2. introduction
Disorders of kidney and urinary tract are commonly
seen in pediatric units as medical and surgical
problems.
Incidence: 3 to 6 per 1000 live births
3.
4. Congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract
These problems usually required surgical correction.
Some of them are producing no clinical symptoms.
25% cases of CRF are due to congenital anomalies
8 to 10 % of children affected with congenital
anomalies of urinary tract.
5. en
Kidney and Ureter Bladder and Urethra
•Renal agenesis
•Renal hypoplasia
•Horse-shoe kidney
•Poly cystic renal disease
•Ectopic kidney
•Duplication of renal
pelvis and ureter
•Hydronephrosis
•Pelvi-ureteric
obstruction
•Congenital renal
neoplasm
•ureterocele
•Ectopia vesicaehus
•Patent urachus
•Bladder and neck
obstruction
•Posterior urethral valves
•Neurogenic bladder
•Hypospadias
•Epispadias
•Phimosis
•Urethral stenosis
•Meatal stenosis
6. Renal agenesis
Definition :It is the absence of kidney due to failure of
ureteric bud formation.
Type: Bilateral
Unilateral
7. Renal hypoplasia and dysplasia
it occurs due to reduction of renal mass affecting the
nephron.
It may be unilateral or bilateral
It may be segmental, simple
RENAL DYSPLASIA :
Disorganization of lung parenchyma with immature
nephron and ductal elements resulting in large or
small kidney.
It may be multicystic , hypo plastic or aplastic
8. Horse – shoe kidney
It develops when lower poles of the kidneys are fused
in the midline due to fusion of ureteric buds during
fetal development.
Child presents with pyuria, albuminuria, vomiting
Surgery is indicated
9. Polycystic kidneys
Commonest congenital anomalies as inherited
autosomal disease.
It is an complex syndrome
Resulting from progressive dilatation of specific
portion of the nephron.
Types : infantile
adult
Diagnosis : IVP , renal angiography
10. Obstructive lesions of the urinary tract
It mainly caused by congenital abnormalities like
pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction and posterior
urethral valves which may lead to irreversible renal
damage.
11. Pelvi – uretericjunctionstenosis
Unilateral or bilateral
Urinary tract infections and upper abdominal pain
Diagnosis : ultrasound, IVP , renal function test
Management:
Surgery is indicated for removal of obstruction
12. hydronephrosis
It is the dilatation of renal pelvis
Unilateral or bilateral
Due to obstruction of urine flow in the distal urinary
tract
Males > females
Abdominal pain, failure to thrive , anemia, hypertension,
hematuria, renal failure.
Diagnosis : USG, IVP ,MCU
Management :
Surgical removal or pyeloplasty,percutaneous
nephrostomy
13.
14. Posterior urethral valve
Distant urinary tract obstruction
Dribbling of urine, abnormal urine stream, palpable
bladder, recurrent urinary tract infections, vomiting
and failure to thrive
Diagnosis : MCU, USG and endoscopy
Management : urinary catheterization, baloon catheter
or endoscopic fulgration, cutaneous vesicostomy,
pyelostomy
16. Exstrophy of bladder( ectopia vesicae)
It is a congenital malformation
Lower portion of the abdominal wall and the anterior
wall of the bladder are missing so that bladder is
everted through the opening and may found on the
lower abdomen with continuous passage of urine to
the outside.
Male are more commonly affected
17. Clinical manifestations:
Urinary dribbling
Skin excoriation
Infection and ulceration or the bladder mucosa
Ambiguous genitalia
UTI
Growth failure
Diagnosis :
Cystoscopic examination
X-ray
USG
IVP
18. Management :
Surgical closure of the bladder within 48 hours
Urinary conversion before reconstructive surgery
Orthopedic surgery
Supportive nursing care
Pre operative care
Post operative care
Follow up
19. epispadias
Abnormal urethral opening on the dorsal aspect of
penis.
Due to abnormal development of the infraumbilical
wall and upper wall of urethra.
Rare in females
Classification : anterior epispadias
posterior epispadias
female epispadias – bifid clitoris
subsymphyseal with incontinence
of urine
20. Management : surgical correction
1. 1.5 to 2 years of age for penile lengthening,
elongation of urethral strip and chordee correction.
2. operation done at least 6 months after first stage
for urethral reconstruction
3. 3 to 4 years of age for bladder neck reconstruction
and correction of VUR
Cystoplasty
Supportive nursing care
21. hypospadias
it is the congenital abnormal urethral opening on
the ventral aspect( under surface ) of the penis.
Common in male children.
Classification :
Anterior hypospadias(65 to 70%) : it may found as
glandular or coronal or on distal penile shaft
Middle (10-15%) penile shaft hypospadias.
Posterior hypospadias(20%) : it may be found on
proximal penile shaft or as penoscrotal,scortal or
perineal type.
22. Problems related to hypospadias :
1. Painful downward curvature of penis
2. Deflected stream of urine
3. Inability void urine while standing
Management :
surgical reconstruction
Meatotomy
Chordee correction
urethroplasty
23. phimosis
Narrow opening of the prepuce that prevents it being
drawn back over the glans penis.
Management:
Circumcision
apply Betamethasone cream
24. paraphimosis
It is the retraction of a phimotic foreskin, behind
coronal sulcus.
It may develop phimotic child which also need for
surgical management by circumcision or reduction
with application of lubricant under deep sedation.
Clinical features :
edematous
Severe pain
25. Wilm’s tumor (nephroblastoma)
Max wilm’s , German surgeon described this most
common renal tumor of childhood.
Chromosomal deletions 11 and 16
Highly malignant embryonal tumor
Tumor develops in kidney parenchyma ,invading the
surrounding tissues.
Clinical features :
abdominal mass
Microscopic hematuria
Fever
Pallor
Superficial vein engorgement
26. Clinical staging :
Stage 1 - limited to kidney and can be fully excised
Stage 2 - Regional extension of tumor by penetration
through renal capsule.
Stage 3 – non hematogenous extension of the tumor
confined to the abdomen following surgery.
Stage 4 – hematogenous metastasis to distant organs
Stage 5 – bilateral renal involvement
28. Undescended testis
Testis cannot be made to reach the bottom of the
scrotum
It is also known as Cryptochordism
5% of full term male infants may have unilateral or
bilateral testis.
Types :
Retractile
Palpable
impalpable
30. Vesico – urethral reflux
Retrograde flow of bladder urine up the ureter during
voiding.
Causes:
Insertion of ureter in to the bladder
Infection
Edema
Clinical features:
Dysuria
Urinary frequency and urgency
Urine retention
Cloudy or blood tinged urine
31. Management :
Correction of structural anomalies
Administration of low dose antibiotics
Detecting kidneyand urinary tract abnormalities before birth
Ultrasound examination
Antenatal screening
Screening of high risk groups
32. Prevention of congenital genito urinary anomalies
Advice to future parents
To minimize exposure of pregnant women to risk
factors
To prevent over weight/ obesity
To promote effective information on diet
To improve folate status
To avoid contraindicated vaccination
To include school education programmes
33. Nursing management of the child with urologic surgery
Promoting understanding of parents
Preparing for diagnostic procedures
Involving the parents in child care
Monitoring intake and output
Preventing infections
Providing comfort
Providing adequate nutrition
Teaching the parents about related care