1. 1
A
Summer Internship / Mini Project on
ELECTRIC VEHICLE DESIGN USING MATLAB
Submitted in partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Award of
Degree of Bachelor of Technology
In
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
By
D.PAVAN KUMAR
ROLL NO : 11903065
SRI VENKATESWARA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
ANDHRA PRADESH , TIRUPATI -517502
2. 2
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SRI VENKATESWARA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING , TIRUPATI
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that a summer internship/mini project report entitled as
“ELECTRIC VEHICLE DESIGN USING MATLAB” is a bonafied report submitted by
D.PAVAN KUMAR(11903065) in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award
of the DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in “ ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING “during the academic year 2022- 2023.
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Prof. T.GOWRI MANOHAR
Professor and Head
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engg
S.V. University College of Engineering.
Tirupati
3. 3
DECLARATION
I hearby declare that the summer internship/mini project entitled
“ELECTRIC VEHICLE DESIGN USING MATLAB”, which is being
submitted as summer internship/mini project in ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING to SRI VENKATESWARA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AP) is an authentic record of my genuine
work.
NAME : D.PAVAN KUMAR
ROLL NO : 11903065
DEPT: Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Sri Venkateswara University College of Engineering , Andhra Pradesh
4. 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to acknowledge all the people who have been of the help and
assisted me throughout my seminar work.
I am grateful to all the faculty members of The Institute of Electronics and
Telecommunications Engineers (IETE) for their support and cooperation.
I would also like to thank our sir Prof.T. GOWRI MANOHAR
,M.Tech,Ph.D Head of the Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, Sri venkateswara University College of Engineering. Tirupati
for his expert advice and counseling from time to time.
I express my gratitude to our Principal Prof. R.V.S SATYANARAYANA ,
M.tech, Ph.D. Sri Venkateswara University College
of Engineering for providing all kinds of supports.
My sincere thanks to all the faculty members in the
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering for their kind guidance and
encouragement from time to time.
NAME : D.PAVAN KUMAR
ROLL NO : 11903065
5. 5
ABSTRACT
The issue of the depletion of oil reserves in the world, and the
problem of air pollution produced by motor vehicles, motivate
many researchers to seek alternative energy sources to propel the
vehicle. One promising way is to replace combustion motor with
an electric motor, which is known as an electric vehicle. First
stages of this research is to model the flow of power in the electric
vehicle energy system to obtain its characteristics. Power flow
efficiency in electric vehicle is very important because this type of
vehicle is highly dependent on the limited electrical energy
supplied by a battery. Therefore it should be managed properly.
This study is to look into the power flow calculation so that the
amount of electrical energy is in accordance with the needs of
electric vehicle. The design of small electric vehicle model using
MATLAB/Simulink software is to get the best power flow
response to the electric vehicle energy system.
