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1. ADHD - Pathophysiology Essay Assignment
ADHD - Pathophysiology Essay AssignmentDiscussion: Parent GuideLearning disorders and
motor disorders can be difficult for parents to understand. They often have many questions
that go unanswered and can create considerable misunderstanding. This misunderstanding
can damage the child/parent relationship. The PMHNP can answer questions and provide
guidance for the family in order to help reduce the uncertainty of the disorders.For the
Discussion, you will work with your group again to develop a Parent Guide for your
assigned disorder. ADHD - Pathophysiology Essay AssignmentORDER A PLAGIARISM- FREE
PAPER NOWLearning ObjectivesStudents will:Analyze signs and symptoms of learning and
motor disorders in childhoodAnalyze pathophysiology of learning and motor disorders in
childhoodAnalyze diagnosis and treatment methods for learning and motor disorders in
childhoodEvaluate Parent GuidesTo Prepare for this Discussion:Your Instructor will assign
you to a group and a disorder by Day 1 of Week 2.Review the resources concerning your
assigned disorder(ADH).Use your group's Discussion Board to design and develop the
Parent Guide before posting to the group wiki. For further guidance, refer to the Accessing
Group Discussionsinstructions below. ADHD - Pathophysiology Essay AssignmentUsing
evidence-based research, design and develop a Parent Guide for your assigned disorder
including:Signs and symptomsPathophysiologyHow the disorder is diagnosedTreatment
optionsProvide a minimum of three academic references.By Day 5One designated group
member should post the completed Parent Guide to the Discussion.By Day 7Respond to at
least two other groups' wikis by providing at least two contributions for improving or
including in their Parent Guide and at least two things that you like about their guide.The
occurrence of ADHD is influenced by several environmental and genetic factors. Most twin
studies have confirmed genetic associations in monozygotic twins with a 55% to 92%
concordance rate for ADHD Reference (Faraone & Larsson, 2018). Recently, ADHD has been
confirmed as a polygenic disorder where multiple genes are involved which determine how
severe symptoms are. Family environments and factors such as low socioeconomic status,
psychosocial stress, foster care, and maternal mental health disorder have also been
associated with high rates of ADHD although they are not regarded as primary causes.
ADHD - Pathophysiology Essay AssignmentIts pathophysiology is believed to result from a
deficiency of neural transmission in certain areas of the brain. The regions of the brain
which are believed to be involved are prefrontal and frontal regions, the cerebellum and
parietal lobe. Functional impairment in these neurotransmitter regions of the brain involves
either norepinephrine or dopamine pathways that govern cognitive process (Banaschewski

2. et al., 2017). These pathways have a direct responsibility in the cognitive control of
behavior, perception of rewards, motivation and motor control. Similarly, they play a
critical role in ADHD’s pathophysiology. When a reduction in the volume of particular
structures of the brain occurs, with a huge decrease in the left-side prefrontal cortex, the
posterior parietal cortex thins in comparison to its controls (Banaschewski et al., 2017).
ADHD - Pathophysiology Essay AssignmentAn overexpression of dopamine transporter and
defects in dopamine receptors D4 genes is likely to result to symptoms of ADHD since
Norepinephrine (NE) and Dopamine (DA) are used by the DRD4 receptor to respond to an
individual’s environment and to modulate attention (Banaschewski et al., 2017). The
dopamine transporter proteins can take in norepinephrine or dopamine in the presynaptic
cleft and result in insufficient interaction with postsynaptic receptors further resulting in
ADHD symptoms.ReferencesBanaschewski, T., Becker, K., Döpfner, M., Holtmann, M., Rösler,
M., & Romanos, M. (2017). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a current
overview. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 114(9), 149.Faraone, S. V., & Larsson, H.
(2018). Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 1. ADHD -
Pathophysiology Essay Assignment