refarat synostosis radioulnar

1. REFARAT SYNOSTOSIS
RADIOULNAR
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2. LATAR BELAKANG
Salah satu kasus synostosis radioulnar yang terdokumentasi paling awal berasal dari abad ke-18,
ketika ahli bedah Prancis Pierre-Joseph Desault menjelaskan kasus fusi kongenital radius dan ulna
pada seorang pasien muda
Sinostosis radioulnar adalah kondisi langka di mana tulang radius dan ulna di lengan bawah
menjadi menyatu, menyebabkan gerakan terbatas atau tidak sama sekali di lengan bawah. Kondisi
ini bisa bersifat bawaan atau didapat akibat trauma, infeksi, atau pembedahan.
Penggabungan ini dapat terjadi pada titik yang berbeda di sepanjang tulang, mengakibatkan
berbagai tingkat keterbatasan dalam pergerakan lengan yang terkena.
Radioulnar Synostosis - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. (n.d.). Diakses pada 8 Maret 2023, dari https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538447/

3. EPIDEMIOLOGI
Epidemiologi radioulnar sinostosis tergantung pada penyebab kondisi tersebut.
Prevalensi radioulnar sinostosis masih belum diketahui secara pasti, karena kondisi ini relatif
langka.
Radioulnar sinostosis dapat terjadi pada usia berapa pun, meskipun lebih umum terjadi pada
masa kanak-kanak atau remaja
Moran, S. L., Steinmann, S. P., & Shin, A. Y. (2005). Adult posttraumatic radioulnar synostosis. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery, 14(1_suppl_s), 152S-157S. doi:
10.1016/j.jse.2004.09.032

4. MANIFESTASI KLINIS
Rasa sakit atau ketidaknyamanan; Radioulnar sinostosis dapat menyebabkan rasa sakit atau
ketidaknyamanan pada lengan bawah, terutama saat melakukan gerakan atau aktivitas
tertentu
Keterbatasan gerakan pergelangan tangan dan siku; Radioulnar sinostosis dapat menghalangi
gerakan normal pada lengan bawah, sehingga pasien mengalami keterbatasan gerakan
pergelangan tangan dan siku.
Peningkatan ketegangan otot; Karena keterbatasan gerakan pada lengan bawah, pasien
dengan radioulnar sinostosis dapat mengalami peningkatan ketegangan otot pada area
tersebut.
Moran, S. L., Steinmann, S. P., & Shin, A. Y. (2005). Adult posttraumatic radioulnar synostosis. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery, 14(1_suppl_s), 152S-157S. doi:
10.1016/j.jse.2004.09.032

5. MANIFESTASI KLINIS
https://orthopaedicprinciples.com/2019/10/congenital-radioulnar-synostosis/ (Accessed: March 9, 2023).

6. DIAGNOSIS
Riwayat Taruma
Kesulitan Mengerakan tangan disertai nyeri
Kelainan bentuk tangan
Penurunan kekuatan otot
Min, W. K., Ahn, J. H., Kim, J. W., & Kim, J. Y. (2015). Congenital radioulnar synostosis: clinical features and surgical outcomes. Journal of hand surgery (European volume),
40(5), 475-479. doi: 10.1177/1753193414554715
X-RAY
- AP dan Lateral
- “Bony Bridge”

7. KOMPLIKASI
Range of motion yang terlimitasi: Radioulnar sinostosis menyebabkan terbatasnya gerakan
pada sendi radioulnar, sehingga pasien mungkin mengalami kesulitan dalam melakukan
gerakan tangan atau lengan yang melibatkan rotasi.
Gidwani, S., & Marsh, D. R. (2007). Radioulnar synostosis: a review of current concepts. Journal of hand surgery (European volume), 32(1), 3-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsb.2006.08.002/
Kelainan posisi lengan atau tangan: Radioulnar sinostosis dapat menyebabkan kelainan posisi
lengan atau tangan pasien, yang mungkin mempengaruhi fungsi dan estetika lengan atau
tangan.
Nyeri: Pada beberapa kasus, radioulnar sinostosis dapat menyebabkan nyeri pada lengan atau
tangan pasien, terutama pada saat melakukan gerakan tertentu atau aktivitas fisik.
Keterbatasan fungsi lengan dan tangan: Radioulnar sinostosis yang parah dapat
menyebabkan keterbatasan fungsi lengan dan tangan, yang mungkin mempengaruhi
kualitas hidup pasien.

