC CONCEPTS
2.2.1 AGRICULTURAL OWS
Agriculture sensor node developed to be deployed in Agricultural OWS and to
sense the environment of the agricultural field. The module consists of 16 bit DSPIC
processor, IEEE 802.3 compatible transceiver, and sensors(ambient light sensor,
temperature and humidity sensor), in one PCB to reduce possibilities of defects. The
network protocols of OWS are customized for this project to a light-weight CSMA based
MAC and a TCP/IP protocol. After setting up the network topology,it startsrunning its
application software. The application software begins its active period by turning on its
sensors and sensing the environment of the agricultural field. The application software
reads temperature, humidity, and luminance of a greenhouse from sensors and reports the
result to the webpage via Ethernet. It receives the data in the form of packets.
2.2.2SUBSYSTEMS
To control the physical parameters, we have added a device control unit in this
project .The control section also provided on the same webpage. Accordingly if the
temperature goes beyond a safe margin, the relay and relay driver unit driven by webpage
can be used to switch the temperature back to normal position. The pump set,shed can
also be controlled as a device by using this system.
Chapter 3

LITERATURE SURVEY
3.1RELATED WORK
In recent years, the desire to connect all electroniccomputing devices together has
increased. Although theycan be connected through wired lines, it is moreconvenient and
effective to use wireless links when weconsider the large number of pervasive devices in
theenvironment. In the coming years, it is expected that theWireless Sensor
Network(WSN) will be used commonlyin applications in consumer electronics, PC
peripherals,home automation, home security, personal healthcare,toys and games,
industrial control and monitoring, assetand inventory tracking, intelligent agriculture, and
so on. Most of developments and experimentaldeployments of WSN are inclined to be
achieved forcitizen in towns. However, there’re some researches toshare the technology
with people in a farming village reported the result of deployment in a
vineyard.Considering placing the sensor nodes with fairly highprecision, the researchers
used a planned network ratherthan a network with ad-hoc routing. For reliability,
theyprovided route diversity and multiple transmissions. Theauthors demonstrated some
of the value that a wirelesssensor network might deliver to an agricultural setting.
Inaddition to demonstrating the total cost of ownership of a wireless network is lower
than a wired network, presented Agro project that concentrated onmonitoring micro-
climates in a crop field. The pilotproject concerned the protection of a potato crop against
a fungal disease that can spread easilyamong plants and destroy a complete harvest within
alarge region. The authors described a precisionagriculture architecture based on WSN.
They deployed alarge-scale sensor network (about 100 nodes) andacquired valuable
experiences. These papers are veryuseful references for WSN applications in the
intelligentagriculture field. However, they have a little bit weakpoints. They can gather
the environmental information,but they are weak to control the environment of the field.
3.2 CONCLUSION
In this paper, we report the results of real-deployment of A2S which is designed
and implemented to realizeautomated agriculture. From the sensor node hardware to the
management system, the whole system architecture is explained. For low power
consumption, we propose the order-based sleep scheme. Especially, the experiences and
lessons which we acquired from the real deployment are discussed.On the future work,

we are studying on more stablelow power scheduling communication scheme and
developing more miniaturized agricultural sensor node.
3.3 BASIC CONCEPTS OF PROTOCOLS USED
3.3.1 OSI OVERVIEW
The seven Layer of OSI model are:
Fig 3.1: OSI Model
The functions of the seven layers of the OSI model are:
Application Layer
The Application layer is responsible for providing end-user services, such as file
transform, electronic messaging, e-mail, virtual terminal access, and network
management. This is the Layer with which user interact.
Presentation Layer

The Presentation layer is responsible for defining the syntax, which two network
host use to communicate. Encryption and compression should be presentation Layer
function.
SessionLayer
The Session Layer is responsible for establishing process-to-process
communication between network hosts.
Transport Layer
The Transport Layer is responsible for delivering messages between two hosts.
The transport Layer should be responsible for fragmentation and reassembly.
Network Layer
The Network Layer is responsible establishing for data transfer through the
network. Router operates in the network Layer.
Data Link Layer
The Data Link Layer is responsible for communication between adjacent network
nodes. Hubs and switches operate at data link Layer.
Physical Layer
The Physical Layer is responsible for bit-level transmission between network
nodes. Physical Layer defines items such as: connector types, cable types, voltage and
pin-out.
3.3.2 TCP/IP OVERVIEW
TCP/IP has a network model. The TCP/IP model is not same as OSI model. OSI is a
seven-layered standard, but TCP/IP is a four layered standard. The OSImodel has been
very influential in the growth and development of TCP/IP standard, and that is why much
OSI terminology is applied to TCP/IP. The following figure compares the TCP/IP and
OSI network models.

Fig 3.2: Comparison between sevenlayer OSI and four layer TCP/IP Models
As we can see from the above figure, presentation and session layers are not there
in TCP/IP model. Also note that the Network Access Layer in TCP/IP model combines
the functions of Data link Layer and Physical Layer.
1.APPLICATION LAYER
Layer 4: Application layer is the top most layer of four layer TCP/IP model. Application
layer is present on the top of the Transport layer Application layer defines TCP/IP
application protocols and how host programs interface with Transport layer services to
use the network. Application layer includes all the higher-level protocols like DNS
(Domain Naming System), HTTP (HypertextTransfer Protocol), Telnet, SSH, FTP (File
Transfer Protocol), TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol), SNMP (Simple Network
Management Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail TransferProtocol) , DHCP (Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol), X Windows, RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) etc.
2.TRANSPORT LAYER
Layer 3:Transport layer is the third layer of the four layer TCP/IP model. The position of
the Transport layer is between Application layer and Internet layer. The purpose
of Transport layer is to permit devices on the source and destination hosts to carry on a
conversation. Transport layer defines the level of service and status of the connection

used when transporting data. The main protocols included at Transport layer are TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User DatagramProtocol).
3.INTERNET LAYER
Layer 2: Internet layer is the second layer of the four layer TCP/IP model. The position
of Internet layer is between Network Access Layer and Transport layer. Internet
layer pack data into data packets known as IP datagrams, which contain source and
destination address (logical address or IP address) information that is used to forward the
datagrams between hosts and across networks. The Internet layer is also responsible for
routing of IP datagrams. Packet switching network depends upon a connectionless
internetwork layer. This layer is known as Internet layer. Its job is to allow hosts to insert
packets into any network and have them to deliver independently to the destination. At
the destination side data packets may appear in a different order than they were sent. It is
the job of the higher layers to rearrange them in order to deliver them to proper network
applications operating at the Application layer. The main protocols included
at Internetlayer are IP (Internet Protocol), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol),
ARP(AddressResolution Protocol),RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) and
IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol).
4.NETWORK ACCESS LAYER
Layer 1:Network Access Layer is the first layer of the four layer TCP/IP model. Network
AccessLayer defines details of how data is physically sent through the network, including
how bits are electrically or optically signaled by hardware devices that interface directly
with a network medium, such as coaxial cable, optical fiber, or twisted pair copper wire.
The protocols included in Network Access Layer are Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, X.25,
Frame Relay etc. The most popular LAN architecture among those listed above
is Ethernet. Ethernet uses an AccessMethod called CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple
Access/Collision Detection) to access the media, when Ethernet operates in a shared
media. An Access Method determines how a host will place data on the medium.
IN CSMA/CD Access Method, every host has equal access to the medium and can place
data on the wire when the wire is free from network traffic. When a host wants to place
data on the wire, it will check the wire to find whether another host is already using the
medium. If there is traffic already in the medium, the host will wait and if there is no

traffic, it will place the data in the medium. But, if two systems place data on the medium
at the same instance, they will collide with each other, destroying the data. If the data is
destroyed during transmission, the data will need to be retransmitted. After collision, each
host will wait for a small interval of time and again the data will be retransmitted.
3.3.3 ETHERNET OVERVIEW
1) Ethernet
There are several LAN technologies in use today, but Ethernet is by far the most
popular. Ethernet is a type of network cabling and signaling specifications (OSI Model
layers 1 [physical] and 2 [data link]) originally developed by Xerox in the late 1970.
The Ethernet system consists of three basic elements:
1. The physical medium used to carry Ethernet signals between computers.
2. A set of medium access control rules embedded in each Ethernet interface that
allow multiple computers to fairly arbitrate access to the shared Ethernet
channel.
3. An Ethernet frame that consists of a standardized set of bits used to carry data
over the system.
Fig 3.3: Relation To LAN Model
2)LAN and Ethernet (MAC)
The primary limitation while implementing these applications was the amount of
information that could be stored or processed by a stand-alone machine. Hence came the
concept of connecting a number of machines together. A Computer Network is a group of
interconnected computers, which have both physical (through cable) and logical (through
network address) relation. The requirement of a handy network for small areas gave rise
to LAN (Local Area Network).