6. 6
CONTENTS
SL NO CHAPTERS PG NO
1 Introduction 8
1.1 Introduction To MATLAB Simulink 8
1.2 Introduction To Electric Vehicle 8
1.3 Types Of Electric Vehicle 9
1.3.1 Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV’s) 9
1.3.2 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV’s) 8
1.3.3 Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV’s) 10
1.4 Various types of motors used in EV’s 10
1.4.1 D C Series motor 10
1.4.2 Brushless D C motor 10
1.4.3 Permanent magnet synchronous motor 11
1.4.4 Three phase A C induction motor 11
2 Task Performed 12
2.1 PWM controlled D C motor 12
2.2 Simulink model of Single-Phase inverter 13
2.3 Buck converter 14
2.4 Boost converter 16
2.5 BUCK-Boost Converter 17
2.6 Simulation Of 7 Level Cascaded H- Bridge Multilevel
Inverter Using SPWM Technique
19
2.7 Design Control For Battery Energy Storage System 21
2.7.1 Electric car battery – lithium-ion 21
2.8 P V Cell design using MATLAB 22
3 Snapshots 24
4 Experience 25
4.1 Technical 25
4.2 Non-Technical 25
5 Conclusion 26
6 References 27
7. 7
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG.NO FIGURE NAMES
1.1 BLDC Motor
1.2 PMSM
1.3 Three Phase Ac Induction Motors
2.1 PWM-Controlled Dc Motor
2.2 Output Graphs Of PWM-Controlled Dc Motor
2.3 Simulink Model of Single-Phase Inverter
2.4 Output Voltage of Single-Phase Inverter (200 V Peak)
2.5 Buck Converter Design Using Simulink
2.6 Speed Control In Rps
2.7 Output Waveforms Of Buck Converter
2.8 Design Of Boost Converter
2.9 Input Voltage (24 V)
2.10 Output Voltage (~48 V)
2.11 Typical Circuit of Buck-Boost Converter
2.12 Simulink Design of Bi-Directional Buck Boost Converter
2.13 Output Pulse When Battery 1 Is Getting Charged
2.14 Output Of Battery 1 Is Getting Charged from Battery 2
2.15 Output Pulse When Battery 2 Is Getting Charged
2.16 Output Of Battery 2 Is Getting Charged from Battery 1
2.17 Simulation Of 7 Level Cascaded H- Bridge Multilevel Inverter Using
SPWM Technique
2.18 Step Response of Multilevel Inverter
2.19 Design Control of Battery Energy Storage System
2.20 Output For Battery Management System
2.21 P V Cell Design Using Simulink
2.22 Output Voltage of P V Cell
2.23 Output Current of P V Cell
8. 8
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB & SIMULATION
Simulink is a block diagram environment for multidomain simulation and Model-Based Design.
It supports system-level design, simulation, automatic code generation, and continuous test and
verification of embedded systems. Simulink provides a graphical editor, customizable block
libraries, and solvers for modelling and simulating dynamic systems. It is integrated with
MATLAB, enabling you to incorporate MATLAB algorithms into models and export simulation
results to MATLAB for further analysis.
Simulink is an environment for simulation and model-based design for dynamic and embedded
systems. It provides an interactive graphical environment and a customizable set of block libraries
that let you design, simulate, implement, and test a variety of time-varying systems, including
communications, controls, signal processing, video processing, and image processing.
Simulink offers:
• A quick way of developing your model in contrast to text based-programming
language such as e.g., C.
• Simulink has integrated solvers. In text based-programming language such as e.g., C
you need to write your own solver.
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC VEHICLE DESIGN
In recent years, many existing automobile manufacturers and new dedicated companies have put
a remarkable effort in transforming the conventional vehicle into an Electric Vehicle that provides
green and reliable solution. In terms of market share, EV demand is raising . It starts replacing
conventional vehicle in USA, Europe and Asia. With revolutionized perspective and competitive
price (Entry range), EV is a smart choice for any end user, however, an extra effort is required to
enhance the range of autonomy and vary applications.
An EV is a shortened acronym for an electric vehicle. EVs are vehicles that are either partially
or fully powered on electric power. Electric vehicles have low running costs as they have less
moving parts for maintaining and also very environmentally friendly as they use little or no fossil
fuels (petrol or diesel).
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There are many reasons why people are moving to Electric Vehicles (EV) to get them to the
places they need to be. These include:
EVs are fun to drive because they are fast and smooth.
Many studies show that the emissions from burning fossil fuels such as gasoline produce
harmful greenhouse gases. EV’s produce no smelly fumes or harmful greenhouse gases.
EVs are innovative and cool.
EVs only cost approximately $360 a year to operate compared to $3600 for a gasoline
vehicle.
EVs are a smart and convenient choice.
1.3 Types of Electric Vehicles:
1.3.1: Battery Electric Vehicles
Battery Electric Vehicles, also called BEVs and more frequently called EVs, are fully electric
vehicles with rechargeable batteries and no gasoline engine. All energy to run the vehicle comes
from the battery pack which is recharged from the grid. BEVs are zero emissions vehicles, as they
do not generate any harmful tailpipe emissions or air pollution hazards caused by traditional
gasoline-powered vehicles.
