This document discusses elements of fashion and apparel design. It begins by defining fashion and outlining the fashion cycle process. It then examines various design elements such as lines, surface decoration, fabric manipulation techniques, and accessories. The roles of fashion marketing, merchandising and buying are also overviewed. In conclusion, it notes how fashion can be used to promote causes and how forecasting and marketing support are needed for success in the competitive fashion world.

2. Prepared By:
MD.AZMERI LATIF BEG
ID: 142-32-257
Course Title: Apparel Merchandising
Course Code: APM-510
M. Sc in Textile Engineering
Department of Textile Engineering

3. Fashion ,Fashion
Element and
Apparel designing

4. Fashion and Apparel designing
Fashion is a general term for a popular style or practice,
especially in clothing, footwear, accessories, makeup, body
piercing or furniture. "Fashion" refers to an idiosyncratic;
however, often-habitual trend in a look and dress up of a
person, as well as to establish styles in behavior. "Fashion"
usually is the newest creations made by designers and are
bought by only a few numbers of people; however, often those
"fashions" are translated into more well-known or current
trends. A fashion is always based on style. But not every style
is fashion. A style is usually creation from an artist or a
designer. A style does not become a fashion until it does not
become a fashion until it gains acceptance. And it remains only
as long as it is accepted.
Designer Karl Lagerfield said, “Fashion is a train that waits for
nobody. Get it on or it’s gone.”
As early as 1600, Shakespeare wrote that “fashion wears out
more apparel than the man”.

5. Fashion cycle:
Sequence of changes in fashion cycle.
A fashion cycle is the term used to express the process that a type of fashion goes
through and this is where designers bring back something that was fashionable. The
fashion first gains mass acceptance from the consumers and then with time, the tastes
and preferences of the consumers' ebbs

6. Designers interpret their research,
thinking and creative ideas into appeal
including accessories and show their
design for the first time at renowned
fashion design centers or at local fashion
shows during fashion week. Then offer
the new styles to the public but only few
people can afford and accept the new
style due to related high price value.
This new style consume high production
cost that’s because designers create
new designs by working hard,
implementing new ideas again changing
elements such as line, shape, color,
fabric, and details and their relationship
to one another.
Introduction of a style:

7. Rise in popularity:
 In the second phase the new style is accepted
,purchased and worn by few peoples then it can
attract the concentration of many people and also
the attention of buyers, dealers, hole-sellers and
retailers by the press, media and the public. Many
dealers become interested to invest their money
for the new design and for more profit some
manufacturer’s starts to copy it by using less
expensive fabric and materials.
Peak of popularity:
When a fashion is at the height of its popularity, many manufacturers
duplicate it. There are many versions available at various price levels.
Availability of those products at many price levels is one of the basic
causes of its popularity. Customers want clothes that are in the
mainstream of fashion and volume production requires a likelihood of
mass acceptance. When an item survives long time it becomes a classic
model.

8. Decline in popularity:
Demand for the item decrease gradually and
consumers begin to look for something new.
Consumers no longer willing to buy them and market
may be flooded with new items according to the buyer
interest. Retail stores put such declining styles on sale
racks, hoping to make room for new merchandise.
Rejection of a style or obsolescence:
People get bored with old one and eagerly want a new look.
Though prices are low but people do not want to by them.
In the last phase of the fashion cycle, people are no longer
interested, some consumers have already turned to new
looks, thus beginning a new cycle.

9. Components of fashion:
Style:
Style is a particular characteristics or look in apparel. A style may
come and go in fashion, but that specific style always remains
that style, weather it is fashion or not. Style mainly depends on
the person and may vary from person to person.

10. Change:
People get bored with what they have and look for
change. So fashion needs changes constantly. One
thing is consistent in fashion and that is change.
Acceptance:
Acceptance is one of the pre-conditions of fashion.
For fashion, acceptance is must because there is no
fashion if nobody buys it.