Functions of a LAN:
 To share and exchange the data between systems (Two or more computing
machines).
 To share expensive resources.
Characteristics of LAN:
 Data are transmitted in addressed frames.
 There is no intermediate switching hence no routing.
2.1 The LAN has the following sub-layers at the lowest level:
1. Logical Link Control
2. Medium Access Control
3. Physical Layer
Logical Link Control layer is the highest layer of the LAN. It is used above all of
the MAC standards specified by IEEE 802. Ethernet is the most popular MAC standard.
MAC standards allow all computers participating in a network to communicate with
each other in fair and orderly manner.
IEEE 802.3 Standards CSMA/CD MAC protocol: It also defines a variety of
physical layer, transmission medium and data rate options.
MAC layer has to perform three primary functions:
1. On transmission, assemble data into a frame with address and error detection
fields.
2. On reception, disassemble the frame and perform address recognition and
error detection.
3. Manage communications over the link.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Fig 3.4: Block Diagram of MAC Transmitter
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
LLC: [Logical Link Control]
LLC is the upper sub-layer of the Data Link Layer. It is a logical entity, which acts as a
control block for MAC. This block generates and interprets commands to control the flow
of data including recovery operations, when transmission error is detected.
1. Whenever the data is to be transmitted LLC controls the DMA operations, which in
turn writes the data in a transmitter buffer.
2. Once the Buffer is filled, it sends the “start transmission” signal to MAC.
3. When MAC is busy with transmission it reads status and error signals from MAC.
4. Whenever the “receive OK” signal from MAC is sensed it invokes DMA to read the
data from receiver buffer.
DATA AND
CONTROLSIGNALS
BUFFERS
CD
CS
TXDV
RXDV
MAC
RECEIVER
TRANSMITTER
PLS
D_IN
D_OUT
RX Buffer
D_RX
RXAD
TXAD
TX Buffer
D_TX
LLC
CONTROL/ STATUS SIGNALS

MAC: [Media Access Control]
MAC is the lower sub-layer of the Data Link Layer. MAC is further divided as
MAC Transmitter and MAC Receiver
MAC Transmitter has following functions
1. Encapsulates the frame on receiving “start transmission” signal from LLC.
2. Generates Frame Check Sequence.
3. Manages the channel and provides the status signals to the LLC.
MAC Receiver has following functions
1. On detecting “receive valid” signal, it checks whether the packet is for itself or not. If
not then it discards the packet.
2. If the packet is for itself then does error detection.
3. De-encapsulates the frame.
PLS: [Physical Signaling]
Performs the following functions:
1. Encodes and serializes the 4 bit data passed by the MAC for Transmission, and
converts the serial bit stream received on the medium into 4 bit parallel data for the
MAC Receiver.
2. Monitors the medium and generates control / status signals.
3. During Reception, synchronizes its own clock.
Buffer:
TX Buffer:
Is an on-chip buffer that contains the Destination Address, Length and Data for the frame
to be transmitted. This buffer is written into under control of the LLC before initiating
transmission. The Source Address register is a permanent register that contains the unique
MAC address of that Network Interface Card. (Not shown in the figure)
RX Buffer:
MAC Receiver writes the received data in on-chip buffer called the RX Buffer.

3) MAC transmitter operation
Fig 3.5: Flowchart of Transmitter Operation
Transmit Frame
Assemble Frame
Deferrin
g
On ?
Start Transmission
Collision
Detect ?
Transmission
done ?
Send Jam
Increment
Attempts
Too
many
Attempts
?
Compute Back Off
Wait Back Off Time
Done : Transmit OK Done : Excessive Collision Error
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N

Description of flow-chart
(1) For Frame Transmission
a) Accepts data from LLC sub layer and constructs a frame.
b) Presents a nibble data stream to the Physical Layer for transmission on the
medium.
(2) Defers transmission of a nibble stream whenever the physical medium is busy.
(3) Appends proper FCS value to outgoing frames and verifies full octet boundary
alignment.
(4) Delays transmission of frame bit stream for specified inter-frame gap period.
(5) Halts transmission when Collision is detected.
(6) Schedules retransmission after a Collision until a specified retry limit is reached.
(7) Enforces Collision to ensure propagation throughout network by sending jam
message.
(8) Appends Preamble, Start Frame Delimiter, Destination Address, Source Address,
Length Count, FCS and Pad field (if necessary) from received frames.
4) IEEE 802.3 frame format
Fig 3.6:IEEE 802.3 frame format
Normal IEEE 802.3 compliant Ethernet frames are between 64 and 1518 bytes long.
They are made up of five or six different fields: a destination MAC address, a source
MAC address, a type/length field, data payload, an optional padding field and a Cyclic
Redundancy Check (CRC). Additionally, when transmitted on the Ethernet medium, a 7-
PREAMBLE 7 Bytes
SFD 1 Byte
DESTINATION ADDRESS 6 Bytes
SOURCE ADDRESS 6 Bytes
LENGTH 2 Bytes
DATA
PAD
FRAME CHECK SEQUENCE 4 Bytes

byte preamble field and Start-Of- Frame (SOF) delimiter byte are appended to the
beginning of the Ethernet packet.
a. PREAMBLE/START-OF-FRAME DELIMITER
When transmitting and receiving data with the ENC28J60, the preamble and
Start-Of-Frame delimiter bytes will automatically be generated or stripped from
the packets when they are transmitted or received. The host controller does not
need to concern itself with them. Normally, the host controller will also not need
to concern itself with padding and the CRC which the ENC28J60 will also be able
to automatically generate when transmitting and verify when receiving. The
padding and CRC fields will, however, be written into the receive buffer when
packets arrive, so they may be evaluated by the host controller if needed.
b. DESTINATION ADDRESS
The destination address field is a 6-byte field filled with the MAC address of the
device that the packet is directed to. If the Least Significant bit in the first byte of
the MAC address is set, the address is a Multicast destination. For example, 01-
00-00-00-F0-00 and 33-45-67-89-AB-CD are Multicast addresses, while 00-00-
00-00-F0-00 and 32-45-67-89-AB-CD are not. Packets with Multicast destination
addresses are designed to arrive and be important to a selected group of Ethernet
nodes. If the destination address field is the reserved Multicast address, FF-FF-FF-
FF-FF-FF, the packet is a Broadcast packet and it will be directed to everyone
sharing the network. If the Least Significant bit in the first byte of the MAC
address is clear, the address is a Unicast address and will be designed for usage by
only the addressed node. The ENC28J60 incorporates receive filters which can be
used to discard or accept packets with Multicast, Broadcast and/or Unicast
destination addresses. When transmitting packets, the host controller is
responsible for writing the desired destination address into the transmit buffer.
c. SOURCE ADDRESS
The source address field is a 6-byte field filled with the MAC address of the node
which created the Ethernet packet. Users of the ENC28J60 must generate a unique
MAC address for each controller used. MAC addresses consist of two portions.
The first three bytes are known as the Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI).

The last three bytes are address bytes at the discretion of the company that
purchased the OUI. When transmitting packets, the assigned source MAC address
must be written into the transmit buffer by the host controller.
d. TYPE/LENGTH
The type/length field is a 2-byte field which defines which protocol the following
packet data belongs to. Alternately, if the field is filled with the contents of
05DCh (1500) or any smaller number, the field is considered a length field and it
specifies the amount of non-padding data which follows in the data field. Users
implementing proprietary networks may choose to treat this field as a length field,
while applications implementing protocols such as the Internet Protocol (IP) or
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), should program this field with the
appropriate type defined by the protocols specification when transmitting packets.
e. DATA
The data field is a variable length field, anywhere from 0 to 1500 bytes. Larger
data packets will violate Ethernet standards and will be dropped by most Ethernet
nodes. The ENC28J60, however, is capable of transmitting and receiving larger
packets when the Huge Frame Enable bit is set.
f. PADDING
The padding field is a variable length field added to meet IEEE 802.3
specification requirements when small data payloads are used. The destination,
source, type, data and padding of an Ethernet packet must be no smaller than 60
bytes. Adding the required 4-byte CRC field, packets must be no smaller than 64
bytes. If the data field is less than 46 bytes long, a padding field is required. When
transmitting packets, the ENC28J60 automatically generates zero padding.
Otherwise, the host controller should manually add padding to the packet before
transmitting it. The ENC28J60 will not prevent the transmission of undersize
packets should the host controller command such an action. When receiving
packets, the ENC28J60 automatically rejects packets which are less than 18 bytes;
it is assumed that a packet this small does not contain even the minimum of source
and destination addresses, type information and FCS checksum required for all
packets. All packets 18 bytes and larger will be subject to the standard receive

filtering criteria and may be accepted as normal traffic. To conform with IEEE
802.3 requirements, the application itself will need to inspect all received packets
and reject those smaller than 64 bytes.
g. CRC
The CRC field is a 4-byte field which contains an industry standard 32-bit CRC
calculated with the data from the destination, source, type, data and padding
fields. When receiving packets, the ENC28J60 will check the CRC of each
incoming packet. If CRCEN is clear and the packet meets all other receive
filtering criteria, the packet will be written into the receive buffer and the host
controller will be able to determine if the CRC was valid by reading the receive
status vector. Otherwise, the host controller must generate the CRC and place it in
the transmit buffer. Given the complexity of calculating a CRC, it is highly
recommended that the PADCFG bits be configured such that the ENC28J60 will
automatically generate the CRC field.
5) Frame Assembler
Fig 3.7: Frame Assembler
6)CRC Generator
A Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) is used by transmit and receive algorithms to
generate a CRC value for the FCS field. The frame check sequence (FCS) field contains a
4-octet CRC value. This value is computed as a function of the contents of the Source
Address, Destination Address, Length, LLC data and Pad.
FRAME ASSEMBLER
DATA STRT EOF
ERR2
CLOCK
BUF_DATA BUF_ ADDR
9
8
3
2
3
CN
TL
RESET