1.3.2: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles, or PHEVs, have both an engine and electric motor to drive
the car. Like regular hybrids, they can recharge their battery through regenerative braking. They
differ from regular hybrids by having a much larger battery, and being able to plug into the grid to
recharge. While regular hybrids can (at low speed) travel 1-2 miles before the gasoline engine turns
on, PHEVs can go anywhere from 10-40 miles before their gas engines provide assistance. Once
the all-electric range is depleted, PHEVs act as regular hybrids, and can travel several hundred miles
on a tank of gasoline. All PHEVs can charge at an EVgo L2 charger, but most PHEVs are not
capable of supporting fast charging.
PHEV Examples:
Audi A3 E-Tron • BMW 330e • BMWi8 • BMWx5 xdrive40e • Chevy Volt • Chrysler Pacifica •
Fiat 500e
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1.3.3: Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Hybrid Electric Vehicles, or HEVs, have both a gas-powered engine and an electric motor to
drive the car. All energy for the battery is gained through regenerative braking, which recoups
otherwise lost energy in braking to assist the gasoline engine during acceleration. In a traditional
internal combustion engine vehicle, this braking energy is normally lost as heat in the brake pads
and rotors. Regular hybrids cannot plug into the grid to recharge and cannot charge with EVgo.
1.4 VARIOUS TYPES OF MOTORS USED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES
1.4.1: DC Series Motor
High starting torque capability of the DC Series motor makes it a suitable option for traction
application. It was the most widely used motor for traction application in the early 1900s. The
advantages of this motor are easy speed control and it can also withstand a sudden increase in load.
All these characteristics make it an ideal traction motor. The main drawback of DC series motor is
high maintenance due to brushes and commutators. These motors are used in Indian railways.
1.4.2: Brushless DC Motors
It is similar to DC motors with Permanent Magnets. It is called brushless because it does
not have the commutator and brush arrangement. The commutation is done electronically in this
motor because of this BLDC motors are maintenance free. BLDC motors have traction
characteristics like high starting torque, high efficiency around 95-98%, etc. BLDC motors are
suitable for high power density design approach. The BLDC motors are the most preferred motors
for the electric vehicle application due to its traction characteristics.
Fig 1.1: BLDC Motor
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1.4.3: Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)
This motor is also similar to BLDC motor which has permanent magnets on the rotor.
Similar to BLDC motors these motors also have traction characteristics like high power density and
high efficiency. The difference is that PMSM has sinusoidal back EMF whereas BLDC has
trapezoidal back EMF. Permanent Magnet Synchronous motors are available for higher power
ratings. PMSM is the best choice for high performance applications like cars, buses. Despite the
high cost, PMSM is providing stiff competition to induction motors due to increased efficiency than
the latter. PMSM is also costlier than BLDC motors. Most of the automotive manufacturers use
PMSM motors for their hybrid and electric vehicles. For example, Toyota Prius, Chevrolet Bolt
EV, Ford Focus Electric, zero motorcycles S/SR, Nissan Leaf, Hinda Accord, BMW i3, etc use
PMSM motor for propulsion.
Fig 1.2: PMSM
1.4.4: Three Phase AC Induction Motors
The induction motors do not have a high starting toque like DC series motors under fixed
voltage and fixed frequency operation. But this characteristic can be altered by using various control
techniques like FOC or v/f methods. By using these control methods, the maximum torque is made
available at the starting of the motor which is suitable for traction application. Squirrel cage
induction motors have a long life due to less maintenance. Induction motors can be designed up to
an efficiency of 92-95%. The drawback of an induction motor is that it requires complex inverter
circuit and control of the motor is difficult.