8. PROGNOSIS/TERAPI
Rhee PC, Jones DB, Kakar S. Radioulnar synostosis: review of clinical features, etiology, and treatment options. J Hand Surg Am. 2013;38(10):2068-2074.
doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.07.013
Prognosis pada radioulnar sinostosis tergantung pada tingkat keparahan dan penyebab yang
mendasarinya. Pada kasus ringan, radioulnar sinostosis mungkin memiliki dampak minimal pada
fungsi lengan dan tangan, sedangkan pada kasus yang lebih parah dapat menyebabkan gangguan
fungsi yang signifikan.
Terapi
1. Fisioterapi
2. OAINS
3. Operasi : Sinostosis resection, irradiation, dan indomethacin, serta proximal radial
excision

9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4761660/ (Accessed: March 10, 2023).
PROGNOSIS/TERAPI
Hand Therapy

10. KESIMPULAN
 Berdasarkan informasi yang tersedia, radioulnar sinostosis adalah kondisi di mana tulang
radius dan tulang ulna di lengan bawah menyatu atau melekat bersama
 Kondisi ini dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor, termasuk cedera atau kondisi bawaan.
 Meskipun tidak selalu menyebabkan gejala yang parah, radioulnar sinostosis dapat membatasi
fungsi lengan bawah dan mempengaruhi kualitas hidup seseorang. Pengobatan dapat meliputi
terapi fisik, obat penghilang rasa sakit, atau pembedahan untuk memisahkan tulang yang
melekat.
 Namun, prognosis tergantung pada tingkat keparahan kondisi, waktu diagnosis, dan pengobatan
yang diberikan. Oleh karena itu, sangat penting untuk segera mencari perawatan medis jika Anda
mengalami gejala radioulnar sinostosis.

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13. 01
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
BUSINESS OVERVIEW MARKET ANALYSIS MARKETING PLAN
MANAGEMENT PLAN OPERATING PLAN FINANCIAL PLAN

14. MISSION STATEMENT
Do you know what helps you make
your point clear?
Lists like this one:
● They’re simple
● You can organize your ideas in
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● You’ll never forget to buy milk!
And the most important thing: the
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15. OUR COMPANY
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun
and the smallest one in the Solar
System—it’s only a bit larger than the
Moon. The planet’s name has nothing to
do with the liquid metal, since Mercury
was named after a Roman god

16. —SOMEONE FAMOUS
“This is a quote,
words full of wisdom
that someone
important said and
can make the reader
get inspired.”

17. BUSINESS
OVERVIEW
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here if you need it
01

18. MARKET TRENDS
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its data and then paste the new one
here. For more info, click here
2022
Mercury is the smallest
planet in the Solar System
2021
Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun

19. PROS CONS
Mercury is the closest planet to
the Sun and the smallest one in
the Solar System—it’s only a bit
larger than the Moon. The
planet’s name has nothing to do
with the liquid metal, since
Mercury was named after the
Roman messenger god
Venus has a beautiful name and
is the second planet from the
Sun. It’s terribly hot—even
hotter than Mercury—and its
atmosphere is extremely
poisonous. It’s the second-
brightest natural object in the
night sky after the Moon

20. COMPETITOR 1 COMPETITOR 2 COMPETITOR 3
COMPETITORS
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun and the
smallest of them all
Venus has a beautiful
name and is the second
planet from the Sun
Despite being red, Mars is
actually a cold place. It’s
full of iron oxide dust