Fig.3.8:CRC Generator
The encoding is defined by the following generating polynomial:
X 32 + X 26 + X 23 + X 22 + X 16 + X 12 + X 11 +X 10 + X 8 + X 7 + X 5 + X 4 + X 2 + X 1 + 1
Mathematically, the CRC value corresponding to a given frame is defined by the
following procedure:
1. The first 32 bits of the frame are complemented.
2. The n bits of the frame are then considered to be the coefficients of a polynomial
M(x) of degree (n-1). (The first bit of the Destination Address field corresponds to
the X(n-1) term and the last bit of data field corresponds to the X0 term.)
3. M(x) is multiplied by X32 and divided by G(x), producing a remainder R(x) of
degree < 31.
4. The coefficients of R(x) are considered to be a 32- bit sequence.
5. The bit sequence is complemented and the result is the CRC.
The 32 bits of the CRC value are placed in the FCS field so that the X31 term is
the left-most bit of the first octet, and the X0 term is the right-most bit of the last octet.
The bits of the CRC are thus transmitted from MSB to LSB.
The CRC block performs its operation on byte data. It is implemented using a 32-
bit register and xor gates. This CRC register is initialized to hex’FFFFFFFF ’ during
reset condition, that is, when STRT is de-asserted.
As long as STRT and EN_CRC are asserted, the CRC block operates on the
incoming data. The contents of the CRC register after all the data bytes have been input to
it are the CRC. This CRC is transmitted in the appropriate order as the Frame Check
CRC GENERATOR
STRT
8
32
Din
CRC_OUT
EN_CRC
CLK RESET

Sequence. At the receiver, when the FCS block has processed this CRC, a constant
residue (hex)‘C704DD7B’ is obtained if there have been no errors during transmission.
Since the frame assembler gives a byte at a time we have to find a equation for
CRC generator which can accept byte as input. To find this equation we started with the
serial CRC calculator and assuming that we shift in it D0 to D7 serially we found the
following equation:
According to 802.3 standards, we have to invert the CRC before sending and also
when we send each byte of CRC the sequence is from MSB to LSB, which is opposite to
data sequence.
7) TX-BUFFER
Fig 3.9 :TX-Buffer
DESCRIPTION
This blocks holds the data to be transmitted. It accepts data and write signal from LLC
and gives the data to MAC on receivng the read signal from MAC.This is 4-byte wide
and 377 deep buffer. Data contents of the buffer are as follows:
First location of the buffer contains higher 32-bits of the destination address.
Second location is shared by lower 16-bits of destination address and 16-bits length.
Remaining ‘n’ locations have data to be transmitted,where n = (length / 4 )
BUF_ADDR
BUFFER
9
RD
WR
32
BUF_DATA

Destination Address (47 : 16)
Destination Addr (15 : 0) Length (15 : 0)
Data
Fig 3.10:Structure of TX-Buffer
CONSTRAINTS
1. The design basically aims at 100 MBPS transmission rate. For this data rate, the PLS
uses 4B/5B encoding for the data before transmission. Thus the MAC has to provide 4
bits at a time to PLS. So the operating frequency of the MAC has to be 25 MHz.
2. The buffer access time should be maximum 280 ns.
3. All the outputs of the internal blocks are registered, so they will be stable 1.2 ns after
the clock edge.
4. Outputs viz. D_OUT, TXDV, X_BUSY, ERR1, ERR2 will be stable 3.2 ns after the
clock edge.
Address0
Address1
Address2
Address377

Chapter 4
PROBLEM STATEMENT
PROBLEM DEFINITION
Agriculture products are affected by temperature, humidity and light intensity
mainly. In agriculture field, we comes across these problems related to our area of interest
for this project. All systems employed till now gives the weather report of some
calculated duration of time which can be a cause of concern in the applications where if
exact weather updates are not available , then can lead to huge loss as in agriculture
sector. Also the controlling of this parameters was not provided by the till now existing
system.
EXPLANATION
Air temperature is important to agriculture because it influences plant growth
through photosynthesis and respiration affects soil temperature and controls available
water in the soil. Farmers used soil temperature and soil moisture to decide when to plant
,what varieties of crops to choose. Temperature affects all of the biomedical reactions of
photosynthesis.
Storage of food grains is practiced from the era of the beginning of civilization. It
is an important problem because the production of grain crops is seasonal and location
specific:however consumption of food grain is throughout the year and is not location
specific. Storage of food grains is necessary in order to ensure constant supply for the
year and also to provide to distant area.

Chapter 5
PROPOSED SYSTEM
As an solution to the above stated problem, we have employed or proposed a
system which provides
1) Real time weather data /information.
2) Anyone can get idea about weather and predict it.
3) Authentic user can also control these parameters.
Up till now to get real time data and to make it available for several user over the
internet. The best solution is to develop and web page to display this real time data. This
is why we want to develop the web page. Also there is necessity arises as we comes
across that if we can monitor the weather then can we also make control over it.
We can control this parameter for the particular system developed for particular
userwhich brings lots of application area towards us. In much more beneficial manner
such as in agriculture field we can control the water level to crops, the surrounding
temperature ranges can also be kept in required range and the acceptable light
illumination for plants can also be limited within the range.
Therefore the device such as pump set to provide water to the agriculture field, the
shade drive unit provides high illumination of light (Specially in Summer) to be
controlled and the temperature to within the safe limit then all this devices when comes
together provides superior benefits to the once agriculture land to give more and more
production of crops.
As we have provided several application sections in this report where the role of
controlling parameter changes with several others equipment’s and this necessity
requirement can also be fitted for that particular application also.

Chapter 6
SYSTEM ANALYSIS &DESIGN
6.1 ANALYSIS
Our System gives
i)Real-Time Weather information
ii)Anyone can get idea about the weather and predict it using Internet service.
iii)Authentic users can control these physical parameters according to its requirement.
To gather information about physical parameters the sensors used are:
1)Temperature Sensor : There are several types of temperature sensors amongst them we
have used LM35 precision grade temperature sensor which is small in size, has cheap cost
and can be calibrated in terms of degree Celsius.
2)Humidity Sensor: The SYH-1 is used amongst all of the humidity sensors because of
low cost and gives the humidity measurement upto 220 degree Celsius.
3)Light Intensity Sensor: To measure the light illumination we have used LDR Sensor as
it has high efficiency and less space for accommodation.
To get the idea related to weather to anyone, all one has to do is to employ the
hardware connected to the webpage through Ethernet cable using TCP/IP and MAC
protocol. And this data is represented on webpage in the continuous fashion with the files
related to designing stored in MMC card in the hardware module.
To give control to the authenticated user for controlling and viewing parameters
on webpage the password protected facility has been employed in this project on webpage
and to control weather parameters using several devices through relay driver unit.

6.2 DESIGN
To get the data from sensors we need the processor which can convert the analog
inputs received from temperature, humidity and LDR sensor to the DSPIC processor
which converts these analog inputs into digital form and then make this data pass through
the hardware module to the Ethernet IC ENC28J60 which pass the data in time
multiplexed form to the webpage through Ethernet cable.
Fig.6.1: Block diagram of the proposed system

Fig 6.2:Working Flowchart

DESCRIPTION OF FLOW CHART:
First we have to initialize the system and then we have to set up the connection
between host computer and module. The four sensors employed viz., temperature,
humidity ,LDR sensors senses the data such as the physical parameters and gives that data
to the DSPIC processor which converts this analog data to digital form and passes this
data in serial peripheral form to the Ethernet controller IC ENC28J60 using TCP/IP
Protocol and CSMA/CD form. The data is passes in form of frame which are the packets
transmitted through Ethernet cable and displayed on webpage. The data flow and the set
up connection and designing of webpage of the system is stored in MMC card in the
hardware module.

