This ppt comprise of no. of research types that are compiled into 5 categories.

1. A PRESENTATION ON
TYPES OF RESEARCH
BY
MEGHNA SHARMA
(PH.D SCHOLAR)
L.N.I.P.E
TO
LT. DR. BRIJ KISHORE PRASAD
(ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR)
L.N.I.P.E

2. OBJECTIVE ATTRIBUTES PROCESS AND METHOD APPROACH FINDINGS
Basic/ Fundamental/
Pure Research
Qualitative Research Experimental Research
Longitudinal
Research
Explanatory Research
Applied Research Quantitative Research
Quasi Experimental
Research
Cross Sectional
Research
Descriptive Research
Action Research Ex-post Facto Research
Historical Research
Ethnography Research

3. BASIC RESEARCH
• Basic research is a type of research used in the scientific field to understand
our knowledge about a specific phenomenon.
• It is also accepted as pure research or fundamental research.
• Purely theoretical in nature.
• The research is much concerned with the generalization of theory i.e it has
Universal Validity.
• It is carried out by experts of particular field ( like scientists ).
• It can also be called as the foundational research as many things get built
on this foundation.
EXAMPLE: -Functioning of neurons by neuroscientists…
-Mental activity after death- studies showed that people
experience consciousness for up to three minutes after being
declared dead.
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4. APPLIED RESEARCH
• It is often called a “scientific process” because it uses the available scientific
tools and puts them to use to find answers.
• Applied research is a type of research design that seeks to solve a specific
problem or provide innovative solutions to issues affecting an individual,
group or society.
• Researcher role is to examine analytically and a course of action
recommended.
• EXAMPLE:
1. Studying the factors that would enhance participation for college students
in the co-curricular activities.
2. Applying modern techniques of tooth treatment.
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5. ACTION RESEARCH
• Action research is a strategy that tries to find out realistic solution to
difficulties and issues.
• It is basically learning by doing.
• First a problem is identified, then some actions are taken to address it,
then how well the efforts work are measured.
• It can be put under three different groups.
• There are generally four stages of action research:-
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Stage 1: Plan Stage 2: Act Stage 3: Observe Stage 4: Reflect
For an action to go
well, proper planning
needs to be there.
The implementation of
the plan is the next step
Graphs, charts etc.
should be used to
represent the data. It
assists in making
judgment to the next
stage of observation.
This step involves
applying a prospective
solution and observing
the results.

6. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• It is a systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering
quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical, or
computational technique.
• The result of this can be depicted in form of numerical. After
careful understanding of these numbers to predict the future and
make changes accordingly.
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7. CHARACTERSTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH-
Structured tools
Sample size
Close-ended questions
Prior studies
Quantitative data
Generalization of result
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8. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• Qualitative research is collecting , analyzing , and interpretating data
by observing what people do and say.
• It is subjective and uses very different methods.
• The nature of this type of study is exploratory and open-ended.
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9. CHARACTERSTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH-
Open-ended questions
Conduct inquiry in subjective, biased manner.
Description and analyses of words for themes.
Collecting data consisting largely of words (text) or image
(pictures).
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EXPERIMENTAL REEARCH
• Research is conducted with a scientific approach using two sets of variables i.e.
one act as constant, which you use to measure the differences of the second set.
• Experimental research gathers the data necessary to help you make better
decisions.
• The research should establish a notable cause and effect.
You can conduct experimental research in the following situation-
i. Time is a vital factor in establishing a relationship between cause and effect.
ii. Invariable behavior between cause and effect
iii. You wish to understand the importance of the cause and effect.

11. Quasi ExperimentalResearch
• Quasi-experimental research is used to observe & analyse systematically the
effects of a particular treatment on a particular population (through the use of a
representative sample).
• The basic aim of conducting a quasi-experimental, is to determine whether or
not a given treatment caused a given effect.
• 4 main points to understand:
Used to test causal hypothesis.
It lacks a random assignment.
It identifies a comparison group that it as similar as possible to the treatment
group in terms of baseline characteristics.
It uses different techniques for creating a valid comparison group such as
regression discontinuity design.
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12. HISTORICAL RESEARCH
• It is a process of inquiry into past events.
• This process involves investigating, recording, analyzing and interpretating
the event of the past for the purpose to gain clear perspective of the present.
• A qualitative research.
• Steps of Historical Research are-
1. Selection of the problem
2. Formulation of hypothesis
3. Collection of data.
4. Data criticism
5. Interpretation of data
6. Writing of research report.
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13. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESARCH
• The method is also known as “methodology if people”.
• The type of study basically intends to study culture through close
observation and active participation.
• The ethnographer/researcher collects information regarding the socio
cultural phenomenon from a lot of people belonging to the community
under study.
• The data is collected using a CHAIN SAMPLING in all areas of
investigation.
• The researcher stays within the community for months in order to gain
more information through claiming process and collect data in form of
observational transcripts and interview recordings.
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14. LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH
• Also known as panel study, longitudinal survey.
• Involves repeated observation of the same variables over long
period of time, often many decades.
• The researcher may study one specific aspects of development
(for eg. Intelligence) or many.
• The study are usually studied in the form of cohort. It means
they roughly belong to the same age and have grown up in
similar circumstances.
• Types of longitudinal research:
A. RETROSPECTIVE (back in time, thus using existing data)
B. PROSPECTIVE (requiring the collection of new data.)
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15. Cross sectional study
• This study looks at a data at a single point of time.
• They are Observational in nature and are known as Descriptive research.
• Research record the information that is present in a population, but they
do not manipulate variables.
• This method is often used to make inferences about possible relationship
or to gather preliminary data to support further research and
experimentation
• Example: Psychologist can use cross-sectional studies to analyse mental
heath within a community by sending out a survey that asks the
participants whether they have a history of mental illness and whether
they’ve sought counselling services to help with their mental health.
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16. EXPLANATORY RESEARCH
• Explanatory research is conducted in order to help us find the
problem that was not studied before in-depth.
• This research is not used to give us some conclusive evidence but
helps us in understanding the problem more efficiently.
• It does not aim to provide final and conclusion answers to the
research questions but allows the researcher to explore the research
with a varying level of depths.
• “it has been noticed that the explanatory research is the examination
which shapes the base for different inquiries about, it is the building
obstruct for alternative looks.”
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17. DESCRIPTIVE STUDY
• Descriptive research refers to the method that describes the
characteristics of the variables under study.
• This methodology focuses on answering questions relating to the “what”
than the “why” of the research subjects.
• The primary focus of this research is to simply describe the nature of the
demographics understudy instead of focusing on the “why”.
• It is called observational research method as none of the variable in the
study are influenced during the research process.
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