21. AWESOME
WORDS

22. ROBOTS
HUMANS
Mercury is the closest planet to the
Sun and the smallest one in the Solar
System. This planet's name has
nothing to do with the liquid metal,
since Mercury was named after the
Roman messenger god
Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest
planet in the Solar System. It's the
fourth-brightest object in the night
sky. It was named after the Roman
god of the skies and lightning

23. You can enter a subtitle here if you need it
MARKET ANALYSIS
AND COMPETITION
02

24. OUR TARGET
Travelling
Science
18-25 26-32
20% 50%
$50.00
Average spend per consumer
25%
MALE
40%
FEMALE
60%
85%
Technology 50%
33-47
30%

25. 50%
Venus has a beautiful
name and is the second
planet from the Sun
75%
Despite being red, Mars is
actually a cold place. It’s
full of iron oxide dust
25%
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun and the
smallest of them all
MARKET SIZE
MECHATRONICS COMPUTER SCIENCE HEALTHCARE

26. MANAGEMENT
PLAN
04
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27. You can speak a bit about
this person here
JENNA DOE TIMMY JIMMY
You can speak a bit about
this person here
OUR TEAM

28. MARKET SHARE
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data
and then paste the new one here. For more
info, click here
Mars is actually a
very cold place
Neptune is very far
from the Sun
HOME ELECTRONIC
DATA SCIENCE
67%
30%
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
Saturn is one of the
planets with rings
AEROSPACE
MILITARY
12%
25%

29. COMPETITOR ANALYSIS
AUTONOMY ACCESSIBILITY WEIGHT ENDURANCE

30. SALES AND
MARKETING PLAN
03
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need it

31. INNOVATIONS IN ROBOTICS
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
Mars is actually a very
cold place
Jupiter is the biggest
planet of them all
Saturn is composed of
hydrogen and helium
Neptune is very far from
the Sun
PEPPER PARO SAUL ROBOT
ASUS ZENBO UR3 ARM MULTI-TASKING

32. BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS
1942
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
1966
Venus has a beautiful
name, but it’s very hot
2004
Despite being red, Mars
is a cold place
2015
Saturn is one of the
ringed planets

33. OUR PLANS
BASIC
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun and the
smallest of them all
Venus has a beautiful
name and is the second
planet from the Sun
Despite being red, Mars is
actually a cold place. It’s
full of iron oxide dust
PRO PREMIUM

34. SALES AND DISTRIBUTION
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
CHANNEL 1
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
CHANNEL 2
Despite being red, Mars is
actually a cold place
CHANNEL 3
Jupiter is the biggest
planet of them all
CHANNEL 4
Saturn is composed of
hydrogen and helium
CHANNEL 5
Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun
CHANNEL 6

35. ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION
Despite being red, Mars
is a cold place
800
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
Saturn is a gas giant
and has several rings
400
+1000

36. ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
TEAM 1
Mercury is the
smallest planet
TEAM 2
Venus has high
temperatures
TEAM 3
Jupiter is the
biggest planet
CEO TEAM 4
Earth is the
planet with life

37. 150,000
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38. PRIMARY AREAS OF ROBOTICS
Despite being red, Mars is
a cold place
OPERATOR INTERFACE
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
Jupiter is the biggest
planet of them all
Saturn is a gas giant and
has several rings
MOBILITY
MANIPULATORS
PROGRAMMING

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41. OPERATING
PLAN
05
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42. OUR PROCESS
DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3 DAY 4 DAY 5
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
Saturn is one of the
planets with rings
Neptune is very far
from the Sun
Mercury is the
smallest planet
Mars is actually a
very cold place

43. FINANCIAL
PLAN
06
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here if you need it

44. PREDICTED GROWTH
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Despite being red, Mars
is a cold place
INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
ROBOTIC ARMS
25%
75%

45. 3K
What the company owes
7K
Difference between both
10K
What the company owns
BALANCE SHEET
ASSETS LIABILITIES EQUITY

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