12. Fashion designing has a great demand worldwide. Along with creative sketching,
the designers travel to fashion & accessories shows or fabric houses. When most
people think about a fashion career, they picture a designer sketching an idea for a
new dress, or a model walking down a runway to show off the latest design.
Following are some regular apparel categories designers’ work with:
Scopes of fashion design:

13. Considering Theme for Fashion & Apparel designing:

14. Designing garment:
Fashion designers work in different ways. Some sketch their ideas on paper,
while others drape fabric on a dress form. When a designer is completely
satisfied with the fit of the toile, he or she will consult a professional pattern
maker, who then makes the finished, working version of the pattern out of card
or via a computerized system. The pattern maker's job is very specific and
painstaking. The fit of the finished garment depends on their accuracy. Finally,
a sample garment is made up and tested on a model to make sure it is an
operational outfit. The fashion designer needs to meet with a pattern maker and
sample maker to figure out if the sketch on paper can be brought to life
according its vision.
Features related to fashion and apparel design:
Shaping, fashionable cut and basic silhouette.
Surface ornamentation and decoration.
Length, width and construction.
Color, pattern, drape and texture of material.
Trimmings and accessories.

16. Lines
The element of the style lines refers to the
outline or silhouette of the design. There are
many accessories and items that can be used to
create different lines. One very well known
example of a line is the A-line. The A-line can
use belts or fitted waists. From the waist, the
skirt flares out creating an "A" shape.
Lines in Clothing
Structural uses include Seams, darts, shirring,
silhouette, edges of collars, lapels, pockets,
belts, sleeves, hems, openings, pleats, gathers,
tucks, draping
Decorative uses included braid, rickrack, piping,
rows of buttons, insertions, binding, lace
edgings, ribbon, soutache, topstitching,
faggoting, ruffles, fringe, linear, embroidery,
beading or fabric patterns such as plaid,stripes,
herringbones, checks, zigzags

55. Decorative stitches & embroidery:
Design in apparel may be created
by using different types of stitch
like lock, chain, hand, zigzag stitch
etc. The decorative stitches on
sewing machine are a quick and
easy way to add embellishment
and decorative design to all sewing
projects. As dozens of small stitches
are used to complete a decorative
stitch so there is a possibility to
pucker and distort stitches.
Surface decoration & ornamentation:

56. Appliqué & reverse appliqué:
In the context of designing and sewing, an appliqué refers
to a needlework technique in which pieces of fabric,
embroidery, or other materials are sewn onto another
piece of fabric to create designs, patterns or pictures.
In a Reverse appliqué, several layers of material are
stitched together, parts of the upper layers are cut away,
and the edges are stitched down. The largest cuts are made
in the topmost layer .In case of reverseappliqué applied
pieces basically have their edges folded under, and are
then attached by any of the following:
Straight stitch, typically 20-30mm in from the edge.
Satin stitch, all around, overlapping the edge. The patch
may be glued or straight stitched on first to ensure
positional stability and a neat edge
Pleats & Tucks:
Pleat is fold in cloth made by doubling the material upon
itself and then pressing or stitching it into place. There are
four kinds of pleats, flat pleats, projecting pleats, accordion
pleats and wrinkled pleating.
Tuck is a way of reducing fabric measurements in one or
both directions. There are several types of tucks, such as
standard tucks, curved tucks, shell tucks, and slashed tucks.

57. Piping & bindings:
Piping can be made by covering cord with strips of bias
cut fabric. The cord comes in a range of thicknesses and
is readily available from fabric and upholstery stores.
Binding is a way of neatening a raw edge using a
separate length of fabric, usually in a contrasting color.
Piping is a way to emphasize a seam or edge and can
add strength to corners that might receive a lot of wear.
Frills & flounces:
Frillsare gathered, ruched, or pleated strip of cloth
sewn on at one edge only, as on garments, as
ornament, or to give extra body.
Flounces give fluffy looks in apparel, mainly used to
furnish an outstanding look in baby, girl and women
dresses.

58. Fabric Manipulation:
Textile Inspirations - a textiles
board focused on textures and
fabric manipulation techniques
used for surface creation. -
structured straight row gathering
for a decorative 3D textured
effect.Lots of textile samples,
sewing inspiration, draping &
pattern cutting examples and
finished creative pieces for
fashion design, usually with great
use of stitch, color and
embellishment to create pattern,
texture a dimensional detail.

59. Laces & braids:
A braid is a complex structure or pattern formed by
intertwining three or more strands of flexible
materials such as textile fibers, wire or human hair.
Lace is an openwork fabric, patterned with open
holes in the work, made by machine or by hand.
The holes can be formed via removal of threads or
cloth from a previously woven fabric, but more
often open spaces are created as part of the lace
fabric.
Color and other properties of materials:
Use of different colors and various types of fiber,
yarn, fabric and finishing can develop a new apparel
design. Design can also be created by varying,
length width, number and design of pockets,
sleeve, position of sleeve, collar, pockets etc.