Chapter 7
IMPLEMENTATION
7.1 HARDWARE USED
7.1.1 POWER SUPPLY DESIGN
The most popular configuration used for AC to DC conversion is a full wave
rectifier circuit and is shown in fig. In this configuration, we use center tap transformer
two diodes. The PIV rating of the diode is equal to the peak value of AC supply.
Voltage Regulators
Voltage regulators are circuit that supplies a constant voltage regardless of change in load
current. Although voltage regulators can be designed using op-amps, it is quicker and
easier to use IC voltage regulators. Furthermore, IC voltage regulators are versatile and
relatively less expensive and are available with features such as a programmable output,
current or voltage boosting, internal short circuit current limiting, thermal shutdown, and
floating operation for high voltage application. IC voltage regulators are of the following
types:
 Fixed output voltage regulators: positive and/or negative output voltage.
 Adjustable output voltage regulators: positive or negative output voltage.
 Switching regulators
 Special regulators.

Fig.7.1:Adjustable voltage regulator IC LM 317
This circuit consists of full wave rectifier to give rectified AC supply which is
filtered by the capacitor in parallel and hence regulated by the IC LM317. Regulator IC
gives the regulated output at 3.5 Volts. A power supply converting AC line voltage to DC
power must perform the following functions at high efficiency and at low cost:
1. Rectification: Convert the incoming AC line voltage to DC voltage.
2. Voltage transformation: Supply the correct DC voltage level(s).
3. Filtering: Smooth the ripple of the rectified voltage.
4. Regulation: Control the output voltage level to a constant value irrespective of line,
load and temperature changes
5. Isolation: Separate electrically the output from the input voltage source.
6. Protection: Prevent damaging voltage surges from reaching the output; provide back-up
power or shutdown during a brown-out.
TRANSFORMER:
Two coils are wound over a Core such that they are magnetically coupled. The
two coils are known as the primary and secondary windings.In a Transformer, an iron
core is used. The coupling between the coils is source of making a path for the magnetic
flux to link both the coils.The transformers may be step-up, step-down, frequency
matching, soundoutput, amplifier driver etc. At the output of transformer we get a lower
magnitude AC voltage i.e. 12 Volts in our project.

Fig7.2:Transformer internal structure Fig7.3:Step down Transformer
Rectifier:
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct
current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is known
as rectification.A diode is provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input.
The essential feature of a diode is that the polarity of the output is the same regardless of
the polarity at the input.
Fig7.4: Output waveform of Full wave waveform
Filter:
As we can see from the above figure that the output waveforms contains AC as
well as DC components , therefore to remove this AC components a filter capacitor must
be used which bypasses the AC components and passes only DC components at the
output.

Fig.7.5: Shunt Capacitor Filter and its output waveform
Adjustable Voltage Regulator using LM317
As linear regulators, the LM317 and LM337 are used in DC to DC
converter applications. The LM317 is an adjustable three-terminal positive-voltage
regulator capable of supplying more than 1.5 A over an output-voltage range of 1.25 V to
37 V. It is exceptionally easy to use and requires only two external resistors to set the
output voltage. Furthermore, both line and load regulation is better than standard fixed
regulators. In addition to having higher performance than fixed regulators, this device
includes on-chip current limiting, thermal overload protection, and safe operating-area
protection. All overload protection remains fully functional, even if the ADJUST terminal
is disconnected. An optional output capacitor can be added to improve transient response.
The ADJUST terminal can be bypassed to achieve very high ripple-rejection ratios, which
are difficult to achieve with standard three-terminal regulators.
Fig7.6: front view of LM 317 Fig7.7: Calculation of output voltage
Table7.1:Specifications of LM317
Attribute Value
Vout range 1.25 V – 37 V
Vin – Vout difference 3 V – 40 V
Operation ambient temperature 0 °C – 125 °C

Output Imax 1.5 A (with proper heat sinking)
Minimum Load Current 3.5 mA typical, 12 mA maximum[2]
FEATURES of IC LM 317
• Output Voltage Range Adjustable From 1.25 V
• Thermal Overload Protectionto 37 V
• Output Safe-Area Compensation
• Output Current Greater Than 1.5 A
• Internal Short-Circuit Current Limiting
Now at the output terminal we get 3.5Volts which can be used as power supply for
the circuit as per our requirement.
7.1.2 SENSORS USED
1}LM35:Precision Centigrade Temperature Sensors
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose
output voltage is linearly proportional to theCelsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35
does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies .Rated
for full −55° to +150°C range.
2} Humidity Sensor
Humidity is a measure of moisture in the air, which is water in its gaseous state.
The quantity of water vapor in the atmosphere, usually expressed as either absolute
humidity or relative humidity. Humidity is one of the most frequently measured quantities
in different fields, such as industrial processing, agricultural, climate research,
pharmaceutical engineering, etc. A humidity sensor is a device used to measure the
humidity of air or any gas in a given area. The amount of water vapor in the atmosphere
determines humidity. Humidity in a high level RH or not enough humidity can also cause
serious complications. If the humidity stays high, mold and germs can become a risk. On
the other hand, not enough humidity causes static and sparks phenomena.
The ideal humidity sensor should have some characteristics:
(1) Suitable for wide temperature,
(2) Wide humidity range,

(3) Long-life usage,
(4) Good stability;
(5) Fast response speed,
(6) Suitable in the harsh environments.
Types:
Humiditysensor is consists of
(1) Capacitive, (2) gravimetric, (3) hygrometric, (4)optical and (5) resistive techniques.
Resistive humidity sensor
The humidity sensor begins to use a thin piece of lithium chloride or other
semiconductor devices and measuring the resistance which will be affected by water
vapour. There is some resistance changes when the material become wet. The resistive
humidity sensor can use the feature to gather the humidity information. The most
advantage of this sensor is it can work in the high temperatures up to 212 degrees
Fahrenheit. However, the disadvantage is the response time usually over ten seconds.
Fig.7.8: Humidity sensor SYH-1
Application
It is used as Humidifier & dehumidifier, Air-conditioner, Refrigerator and so on.
Some patients would have heavy feeling if the humidity is above 60 percent. Hence, the
humidity can view as an indicator to predict the breathe disease.According to scientific
data confirm the survival temperature of most germs and mold is above 10 â„ƒ. Below
this temperature, most germs and mold stop breeding. If the relative humidity is below
65%, the molds stop growing. Therefore, the humidity sensor is necessary equipment for
the museums.

3} CO2 Sensor
The key components of an IR CO2 detector are light source, measurement
chamber, interference filter, and IR detector. IR radiation is directed from the light source
through the measured gas to the detector. A filter located in front of the detector prevents
wavelengths other than that specific to the measured gas from passing through to the
detector. The light intensity is detected and converted into a gas concentration value.
Fig7.9:CO2 Sensor
The ideal gas law relates the state of a certain amount of gas to its pressure,
volume, and temperature, according to the equation:
pV=nRT
where, p=pressure [Pa]
V=volume of the gas [m3]
n=amount of gas [mol]
R=universal gas constant (= 8.3145 J/mol K)
T=temperature [K]
4} LDR:
LDR(light dependent resistors)are very useful in light/dark sensor circuits to
measure light intensity/illumination. When the light level is low the resistance of the LDR
is high. This prevents current from flowing to the base of the transistors. Consequently
the LED does not light. However, when light shines onto the LDR its resistance falls and
current flows into the base of the first transistor and then the second transistor. The preset
resistor can be turned up or down to increase or decrease resistance, in this way it can
make the circuit more or less sensitive.

Fig7.10: LDR Sensors Fig7.11: Light sensor circuit
7.1.3 DSPIC33F
1) INTRODUCTION
The DSPIC33F devices contain extensive Digital Signal Processor (DSP)
functionality with high performance 16-bit microcontroller (MCU) architecture, modified
Harvard architecture with an enhanced instruction set. The CPU has a 24-bit instruction
word with a variable length opcode field. The Program Counter(PC) is 23 bits wide and
addresses up to 4M x 24 bits of user program memory space. A single-cycle instruction
prefetch mechanism is used to help maintain throughput and provides predictable
execution. All instructions execute in a single cycle, with the exception of instructions
that change the program flow, the double-word move (MOV.D). Devices have sixteen,
16-bit working registers in the programmer’s model. Each of the working registers can
serve as a data, address or address offset register. The 16th working register (W15)
operates as a software Stack Pointer (SP) for interrupts and calls. There are two classes of
instruction which are seamlessly integrated into a single CPU. The instruction set
includes many addressing modes and is designed for optimum C compiler efficiency. For
most instructions, the device is capable of executing a data (or program data) memory
read, a working register (data) read, a data memory write and a program (instruction)
memory read per instruction cycle. As a result, three parameter instructions can be
supported, allowing A + B = C operations to be executed in a single cycle.

2) PIN DESCRIPTION
Fig7.12:Pin diagram of dsPIC33FJ64G
1.AN0-AN12: Analog input channels.
2.CLKI: External clock source input, always associated with OSC1 pin function.
3.CLKO: Oscillator crystal output connects to crystal or resonator in Crystal Oscillator
mode. Optionally functions as CLKO in RC and EC modes, always associated with OSC2
pin function.
4. OSC1: Oscillator crystal input.ST buffer when configured in RC mode;CMOS
otherwise.
5.OSC2:Oscillator crystal output. It connects to crystal or resonator in Crystal Oscillator
mode. Optionally functions as CLKO in RC and EC modes.
6.RA0-RA4 & RA7-RA10:PORTA is a bidirectional I/O port.
7.RB0-RB15: PORTB is a bidirectional I/O port.
8. RC0-RC9: PORTC is a bidirectional I/O port.
9.Master Clear (MCLR) Pin: Provides two specific devicefunctions:
• Device Reset
• Device programming and debugging
Fig7.13:MCLR configuration
10.ICSP Pins: The PGECx and PGEDx pins are used for In-Circuit Serial Programming
(ICSP) and debugging purposes.

3) DSP ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW
The DSP engine features a high-speed 17-bit by 17-bit multiplier, a 40-bit ALU,
two 40-bit saturating accumulators and a 40-bit bidirectional barrel shifter.The barrel
shifter is capable of shifting a 40-bit value up to 16 bits right or left, in a single cycle.
MEMORY ORGANIZATION
Architecture features separate program and data memory spaces and buses.Also
allows the direct access of program memory from the data space during code execution.
Program Address Space: The program address memory space of the devices is 4M
instructions. The space is addressable by a 24-bit value derived either from the 23-bit
Program Counter (PC) during program execution.
DATA SPACE WIDTH: The data memory space is organized in byte addressable, 16-bit
wide blocks. Data is aligned in data memory and registers as 16-bit words, but all data
space EAs resolve to bytes. The Least Significant Bytes (LSBs) of each word have even
addresses, while the Most Significant Bytes (MSBs) have odd addresses.
Fig7.14:Program memory organization
Device features a 17-bit by 17-bit single-cycle multiplier that is shared by both the
MCU ALU and DSP engine. The multiplier can perform signed, unsigned and mixed-sign
multiplication.Using a 17-bit by 17-bit multiplier for 16-bit by 16-bit multiplication
allows you to perform mixed-sign multiplication.Supports 16/16 and 32/16 divide
operations, both fractional and integer.All divide instructions are iterative operations.

Table 7.2:Addressing modes
Data Addressing Overview
The data space can be addressed as 32K words or 64 Kbytes and is split into two
blocks, referred to as X and Y data memory. Each memory block has its own independent
Address Generation Unit (AGU). The MCU class of instructions operates solely through
the X memory AGU, which accesses the entire memory map as one linear data space.
Certain DSP instructions operate through the X and Y AGUs to support dual operand
reads.

Fig7.15:Overall Architecture

Fig7.16:Register used
4) FEATURES:
4.1) FLASH PROGRAM MEMORY
Devices contain internal Flash program memory for storing and executing application
code. The memory is readable, writable and erasable during normal operation over the
entire VDD range.
4.2) INTERRUPT CONTROLLER
The interrupt controller has the following features:
• Up to eight processor exceptions and software traps

• Eight user-selectable priority levels
• Interrupt Vector Table (IVT) with up to 118 vectors
4.3) DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS(DMA)
Direct Memory Access (DMA) is a very efficient mechanism of copying data
between peripheral SFRs (e.g., UART Receive register, Input Capture 1 buffer),and
buffers or variables stored in RAM, with minimal CPU intervention. The DMA controller
can automatically copy entire blocks of data without requiring the user software to read or
write the peripheral Special Function Registers (SFRs) every time a peripheral interrupt
occurs. The DMA controlleruses a dedicated bus for data transfers and therefore,does not
steal cycles from the code execution flow of the CPU. To exploit the DMA capability, the
corresponding user buffers or variables must be located in DMA RAM.
4.4) UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER TRANSMITTER (UART)
The Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) module is one of the
serial I/O modules.The UART is a full-duplex asynchronous system that can
communicate with peripheral devices, such as personal computers.
4.5) POWER-SAVING FEATURES
Devices provide the ability to manage power consumption in four ways:
• Clock frequency
• Instruction-based Sleep and Idle modes
• Software-controlled Doze mode
• Selective peripheral control in software
4.6) REAL-TIME CLOCK AND CALENDAR (RTCC)
The RTCC module is intended for applications where accurate time must be
maintained for extended period of time with minimum to no intervention from the
CPU.The RTCC module is optimized for low-power usage to provide extended battery
lifetime while keeping track of time.
4.7) SPECIAL FEATURES
dsPIC33FJ64GPX02/X04 devices include several features intended to maximize
applicationflexibility and reliability, and minimize cost throughelimination of external
components. These are:

• Flexible configuration
• Watchdog Timer (WDT)
• Code Protection and CodeGuard™ Security
• JTAG Boundary Scan Interface
• In-Circuit Serial Programming™ (ICSP™)
• In-Circuit emulation
5) SERIAL PERIPHERAL INTERFACE (SPI)
The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) module is a synchronous serial interface useful
for communicating with other peripheral or microcontroller devices. These peripheral
devices can be serial EEPROMs, shift registers,display drivers, analog-to-digital
converters, etc. The SPI module is compatible with SPI and SIOP from Motorola.Each
SPI module consists of a 16-bit shift register SPIxSR (where x = 1 or 2), used for shifting
data in and out, and a buffer register, SPIxBUF. A control register, SPIxCON, configures
the module. Additionally, a status
register, SPIxSTAT, indicates status conditions.
The serial interface consists of 4 pins:
• SDIx (serial data input)
• SDOx (serial data output)
• SCKx (shift clock input or output)
• SSx (active-low slave select).
In Master mode operation, SCK is a clock output. In Slave mode, it is a clock input
6) DATA CONVERTER INTERFACE (DCI) MODULE
The dsPIC33FJ64GPX02 Data Converter Interface (DCI) module allows simple
interfacing of devices, such as audio coder/decoders (Codecs), ADC and D/A converters.
10-BIT/12-BIT ANALOG-TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC)
Key Features
The 10-bit ADC configuration has the followingkey features:
• Successive Approximation (SAR) conversion
• Conversion speeds of up to 1.1 Msps
• Up to 13 analog input pins
• External voltage reference input pins
• Simultaneous sampling of up to four analog input pins

• Automatic Channel Scan mode
Depending on the particular device pin-out, the ADC can have up to 13 analog
input pins, designated AN0 through AN12. In addition, there are two analog input pins
for external voltage reference connections. These voltage reference inputs can be shared
with other analog input pins. The actual number of analog input pins and external voltage
reference input configuration depends on the specific device.
ADC and DMA
If more than one conversion result needs to be buffered before triggering an
interrupt, DMA data transfers can be used. ADC1 can trigger a DMA data transfer.
7.1.4ENC28J60-Ethernet controller chip
The ENC28J60 is a stand-alone Ethernet controller with an industry standard
Serial Peripheral Interface(SPI). It is designed to serve as an Ethernet network interface
for any controller equipped with SPI.The ENC28J60 meets all of the IEEE 802.3
specifications.It incorporates a number of packet filtering schemes to limit incoming
packets. It also provides an internal DMA module for fast data throughput and hardware
assisted checksum calculation, which is used in various network protocols.
Communication with the host controller is implemented via an interrupt pin andthe SPI,
with clock rates of up to 20MHz. Two dedicated pins are used for LED link and network
activity indication.
With the ENC28J60, two pulse transformers and a few passive components are all
that are required to connect a microcontroller to an Ethernet network.
The ENC28J60 consists of seven major functional blocks:
1. An SPI interface that serves as a communication channel between the host controller
and theENC28J60.
2. Control registers which are used to control and monitor the ENC28J60.
3. A dual port RAM buffer for received and transmitted data packets.
4. An arbiter to control the access to the RAM buffer when requests are made from DMA,
transmit and receive blocks.
5. The bus interface that interprets data and commands received via the SPI interface.

6. The MAC (Medium Access Control) module that implements IEEE 802.3 compliant
MAC logic.
7. The PHY (Physical Layer) module that encodes and decodes the analog data that is
present onthe twisted-pair interface.
The device also contains other support blocks, such as the oscillator, on-chip
voltage regulator, level translatorsto provide 5V tolerant I/Os and system control logic.
Fig.7.17:ENC28J60 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig.7.18:TYPICAL ENC28J60-BASED INTERFACE

Table 7.3: Pin Description
Oscillator
The ENC28J60 is designed to operate at 25 MHz with a crystal connected to the
OSC1 and OSC2 pins. TheENC28J60 design requires the use of a parallel cut crystal.
Fig.7.19: Oscillator Start-up Timer

The ENC28J60 contains an Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) to ensure that the
oscillator and integrated PHY have stabilized before use.When the OST expires, the
CLKRDY bit in the ESTAT register will be set. The application software should poll this
bit as necessary to determine when normal device operation can begin.
CLKOUT Pin
The clock out pin is provided to the system designer for use as the host controller
clock or as a clock source forother devices in the system. To create a clean clock signal,
the CLKOUT pin is held low for a period when power is first applied. After the Power-on
Reset ends, the OST will begin counting. When the OST expires, the CLKOUT pin will
begin outputting its default frequency of 6.25 MHz (main clock divided by 4).
Fig7.20: Clkout Transition
Magnetics, Termination and Other External Components
To complete the Ethernet interface, the ENC28J60 requires several standard
components to be installed externally.The internal analog circuitry in the PHY module
resistor influences the TPOUT+/-signal amplitude. The resistor should be placed as
closeas possible to the chip with no immediately adjacent signal traces to prevent noise
capacitive coupling intothe pin and affecting the transmit behavior. It is recommended
that the resistor be a surface mount type.
If a common-modechoke is used to reduce EMI emissions, it should be placed
between the Ethernet transformer and pins 1 and 2 of the RJ-45 connector. Many Ethernet
transformer modules include common-mode chokes inside the same device package.Both
transmit and receive interfaces additionally require two resistors and a capacitor to
properly terminate the transmission line, minimizing signal reflections.

Fig 7.21: Interfacing of ENC28J60 with RJ45 Connector
MEMORY ORGANIZATION
All memory in the ENC28J60 is implemented as static RAM. There are three
types of memory in the ENC28J60:
. Control Registers
. Ethernet Buffer
. PHY Registers
The Control registers; memory contains the registers that are used for
configuration, control and status retrieval of the ENC28J60. The Control registers are
directly read and written to by the SPI interface. The Ethernet buffer contains transmit
and receive memory used by the Ethernet controller in a single memory space. The
Ethernet buffer memory can only be accessed via the read buffer memory and write
buffer memory SPI commands .The PHY registers are used for configuration, control and
status retrieval of the PHY module. The registers are not directly accessible through the
SPI interface; they can only be accessed through Media Independent Interface
Management (MIIM) implemented in the MAC.
SERIAL PERIPHERALINTERFACE (SPI)
The ENC28J60 is designed to interface directly with the Serial Peripheral
Interface (SPI) port available on manymicrocontrollers. The implementation used on this

device supports SPI mode 0,0 only. In addition, the SPIport requires that SCK be at Idle
in a low state;selectable clock polarity is not supported.Commands and data are sent to
the device via the SI pin, with data being clocked in on the rising edge of SCK. Data is
driven out by the ENC28J60 on the SO line, on the falling edge of SCK. The CS pin must
be held low while any operation is performed and returned high when finished.
SPI Instruction Set
The operation of the ENC28J60 depends entirely on commands given by an
external host controller over theSPI interface. These commands take the form of
instructions, of one or more bytes, which are used to access the control memory and
Ethernet buffer spaces. At the least, instructions consist of a 3-bit opcode, followed by a
5-bit argument that specifies either a register address or a data constant. Write and bit
field instructions are also followed by one or more bytes of data.
7.1.5.MMC CARD
A Multi Media Card (MMC) is an IC (Integrated Circuit) which is stored in a compact
and rouged plastic enclosure. Multi Media Card (MMC) are designed to store data and to
enable the transfer of data between devices equipped with Multi Media Card Slot. A
MMC is about the size of Postage Stamp 32mm long, 24 mm wide, and 1.4 mm thick.
MMC can be used in SD (Secure Digital) Card reader and writers. The theoretical transfer
speed of a MMC is 2.5 MB/sec. MMC originally used a one bit Serial Interface, but
newer versions of the specification allow transfer of 4 or sometimes even 8 bit at a time.
Fig.7.22: 24 mm x 32 mm x 1.4 mm Fig.7.23: MMC-SD-Mini-SD card

7.1.6RELAY and RELAY DRIVER IC
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to
mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-
state relays.
Fig7.24: Relay Fig7.25: Internal structure of relay
A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft
iron core, an iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable
iron armature. It is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is de-energized there is
an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the
relay pictured is closed, and the other set is open. When an electric current is passed
through the coil it generates a magnetic field that activates the armature, and the
consequent movement of the movable contact(s) either makes or breaks a connection with
a fixed contact.
Pole and throw
Fig7.26:Circuit symbols of relays. (C denotes the common
terminal in SPDT and DPDT types.)

• SPST – Single Pole Single Throw. These have two terminals which can be
connected or disconnected.
RELAY DRIVER (ULN 2803D)
Digital system and microcontrollers pins are lack sufficient to drive the relay.
While the relays coil needs around 10mA to be energized, microcontroller’s pins can
provide a maximum 1-2mA current. For this reason, we place a driver, such as the
ULN2803 between the microcontroller and relay.
The ULN2803A device is a high-voltage, high-current Darlington transistor array.
The device consists of eight NPN Darlington pairs that feature high-voltage outputs with
common-cathode clamp diodes for switching inductive loads. The collector-current rating
of each Darlington pair is 500 mA. The Darlington pairs may be connected in parallel for
higher current capability. The ULN2803A device has a 2.7-kΩ series base resistor for
each Darlington pair for operation directly with TTL or 5-V CMOS devices.
Fig7.27: Connection of ULN2803 with Relay
Darlington pair is used for switching the relay or LED. In such way here 1C
requires inbuilt 8 Darlington pairs. When +5V supply is given to transistor Tl it act as
switch i.e.it get ON and the output current of transistor Tl drives another transistor T2
1B
1
2B
2
3B
3
4B
4
5B
5
6B
6
7B
7
8B
8
1C
18
2C
17
3C
16
4C
15
5C
14
6C
13
7C
12
8C
11
COM
10
U1
ULN2803
RL1
NTE-R46-24
RL2
NTE-R46-24
RL3
NTE-R46-24
RL4
NTE-R46-24
1
2
3
4
5
J1
CONN-SIL5
+12 V
From Dspic Port
+12V
+12 V
+12 V
+12 V

from the Darlington pair and therefore relays get de-energized. The common free-
wheeling diode is connected to pin no 10 and the common ground is at pin no 9.
Table7.3: Absolute maximum ratings of ULN2803
FEATURES
*Output current (single output) 500mA MAX.
*High sustaining voltage output 50V MIN.
*Output clamp diodes
*Inputs compatible with various types of logic
APPLICATIONS
Relay drivers, hammer drivers, lamp drivers, display drivers (LED and gas discharge),
line drivers, and logic buffers.
7.1.7PCB FABRICATION
PCB fabrication includes following steps:
1) Layout of the circuit
2) Artwork designing
3) Printing
4) Etching
5) Drilling
6) Mounting of components & soldering
7) Finishing

1) LAYOUT
The layout of a PCB has to incorporate all the information on the board before one
can go onto the all work preparation. Detailed circuit diagram, the design concept and the
philosophy behind the equipment are very important for the layout.
Layout Scale Depending on the accuracy required artwork should be produced at a 1:1 or
2:1 or even 4:1 scale. The layout is best prepared on the same scale as the artwork to
prevent the entire problem, which might be caused by redrawing of the layout to the
artwork scale. The layout/artwork scale commonly applied is 2:1 with a 1:1 scale, no
demanding single sided boards can be designed but sufficient care should be taken,
particularly during the artwork preparation.
Procedure
The first rule is to replace each and every PCB layout as viewed from the
component side. This rule must be strictly followed to avoid confusion, which would
otherwise be caused.
Another important rule is not to start the designing of a layout unless an absolutely
clear circuit diagram is available.
Among the components, the larger ones are placed first and the space in between
is filled with smaller ones. Components requiring input/output connecting come near the
connector. All components are placed in such a manner that de-soldering of other
components is not necessary if they have to be replaced.
Layout sketch
The end product of the layout designing is the pencil sketched component and
conductor drawing which is caller ‘layout sketch’. It contains all information for the
preparation of the network.
Component holes
In a given PCB, most of the holes required are one particular diameter. Holes of a
different are shown with a code in the actual layout sketch.
Conductor Holes
A code can be used for the conductor with a special width.
Minimum spacing should also be provided.
A) Holes B) Conductor Widths
Standard holes Standard width, 0.5 mm
1.1 mm 1 mm
1.5 mm 2 mm

3.2 mm 4 mm
(2) ARTWORK
The generation of PCB artwork should be considered as the first step of the PCB
manufacturing process. The importance of a perfect artwork should not be under
estimated. Problems like inaccurate registration, broken annular rings or too critical
spacing are often due to bad artwork. And even with the most sophisticated PCB
production facilities, PCB can be made better than the quality of the artwork used.
Basic Approaches
For ink drawing on white cardboard paper, good quality Indian ink and ink-pen set
are minimum requirements.
Drawing practice – drawing procedure is vary at-least by 0.1 – 0.2, and solder pad
locations.And conductors can easily be displaced by 0.3 – 0.5 mm
(3) SCREEN PRINTING
The process of screen – printing is well known to the printing industry because of
its inherent capabilities of printing a wide range of inks on almost any kind of surface
including glass, metal, plastic fabrics, wooer, etc.
Found their way into an extremely broad field of applications. Screen – printing
offers the advantages of wide control on the ink deposition, thickness though the selection
of suitable mass density and composition.It is successfully employed in printing of
 Etch resists
 Plate resists
 Solder stop lacquers
 Notation printing
In its basic form, the screen-printing process is very simple. A screen fabric with
uniform meshes and opening is stretched and fixed on a solid frame of metal or wood.The
circuit pattern area open, while the meshes in the rest of the area is closed.
In the actual printing step, ink is forced by the moving squeeze through the open
meshes onto the surface of the material to be printed.
The ink deposition, in a magnified cross section, shows the shape of a trapezoid.
Pattern Transfer onto the Screen

There are two different methods in use, and each method has its own advantages
and disadvantages.
With the direct method, the screen is prepared, by coating a photographic
emulsion directly onto the screen fabric and exposing it in the pattern area. The indirect
method makes use of a separate screen process film, supported on a backing sheet. The
film on its backing sheet that is there after pressed onto the screen fabric and sticks there.
Finally, the backing sheet is peeled off, opening all those screen meshes, which are not
covered by the film pattern.
The direct method provides very durable screen stencils with a higher dimensional
accuracy but the finest details are not reproduced. The indirect method is more suitable
for smaller series and where the finest details to be reproduced.
The indirect method is faster but dimensionally lessaccurate and the screen
stencils are less durable, more sensitive to mechanical damages and interruption in
printing.
(4) ETCHING
In all subtractive PCB process, etching is one of the most important steps. The
final copper pattern is formed by selective removal of all the unwanted copper, which is
not protected by an etching unit.
Solutions, which are used in etching process, are known as enchants.
a. Ferric Chloride
b. Cupric Chloride
c. Chromic Acid
d. Alkaline Ammonia
Of these Ferric Chloride is widely used because it has short etching time and it can be
stored for a long time. Etching of PCBs as required in modern electronic equipment
production, is usually done in spray type etching machines.
Tank or bubble etching, in which the boards kept in tank, were lowered and fully
immersed into the agitated, has almost disappeared.

5) DRILLING
Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut or enlarge a hole of circular cross-
section in solid materials.
Hole Diameter (D) <= 1mm + / - 0.05 mm
Hole Diameter (D) > 3 mm + / – 0.1 mm
Drill bits are made up of high-speed steel (HSS), Glass epoxy material, Tungsten Carbide.
(6)COMPONENT MOUNTING
Careful mounting of components on PCB increases the reliability of assembly.
1. One leads must be cleaned before they are inserted in PCB holes. Asymmetric
lead bending must be avoided; the ENT leads must fit into holes properly so that
they can be soldered.
2. When the space is to be saved then vertical mounting is preferred. The vertical
lead must have an insulating sleeve.
3. Where jumper wire crosses over conductors, they must be insulted.
4. For mounting of PCBs, TO5, DIP packages special jigs must be used of easy
insertion.
5. While mounting transistors, each lead must have insulating sleeve. All the flat
radial components such as resistors, diodes, and inductors are mounted and
soldered. Then IC bases are soldered. The vertical components such as transistors,
gang condenser and FET are mounted & soldered.
(7) SOLDERING
The next process after the component mounting is soldering; solder pint is
achieved by heating the solder and base metal about he melting point of the solders used.
The necessary heat depends upon:
1) The nature and type of joints
2) Melting temperature of solder
3) Flux Soldering techniques are of so many types but we are using iron soldering.

Iron soldering
Soldering iron consists of an insulating handle connected through a metal shaft, of
a bit accurately makes contact with the component parts of the joint and solder and heats
them up. The electrical heating element is located in the hollow shank or handles to heat
the bit.
Functions of the Bit
It stores heat and convey it from the heat source to the work. It may be required to
store surplus solder from the joint. It may be required to store molten solder and flux to
the work.
Thenits surface must be lined or wetted; this encourages flow of solder into the
joint. When the surface of the work becomes tested by solder, a continuous film of liquid
metal between the bit and the work provides a path of high thermal conductivity through
which heat can flow into the work piece.
Solder bit are made up of copper; this metal has good wetting properly, heat
capability and thermal conductivity. Tin-lead solder affects copper during soldering
operation. Production of copper bit can be made with thick iron coating followed by
Ni/Tin plating. The life of the bit is increased by a factor of 10 to 15. Solder irons are
specified in terms of wattage.
Procedure of Soldering
The points to be joined must be cleaned first and fluxed. The hard solder iron and
solder wire is applied to the work. The melted solder becomes bright and fluid. The iron
must be removed after sufficient time and joint is allowed to coal. At the end, finishing is
done.
PCB Designing using Express PCB
Express PCB has many advantages over manual designing, important among them is:
1) Changes can be easily made because we don’t have to erase our pencil work on
paper repeatedly.
2) Time is saved.
3) Before taking printout we can have preview of the design etc. The software which
we have used is Quick-route.

7.2LANGUAGES USED
7.2.1 HTML INTRODUCTION
HTML is a language for describing web pages.
 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
 HTML is a markup language
 A markup language is a set of markup tags
 The tags describe document content
 HTML documents contain HTML tags and plain text
 HTML documents are also called web pages
WEB BROWSERS
The purpose of a web browser (such as goggle chrome, internet explorer, Firefox)
is to read HTML documents and display them as web pages. The browser does not
display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to determine how the content of the HTML page
is to be presented /displayed to the user.
HTML Element Syntax
 An HTML element starts with a start tag
 An HTML element ends with end tag
 The element content is everything between the start and the end tag
 Some HTML elements have empty content
 Empty elements are closed in the start tag
 Most HTML elements can have attributes
The <p> element:
The <p> element defines a paragraph in the HTML document. The element has a
start tag <p> and end tag </p>.
The <body> element:
The <body> element defines the body of the HTML document. The element has a
start tag <body> and an end tag </body>.The element content is another HTML element.

The <html> element:
The <html> element defines the whole HTML document. The element has a start
tag <html> and an end tag </html>. The element content is another HTML element(the
body element).
HTML ATTRIBUTES
 HTML elements can have attributes
 Attributes provide additional information about an element
 Attributes are always specified in the start tag
 Attributes come in name /value pairs like: name=”value”
Attribute values should always be enclosed in quotes.
HTML HEADINGS
Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
HTML HYPERLINKS
The HTML <a> tag defines a hyperlink. A hyperlink is a word , group of words,
or image that you can click on to jump to another document. When you move the cursor
over a link in a Web page, the arrow will turn into a little hand. The most important
attribute of the <a> element is the href attribute, which indicates the link’s destination.
By default, links will appear as follows in all browsers:
 An unvisited link is underlined and blue.
 A visited link is underlined and purple
 An active link is underlined and red
HTML STYLES-CSS
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is used to style HTML elements.
CSS can be added to HTML in following ways:
 Inline-using the style attribute in HTML elements
 Internal-using the <style> element in the <head> section

 External-using an external CSS file
HTML5 – NEW FEATURES
 The <canvas> element for 2D drawing
 The <video> and <audio> elements for media playback
 Support for local storage
 New content-specific elements, like <article>, <footer>,<header>, <nav>,
<section>
 New form controls, like calendar, date, time, email, url, search.
7.2.2 CSS INTRODUCTION
 CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets
 Styles define how to display HTML elements
 Styles were added to HTML 4.0to solve a problem
 External Style Sheets can save a lot of work
 External Style Sheets are stored in CSS files
THREE WAYS TO INSERT CSS
There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:
 External style sheet
 Internal style sheet
 Inline style
EXTERNAL STYLE SHEET
An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an
external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire web site by changing one file.
Each page must link to the style sheet using the <link> tag .The <link> tag goes inside the
head section.