Fig 1.3: Three Phase Ac Induction Motors
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CHAPTER 2:
TASK PERFORMED
2.1: PWM-Controlled DC Motor
This model shows how to use the Controlled PWM Voltage and H-Bridge blocks to control a
motor. The DC Motor block uses manufacturer datasheet parameters, which specify the motor as
delivering 10W mechanical power at 2500 rpm and no-load speed as 4000 rpm when run from a
12V DC supply. Hence if the PWM reference voltage is set to its maximum value of +5V, then the
motor should run at 4000 rpm. If it is set to +2.5V, then it should run at approximately 2000 rpm.
The Simulation model parameter is set to Average for both the Controlled PWM Voltage and H-
Bridge blocks, resulting in fast simulation. To validate the averaged behaviour, change the
Simulation mode parameter to PWM in both blocks.
Fig 2.1: PWM-Controlled Dc Motor
Simulation Results from Simscape Logging
The plot below shows the current passing through the motor and the speed of the motor shaft.
Fig 2.2: Output Graphs Of PWM-Controlled Dc Motor
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2.2: Simulink Model of Single-Phase Inverter
Inverter is defined as an Electrical device which converts the Direct current source into the
Alternating current source. The main source of electrical power is the battery which is a DC source.
The DC output of the battery is bucked or boosted according to the requirement and then converted
into AC using a DC-AC inverter. The function of an inverter is to change a dc input voltage to a
symmetric ac output voltage of desired magnitude and frequency. The output voltage waveforms of
ideal inverters should be sinusoidal. However, the waveforms of practical inverters are non-
sinusoidal and contain certain harmonics.
The input of the inverter is a fixed DC voltage which is nominally obtained from the batteries and
the output of the inverter is generally a fixed or a variable frequency Alternating voltage, the AC
voltage magnitude is also variable.
A Single-phase inverter converts a DC input into a AC output. In the following three phase
inverter circuit process the three single phase inverters put across the same DC source. The pole
voltages in a three-phase inverter are equal to the pole voltages in single phase half bridge inverter.
Three phase inverters can be operated in to two different types of modes of conduction, i.e., 120-
degree conduction mode and 180-degree conduction mode.
Fig 2.3: Simulink Model Of Single-Phase Inverter
14. 14
Fig 2.4: Output Voltage Of Single-Phase Inverter (200 V Peak)
2.3: Buck Converter
A buck converter (step-down converter) is a DC-to-DC power converter which steps down
voltage (while drawing less average current) from its input (supply) to its output (load). It is a class
of switched-mode power supply (SMPS) typically containing at least two semiconductors (a diode
and a transistor, although modern buck converters frequently replace the diode with a second
transistor used for synchronous rectification) and at least one energy storage element, a capacitor,
inductor, or the two in combination. To reduce voltage ripple, filters made of capacitors (sometimes
in combination with inductors) are normally added to such a converter's output (load-side filter) and
input (supply-side filter).
Switching converters (such as buck converters) provide much greater power efficiency as DC-
to-DC converters than linear regulators, which are simpler circuits that lower voltages by dissipating
power as heat, but do not step up output current.
Output voltage can be calculated as:
Vout≈(1+R2/R1)Vref
15. 15
Fig 2.5: Fig Buck Converter Design Using Simulink
Fig 2.6:Speed Control In Rps
Fig 2.7: Output Waveforms Of Buck Converter
16. 16
2.4:Boost converter
A boost converter (step-up converter) is a DC-to-DC power converter that steps up voltage
(while stepping down current) from its input (supply) to its output (load). It is a class of switched-
mode power supply (SMPS) containing at least two semiconductors (a diode and a transistor) and
at least one energy storage element: a capacitor, inductor, or the two in combination. To reduce
voltage ripple, filters made of capacitors (sometimes in combination with inductors) are normally
added to such a converter's output (load-side filter) and input (supply-side filter).
Fig 2.8 Design of Boost converter
Fig 2.9:Input voltage(24 v) Fig 2.10: Output voltage (~48v)
17. 17
2.5: Buck – Boost Converter:
DC-DC converters are also known as Choppers. Here we will have a look at Buck Boost
converter which can operate as a DC-DC Step-Down converter or a DC-DC Step-Up converter
depending upon the duty cycle, D.
Fig 2.11: Typical circuit of buck-boost converter.
The input voltage source is connected to a solid state device. The second switch used is a diode.
The diode is connected, in reverse to the direction of power flow from source, to a capacitor and
the load and the two are connected in parallel as shown in the figure above.
The controlled switch is turned on and off by using Pulse Width Modulation(PWM). PWM can
be time based or frequency based. Frequency based modulation has disadvantages like a wide range
of frequencies to achieve the desired control of the switch which in turn will give the desired output
voltage. Time based Modulation is mostly used for DC-DC converters. It is simple to construct and
use. The frequency remains constant in this type of PWM modulation.
Simulink design:
Fig 2.12: Simulink Design Of Bi Directional Buck Boost Converter
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STEP 1:Output Pulse When Battery 1 Is Getting Charged From Battery Two.
FIG 2.13: Output Pulse When Batter 1 Is Getting Charge
Fig 2.14: Output Of Battery 1 Voltage Getting Charged From Battery 2
STEP 2: Output Pulse When Battery 2 Is Getting Charged From Battery 1.
FIG 2.15: Output Pulse When Batter 2 Is Getting Charge
19. 19
Fig 2.16: Output Of Battery 2 Voltage Getting Charged From Battery 1
2.6 Simulation Of 7 Level Cascaded H Bridge Multilevel Inverter
Using SPWM Technique.
Multi-Level Inverters (MLI) has developed into wide and great deal of technology. Day by day,
there are hundred thousand of inverters available all over the world but multilevel inverters come
with great advantages and abilities. One of them is Cascaded HBridge inverter (CHB).
Comprehensively, the advantages of CHB multilevel inverter are focusing in the improvement of
output signal quality and overcome the high-risk damage of power device damage for being failed
to achieve desired voltage and current rating. Multilevel inverter are developed in way to overcome
some limitations of the conventional inverter with some impressive features which is goodincluding
capable to generate output voltage and draw current with lowest distortion and can operateat low
switching frequency.
The output voltage of each configuration can be explained as follow:
State-1: In this operation the IGBT-1, IGBT-2, IGBT-5, IGBT-6, IGBT-9 and IGBT-10 are closed,
hence the output voltage is 3 time of Vdc.
State-2: In this operation the IGBT-1, IGBT-2, IGBT-5, IGBT-6, IGBT-10 and IGBT-12 are closed,
hence the output voltage is 2 time of Vdc.
State-3: In this operation the IGBT-1, IGBT-2, IGBT-6, IGBT-8, IGBT-10 and IGBT-12 are closed,
hence the output voltage is Vdc.
State-4: In this operation the IGBT-2 IGBT-4, IGBT-6 IGBT-8 IGBT-10 and IGBT-12are closed,
hence the output voltage is 0 volt.
20. 20
State-5: In this operation when IGBT-2 IGBT-4, IGBT-6 IGBT-8, IGBT-9 and IGBT-10 are closed,
hence the output voltage is –Vdc (negative polarity).
State-6: In this operation when IGBT-2 IGBT-4, IGBT-7 IGBT-8, IGBT11 and IGBT-12 are closed,
hence the output voltage is 2 time of – Vdc (negative polarity).
State-7: In this operation when IGBT-3 IGBT-4, IGBT-7 IGBT-8, IGBT11 and IGBT-12 are closed,
hence the output voltage is 3 time of – Vdc (negative polarity).
SIMULATION:
FIG 2.17: Simulation Of 7 Level Cascaded H Bridge Multilevel Inverter Using SPWM Technique.
Fig 2.18: Step output of Multilevel
Inverter
21. 21
2.7 Design Control For Battery Energy Storage System
EV batteries undergo cycles of 'discharge' that occur when driving and 'charge' when the car's
plugged in. Repeating this process over time affects the amount of charge the battery can hold. This
decreases the range and time needed between each journey to charge. Most manufacturers have a five
to eight-year warranty on their battery. However, the current prediction is that an electric car battery
will last from 10 – 20 years before they need to be replaced.
2.7.1Electric car battery lithium-ion
A Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery is a type of rechargeable battery used in electric vehicles and a
number of portable electronics. They have a higher energy density than typical lead-acid or nickel-
cadmium rechargeable batteries. This means that battery manufacturers can save space, reducing
the overall size of the battery pack.
Lithium is also the lightest of all metals. However, lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries contain no lithium
metal, they contain ions. For those wondering what an ion is, an ion is a an atom or molecule with
an electric charge caused by the loss or gain of one or more electrons.
SIMULATION:
Fig 2.19: Design Control For Battery Energy Storage System
22. 22
Fig 2.20: Output For Battery Management System
2.8 P V Cell Design Using Matlab
The Solar Cell block represents a solar cell current source.
The solar cell model includes the following components:
• Solar-Induced Current
• Temperature Dependence
• Thermal Port
SIMULINK DESIGN
Fig 2.21: P V Cell Design Using
Simulink
23. 23
Fig 2.22: Output voltage of P V cell
Fig 2.23: Output Current of P V cell
25. 25
CHAPTER 4:
EXPERIENCE
4.1TECHNICAL
Electric vehicles will be huge in the world, and the world needs more engineers who has correctional
knowledge on the field of electrical, electronics, and mechanical engineers to build the EV industry.
It was good experience to work on MATLAB which i had never worked on it. I designed a Prototype
of Electric Vehicle, under the guidance of Srinivasulu (Pantech e-learning). I also got information
about our domain and also basics of design using MATLAB for about two weeks. I studied the
performance and energy consumptions aspects of a power train configuration for an Electric Vehicle
during this program.
I also learnt how to use tools available in MATLAB, also tested each tools in MATLAB. I came to
know the level of Compatibility through designing a prototype. Also, i got to know about Pros. And
Cons. Of Conceptual Design Pattern of EV.
4.2 NON-TECHNICAL
It was different experience to work in a company where every opportunity is given to a student to
involve in each and every work. Since EV was all about the connectivity, All our friends attended
the program online because of pandemic, and also experienced problem of online training. Finally,
I learnt how to work in a team, good group co-ordination. And also, i enjoyed very well the last day
of our internship.
And this training helped me a lot not only in technical but also in non-technical where I learnt about
the team work, group discussion, time management, deadline for the work given.
I got a good trainer, who was very friendly, supportive and also guided for designing the Electric
Vehicle.
26. 26
CHAPTER 5:
CONCLUSION
Both developed and developing countries have become more active in EV introduction and
diffusion. In developed countries, the government has led the promotion of next-generation
environment-friendly vehicles. In the industrial world, not only conventional auto manufacturers
but also large and small enterprises have joined the EV business as new business opportunities. In
accordance with the implementation of many pilot projects and EV related events, public
expectation on EVs is high. However, there is no clear indication for full-fledged diffusion. This is
because of high prices of EVs, limited models, lack of charging infrastructure, and lack of trust in
the market in terms of life span of EVs and safety. On the other hand, big auto manufacturers have
become bolder in EV development, which is seen to address the above-mentioned problems and
accelerate EV diffusion.
So, on manufacturing these EV’s there will be lots of benefits in savings of fuel, fast charging
system, the production cost will be lesser, control of emission takes place low noise pollution, easy
to rebuild in any damages happen, and safe to drive, by keeping all these points EV will be boom
for the future.
27. 27
CHAPTER 6:
REFERENCES
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