60. Accessories: Item that enhances the aesthetic appeal or
function of a garment including belt, scarves or other objects.
In generally these components are sewing less. Type of
Accessories
Accessories that are carried (Small pets, toy dog, cats, birds,
snakes, taking parrots)
Accessories that are worn,(Necklace, Umbrella, Bag, Parts
etc.)
Trims: Materials used to ornament or enhance
garments. These components are attach in the garment by
sewing. (Button, Zipper, Sewing thread, Lace, tape etc.)
 Trims and accessories are those materials that are used in a garment other
than main fabric (shell fabric). Even lining materials (fabrics) fall under trims
and accessories.

61. Small pets, including toy dogs, birds, snakes, and chirping
crickets have been carried as fashion accessories. Talking
parrots are widely recognized as part of a stereotypical
pirate outfit.
Flowers, in the form of nosegays, boutonnières, corsages,
wreaths, bouquets and other forms, have long been used
as living fashion accessories. In addition, beautiful women
companions of rich and powerful men have often been
characterized as "arm charms" or "arm candy", and small
children have been called the ultimate luxury fashion
accessory.
Live Accessories:

62. Fashion Marketing: Fashion marketers are not so subtle. It’s their job to
promote fashion. They want to generate interest in new styles and
products. Fashion marketing involves advertising, but it’s more than
that. Fashion marketers have to be on the cutting edge—endorsing the
right thing at the right time. They connect the public with the world of
fashion, and they help set trends.
Fashion Buying: Fashion buyers have to be aware of the nuances of
trends. They have to anticipate where styles are going and what will
catch on with consumers. Not every new style will make it to the
marketplace. Fashion buyers make decisions about what to sell and how
much based on their knowledge of fashion history, market trends and
customer psychology.
Fashion Marketing, Merchandising and Buying
Fashion Merchandising: A fashion merchandising job description is based
around crafting a positive consumer experience. From choosing what to sell, to
deciding how it’s displayed in stores, fashion merchandisers have a customer-
focused approach. They know that presentation counts. Fashion merchandising
experts subtly inspire consumers to see the possibilities in their products.

65. Textile design V/S Fashion design
Textile Designer
A textile designer creates designs, patterns for fabric and develops fabric
structures. The end product of a textile designer is fabric and embellishment of
fabrics. Textile designers select yarns, yarn colors and dyes to make new fabric
textures, hand feel and finished look. Textile designers do raw material
sourcing to production follow up for new development. They give instructions
to weavers, knitters how to make the fabric they have designed.
Textile designers develop fabrics for clothing, home made up and Carpets.
They not only create new fabric patterns but work with finished fabrics. They
select prints to be printed on fabric. They decide whether a yarn dyed stripe or
printed stripe to be develop for fabric. During designing a product they
consider the technical aspects of production friendly and
cost effectiveness. Textile designers work in textile
manufacturing companies, textile design firms.
Textile designer develop raw material for Fashion designers.

66. On the other side a fashion designer creates designs and
patterns for clothing. Fashion designers also create designs for
footwear and accessories. They imagine a clothing design;
sketch it on paper with colors, select fabrics for the
development and finally cut and sew the garment. They
normally acquired knowledge on fabric properties, garment
pattern making, Garment Fits and human body shapes.
Fashion designers develop collection for retailers for each
season
Fashion designers source fabric and other accessories for their
creations. If required fashion designers seek help from textile
designer for fabric designs what thought in their creations.
Fashion designers work in garment manufacturing
companies, apparel buying houses or with buyers,
design firms and film industry.
Fashion Designer

67. Fashion may be used to promote a cause, for example, to promote
healthy behavior, to raise money for a cancer cure, to raise money for
local charities. One up and coming fashion cause is trash ion which is
using trash to make clothes, jewelry, and other fashion items in order
to promote awareness of pollution.
In today’s competitive fashion world fashion design is a very
important element for fashion marketing. Shape, silhouette, and
style—these words capture the essence of apparel design. Decisions
about shape, silhouette, and style guide the design development
process. Designers and merchandisers give careful consideration to
these fundamentals for even the most basic garments.
To compete in this competitive world , Fashion Forecasting &
Evolution needs support of excellent marketing and manufacturing
technique
Conclusion:

68.  http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UHC19foNypU/UWT
 http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file.Ed_Hardy.Runway_Model.jpg
 http:// www.fashion _textile design.org. bangladesh-textile-today
References/Bibliography: