A brief details about nomenclature tooth numbering system in operative dentistry

1. Nomenclature In
Operative Dentistry
Guided By
Dr. Sandeep Metgud
Dr. Deepali
Presented by
Dr Ashish Chhajlani

2. content
Introduction
Tooth Numbering
Terminology Related to various Tooth surface
Terminology Related to Dental caries
Terminology Related to other Defect of Tooth
Nomenclature Related to cavity preparation / Tooth preparation
Classification of cavity preparations

3. Introduction
Nomenclature refer to a set of terms used in
communication by individuals in the same
profession that enables them to understand one
another better.

4. Tooth Numbering System
The combined primary and deciduous dentition result in a total 52 teeth
a clear and convenient means of identification of specific teeth is
necessary .
There are several systems which are proposed for tooth numbering
system . these are :-
South African system
french system
Dutch System
Bosworth System

5. cincinnati system
The Dane or Haderups System
Reverse numeration system
Latin numeral system
Metcalf system
Crow system
US Army System
US Navy System
LowLands system
Universal System / ADA system
Zsigmonday / Palmer notation method

6. The 3 popular system which are currently
popular. They are :-
1 Zsigmondy / Palmer system
2 American Dental Association (ADA) system or
Universal Numbering system
3 Federation Dentaire International (FDI) System

7. Zsigmondy/Palmer
System
It is oldest system also called as Grid or Angular
system
In this system Primary Dentition are denoted by
English Upper case Latter and Permanent
Dentition are denoted by Number

9. ADA System or Universal
System
The Primary Dentition are denoted by consecutive
english upper case latter starting from maxillary
2nd Molar
The Permanent Teeth are indicated by number 1
to 32 .

11. FDI System
it is also referred as Two Digit System.
The first digit identifies the Quadrant to which tooth belong and
second digit denotes the tooth. Both digit have to be
pronounced separately.
for Permanent Dentition Quadrant are numbered 1 to 4 and
tooth are numbered 1 to 8 from the midline
for Deciduous dentition the quadrant are 5 to 8 and teeth are
denoted 1 to 5 from the midline

13. Terminology related to various
tooth surfaces
The coronal portion of tooth is divided into surface.
Mesial: The surface of the tooth closest to the anterior midline.
Distal: The surface of tooth away from the anterior midline.
labial: The surface of the tooth toward the lip.
Buccal: The tooth surface that is towards the cheek
Facial: The surface of tooth towards patients face

15. Lingual:The tooth surface that is towards the tongue.
Incisal:The Functional edge of an anterior tooth.
Occlusal:The masticating surface of a posterior tooth
Cervical:The surface of the tooth close to the neck or
cervix of tooth.
Gingival:The surface of the tooth close to the gingiva.

16. Terminology related to
Dental caries
Dental caries: Dental
caries is an infectious
microbiological disease
of teeth that results in
localised dissolution of
the calcified tissue

17. caries can be Described according to Location, Extent and Rate.
According to Location :
Primary caries : primary caries is the original carious lesion of the tooth.
Morphologically 3 types of primary caries are evident
1. Pits and fissure caries : caries involving pit and fissure area of teeth
because of imperfect coalescence of the developmental enamel lobe
2. Smooth surface caries : caries originating on smooth surface area of teeth
that are usually covered by plaque .
3. Root surface caries / Senile caries : caries may occur on the tooth root that
has been exposed to the oral environment and habitually covered with
plaque

20. 2.secondary caries /
Recurrent caries: it
occurs at junction of a
tooth restoration and
the tooth and may
progress under the
restoration

21. According to Extent
Incipient / Reversible caries : This represents early
carious lesion which is in its initial stage. it can be
remineralised if immediate corrective measures alter
the stage.
Cavitated / Irreversible caries: in this condition
enamel surface is broken and usually lesion has
advanced into dentin. Restoration is usually indicated.

23. According to Rate
Acute / Rampant caries : it refers to disease that
is rapidly damaging the tooth .
Chronic / Arrested caries : it is slow or it may be
arrested after several active phase.

24. Other terminology related
to Caries
Backward caries : when the spread of caries along DEJ
exceeds the caries in the contiguous enamel caries extended
in to this enamel from junction and is termed Backward caries.
Forward caries : when caries cone in enamel is larger or at
least the same size as that dentin.
Residual caries : Caries that remains in a completed tooth
preparation whether by intention or accident.

26. Enameloplasty
it is removal of a shallow
enamel developmental fissure
or pit to create a smooth
saucer shaped surface that is
self cleansing or easily cleaned
used when the fissure is no
deeper than one quarter to
one third the thickness of the
enamel.

27. Prophylactic Odontotomy
The procedure involves
minimally preparing and
filling with amalgam ,
developmental structural
imperfection of enamel
such as pit and fissure

28. Infected Dentin
Carious dentin consist of two
distinct layers an outer and
inner.
the outer layer is called as
Infected Dentin.
it is not remineralizable and it is
more discoloured so should be
removed.