INTERNAL STYLE SHEET
An internal style sheet should be used when a single document has a unique style.
You define internal styles in the head section of an HTML page, by using the <style> tag.
INLINE STYLES
To use inline styles you use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The style
attribute can contain an CSS property.
CASCADING ORDER
Generally speaking we can say that all the styles will “cascade” into a new
“virtual” style sheets by the following rules, where number four has the highest priority:
1. Browser default
2. External style sheet
3. Internal style sheet (in the head section)
4. Inline style (inside an HTML element)
So, an inline style has the highest priority, which means that it will override a style
defined inside the <head> tag, or in an external style sheet, or in a browser (a default
value). If the link to the external style sheet is placed after the internal style sheet in
HTML <head>, the external style sheet will override the internal style sheet.
7.2.3 AJAX INTRODUCTION
AJAX is about updating parts of a web page, without reloading the whole
page.AJAX is Asynchronous JavaScript and XML.AJAX is a technique for creating fast
and dynamic web pages.AJAX allows web pages to be updated asynchronously by
exchanging small amounts of data with the server behind the scenes. This means that it is
possible to update parts of a web page, without reloading the whole page.Classic web
pages, (which do not use AJAX) must reload the entire page if the content should
change.Examples of applications using AJAX: Google Maps, Gmail, Youtube, and
Facebook tabs.

WORKING OF AJAX
Fig 7.28: AJAX is based on internet standards
AJAX is based on internet standards, and uses a combination of:
 XMLHttpRequest object (to exchange data asynchronously with a server)
 JavaScript/DOM (to display/interact with the information)
 CSS (to style the data)
 XML (often used as the format for transferring data)
AJAX applications are browser- and platform-independent!
Google suggest is using AJAX to create a very dynamic web interface: When you
start typing in Google's search box, a JavaScript sends the letters off to a server and the
server returns a list of suggestions.
AJAX - Create an XMLHttpRequest Object:
The keystone of AJAX is the XMLHttpRequest object.
The XMLHttpRequest Object

All modern browsers support the XMLHttpRequest object (IE5 and IE6 use an
ActiveXObject). The XMLHttpRequest object is used to exchange data with a server
behind the scenes. This means that it is possible to update parts of a web page, without
reloading the whole page.
Create an XMLHttpRequest Object:
All modern browsers (IE7+, Firefox, Chrome, Safari, and Opera) have a built-in
XMLHttpRequest object.
Syntax for creating an XMLHttpRequest object:
variable=new XMLHttpRequest();
Old versions of Internet Explorer (IE5 and IE6) uses an ActiveX Object:
variable=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
To handle all modern browsers, including IE5 and IE6, check if the browser
supports the XMLHttpRequest object. If it does, create an XMLHttpRequest object, if
not, create an ActiveXObject:
AJAX - Send a Request To a Server
The XMLHttpRequest object is used to exchange data with a server.
Send a Request To a Server
To send a request to a server, we use the open() and send() methods of the
XMLHttpRequest object:
xmlhttp.open("GET","ajax_info.txt",true);
xmlhttp.send();

Method Description
open(method,url,async)
method: the type of request: GET or POST
url: the location of the file on the server
async: true (asynchronous) or false (synchronous)
send(string)
Sends the request off to the server.
string: Only used for POST requests
GET or POST?
GET is simpler and faster than POST, and can be used in most cases.However, always
use POST requests when:
 A cached file is not an option (update a file or database on the server)
 Sending a large amount of data to the server (POST has no size limitations)
 Sending user input (which can contain unknown characters), POST is more robust
and secure than GET
GET Requests
A simple GET request:
xmlhttp.open("GET","demo_get.asp",true);
xmlhttp.send();
POST Requests
A simple POST request:
xmlhttp.open("POST","demo_post.asp",true);
xmlhttp.send();
To POST data like an HTML form, add an HTTP header with setRequestHeader().
Specify the data you want to send in the send() method:

Method Description
setRequestHeader(header,value)
header: specifies the header name
value: specifies the header value.
Asynchronous - True or False?
AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML, and for the
XMLHttpRequest object to behave as AJAX, the async parameter of the open() method
has to be set to true:
xmlhttp.open("GET","ajax_test.asp",true);
Sending asynchronous requests is a huge improvement for web developers. Many
of the tasks performed on the server are very time consuming. Before AJAX, this
operation could cause the application to hang or stop.
With AJAX, the JavaScript does not have to wait for the server response, but can instead:
 execute other scripts while waiting for server response
 deal with the response when the response ready
Async=true
When using async=true, specify a function to execute when the response is ready
in the onreadystatechange event.
AJAX - Server Response
To get the response from a server, use the responseText or responseXML property
of the XMLHttpRequest object.
Property Description
responseText get the response data as a string

responseXML get the response data as XML data
The responseText Property
If the response from the server is not XML, use the responseText property.The
responseText property returns the response as a string.
The responseXML Property
If the response from the server is XML, and you want to parse it as an XML
object, use the responseXML property.
7.3 WORKING
7.3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & DESCRIPTION
We have developed a server which is considerably simpler, cheaper and easier to setup
than a more powerful web server.
For monitoring the weather conditions in this project we have used four sensors
viz. temperature, humidity, carbon-dioxide and LDR i.e. it measures the physical
quantities present in the surrounding atmosphere. The output of all these sensors is analog
in nature. For converting this analog inputs to digital form and also to send it through
serial peripheral interface (SPI mode) i.e. we need features as:
1. Flash program memory
2. Direct memory access
3. UART(Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter)
4. Power saving
5. SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)
6. ADC(Analog to digital converter -10 bit)

Fig7.29: Circuit Diagram of real time weather station for monitoring and control of
Agriculture

The microprocessor i.e. DSPIC controller provides all these features and gets
analog inputs from sensors and converts it into digital using in-built ADC(10 bit) and
saves this data on memory card.
Then using DMA it gives that data i.e. sensors output to the Ethernet controller IC,
ENC28J60 using SPI mode. Now this Ethernet IC takes data from DSPIC controller in
serial bit stream and then provides packet framing transmission using MAC protocol over
serial peripheral interface and simultaneous sampling upto four analog inputs. It includes
MAC (Medium Access Control) that implements IEEE 802.3 frame format logic and the
physical layer encodes and decodes the analog data that is present on twisted pair
interface.
With ENC28J60,two pulse transformers are required to connect a microcontroller to
an Ethernet network. And then RJ45 is used to make a LAN connection in between host
controller and this module and serves the communication channel.
The Ajax,CSS,HTML languages are used to design the webpage and set the IP
address connectivity for Ethernet through LAN cable. The IP address settings by using
TCP-IPV4 protocol are done through as per given in documentation.
In addition to this we also provide the device controller unit on the same webpage.
The various connected devices plays a much vital role in controlling the environment
parameters with simply ON & OFF status of the switches.
The ENC28J60 receives the status of switches for the devices t be controlled &
send it to the DSP processor. The DSP processor at its output port gives this signal to
relay driver IC ULN2803 which provides isolation & sufficient current gain to drive the
relays.
As per our requirement we can select the controlling devices suitable for our
applications as per discussed in applications areas briefly.

7.3.2 SNAPSHOT OF CODES IMPLEMENTED:
Implementation encompasses all the processes involved in getting new software or
hardware operating properly in its environment, including installation, configuration,
running, and making necessary changes. As such, implementation is the action that must
follow any preliminary thinking in order for something to actually happen. Following
snapshots helps to get precise idea of our project:
Fig 7.31: Snapshot of files used in project
NO
YES

Fig 7.32: Snapshot of the files stored on SD card
Fig 7.33: Snapshot of coding of javascriptfile

Fig 7.34: Snapshot of coding of html file
Fig. 7.35: snapshot of coding of CSS file

Fig 7.36: Snapshot of front view of project
Fig 7.37: Snapshot of front view of project

Chapter 8
RESULT & DISCUSSION
8.1 RESULT
In the Real Time Weather Station for Monitoring & Control of Agriculture system
project there is use of three sensor Lm35 temperature sensor, SHY-1 humidity sensor and
LDR. Obtained result description of each sensor is as follow.
LM35 temperature sensor
Obtained result from LM35 sensor on web page it is not direct value of
temperature, to convert it in to exact temperature value following calculation is required.
Suppose result from LM35 sensor on web page is: - 106
Formula is
Temperature =
Result from LM35 sensor on web page
5
+ 10
=
106
5
+ 10
Temperature = 31.20°C

Hence result obtained from LM35 sensor on web page is 100then approximate
value of Temperature is 31.20°C.
In this way that we can obtain the value of temperature.
SHY-1 humidity sensor
Suppose result from humidity sensor on web page is: - 208
Formula is
Relative humidity=
Result from humidity sensor on webpage
1000
× 100
=
149
1000
× 100
Relative humidity = 14.9%
Hence result obtained from Relative humidity sensor on web page is 149then approximate
value of humidity is 14.9%.In this way that we can obtain the value of humidity.
LDR sensor
Suppose result from LDR sensor on web page is: - 826
Formula is
Light Intensity =
Result from LDR sensor on webpage
1000
× 100
=
826
1000
× 100
Light Intensity = 82.6% (Lux)
Hence result obtained from Light Intensity sensor on web page is 826then approximate
value of humidity is 82.6% (Lux).In this way that we can obtain the value of humidity.

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