29. Affected Dentin
The inner layer of carious
dentin is called as
Affected dentin. it can be
remineralised in tooth so it
should be preserved

30. Non carious Tooth Defects
Terminology
1 Abrasion : it is abnormal tooth
surface loss resulting from direct
friction forces between the teeth
and external object.
it is a pathological process ,
commonly seen as V shaped
notch in gingival portion of facial
aspect of tooth

31. 2.Attrition : it is mechanical
wear of the incisal or
occlusal surface as a result
of functional or
parafunctional movement
of mandible (tooth tooth
contact )
it is of two type Occlusal
surface attrition and
proximal surface attrition

32. 3.Erosion : it is loss of
the tooth structure
surface by chemico-mechanical
action
without any specific
role of microorganism

33. 4.Abfraction: these are wedge shaped defects in cervical
regions of tooth because of heavy eccentric occlusal
force . Also termed as idiopathic erosion

34. 5. Fracture
This refers to any break in continuity of tooth surface as a result of
traumatic injuries. fractures are commonly 3 types
1.Incomplete fracture not directly involving vital pulp: also called as
Greenstick fracture. its a very sensitive condition
2.complete fracture not involving Vital pulp: In this condition pain is not
associated usually , restorative treatment is indicated
3.Fracture involving Vital pulp: it results in pulpal infection and severe
pain. immediate root canal therapy is indicated otherwise the tooth must
be extracted

36. 6.Non Hereditary Enamel hypoplasia: it occurs when
the ameloblast are injured during enamel formation
resulting in defective enamel. usually seen in anterior
and first molar
7.Amelogenesis Imperfecta: the enamel is defective in
form or calcification as a result of heredity.
8.Dentinogenesis Imperfecta: it is a heredity condition
in which only dentin is defective due to injury to
odontoblast.

38. Tooth preparation Terminology
Cavity : This refers to a defect in the tooth enamel or both in enamel and dentin
due to carious progress.
Tooth (Cavity) Preparations: it is mechanical alteration of a defective injured or
diseased tooth to receive a restorative material that reestablishes a healthy
state for the tooth including aesthetic correction where indicated and normal
form and function.
Simple tooth preparation: A cavity preparation involving only one tooth surface.
Compound tooth preparation: If two surface are involved den termed as
compound tooth preparation.
Complex tooth preparation: When preparation involves 3 or more surfaces then
it is called as complex tooth preparations.

40. Abbreviation
The tooth description of tooth preparation is abbreviated
by using first letter capitalised of each tooth surface
involved . for example
O: occlusal surface
MO: involving mesial and occlusal surface
MOD : involving the mesial occlusal and distal surface
etc ..

41. Tooth preparation walls
Internal wall: it is Prepared surface that does not extend to
the external tooth surface.
External wall: An external wall is prepared surface that
extends to the external tooth surface.
Axial wall: An axial wall is an internal wall parellel to tooth
surface
Pulpal Wall: A pulpal wall is wall perpendicular to long axis
of the tooth and occlusal of the pulp

42. Floor or Seat : A seat or floor is prepared wall that is
reasonably flat and perpendicular to the occlusal
force that are directed occlusogingivally
Enamel wall:The enamel wall is that portion of
prepared external wall consisting of enamel
Dentinal wall: The Dentinal wall is that portion of
prepared wall consisting of dentin, in which
mechanical retention features may be located.

44. Tooth preparation angles
Here Angle refers to junction of two or more surfaces of cavity
preparation.
Line Angle : It is junction of two planar surface of different
orientation along a line. it is of two types :-
1. internal line angle: line angle whose apex points into the tooth
2. external line angle: whose apex point away from the tooth.
Point Angle : It is junction of 3 planar surfaces of different
orientation.

46. Cavosurface Angle and Cavosurface
Margin
The cavosurface Angle is the angle of tooth structure
formed by junction of prepared wall and the external
surface of the tooth
The actual junction is referred to as cavosurface
margin

48. Classification of Tooth
Preparation
classification of tooth preparation according to anatomic area and by the
associated type of treatment was presented by Black and designated as
Class I
Class II
Class III
Class IV
Class V
Since Blacks original classification an additional Class VI has been added

49. Class I Cavity
This includes cavity preparation
involving pit and fissure area of
teeth. it involves following area :
1 Occlusal pit and fissure in
posterior teeth
occlusal 2/3 of facial and lingual
surface of molar.
Lingual Pits of maxillary incisors

50. Class II Cavity
This involves one or both
Proximal surface of
posterior teeth

51. Class III cavity
This includes cavity
preparation on proximal
surface of anterior teeth
without involving the
incisal angle

52. Class IV
This includes cavity
preparation on proximal
surface of anterior teeth
with involvement of the
incisal angles

53. Class V cavity
This involves cavity preparation on the gingival 1/3 of the
facial and lingual surfaces of all the teeth.

54. Class VI
This involves cavity preparation on incisal edges
of anterior teeth or the occlusal cusp heights of
posterior teeth

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