This document discusses constraint satisfaction problems in artificial intelligence. It defines constraint satisfaction as a technique where a problem is solved when its variable values satisfy certain constraints or rules. Constraint satisfaction problems are composed of variables, domains that specify possible values for each variable, and constraints that define acceptable relationships between values. Common problems that can be solved using constraint satisfaction include cryptography problems, map coloring problems, the n-queen problem, and crossword puzzles. The document then provides an example of solving a cryptography problem using constraint satisfaction by systematically assigning values to letters to satisfy the constraints imposed by column-wise addition.
2. Table Of Content
1. What is Artificial Intelligence
2. Advantages and Disadvantages of AI
3. Applications of Artificial Intelligence
4. Constraint satisfaction problem in AI
5. Solving Constraint satisfaction problem
6. Problems solved with constraint satisfaction problem
7. Cryptanalysis Problem
8. Solution
3. What is Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence is a method of making a
computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software
think intelligently like the human mind.
AI is accomplished by studying the patterns of the
human brain and by analyzing the cognitive process.
The outcome of these studies develops intelligent
software and systems.
4. Advantages of AI
It reduces human error
It never sleeps, so it’s available 24x7
It never gets bored, so it easily handles repetitive tasks
It’s fast
5. Disadvantages of AI
It’s costly to implement
It can’t duplicate human creativity
It will definitely replace some jobs, leading to unemployment
People can become overly reliant on it
6. Application of AI
Cyber Security
Using machine learning algorithms and ample sample data, AI can
be used to detect anomalies and adapt and respond to threats.
Banking Fraud Detection
From extensive data consisting of fraudulent and non-fraudulent
transactions, the AI learns to predict if a new transaction is fraudulent or
not.
7. Cont…
Virtual Assistants :Siri, Cortana,
Alexa, and Google now use voice
recognition to follow the user's
commands. They collect information,
interpret what is being asked, and supply
the answer via fetched data.
Online Customer Support :AI is
now automating most of the online
customer support and voice
messaging systems.
8. Constraint Satisfaction Problems in AI
•Constraint satisfaction is a technique where a problem is solved when its values
satisfy certain constraints or rules of the problem.
•Such type of technique leads to a deeper understanding of the problem
structure as well as its complexity.
9. Cont…
Constraint satisfaction depends on three components, namely:
•X: It is a set of variables.
•D: It is a set of domains where the variables reside. There is a specific
domain for each variable.
•C: It is a set of constraints which are followed by the set of variables.
10. Solving Constraint Satisfaction problem
Solving Constraint Satisfaction Problems
The requirements to solve a constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) is:
•A state-space
•The notion of the solution.
A state in state-space is defined by assigning values to some or all variables such
as
{X1=v1, X2=v2, and so on…}.
11. Problems that solved with constraint
satisfaction
•A cryptography problem
•A map coloring problem
•The n-Queen problem
•A crossword puzzle
12. Crpyptanalysis Problem
5 4 3 2 1
S E N D
+ M O R E
c3 c2 c1
-------------
M O N E Y
where c1,c2,c3 are the carry forward numbers upon addition.
13. Steps to get solution
1.From Column 5, M=1, since it is only carry-over possible from sum of 2 single digit number in
column 4.
2.To produce a carry from column 4 to column 5 ‘S + M’ is at least 9 so ‘S=8or9’ so ‘S+M=9or10’ &
so ‘O=0or1’ . But ‘M=1’, so ‘0=0’.
3.If there is carry from column 3 to 4 then ‘E=9’ & so ‘N=0’. But ‘O=0’ so there is no carry & ‘S=9’
& ‘c3=0’.
4.If there is no carry from column 2 to 3 then ‘E=N’ which is impossible, therefore there is carry &
‘N=E+1’ & ‘c2=1’.
5.If there is carry from column 1 to 2 then ‘N+R=E mod 10’ & ‘N=E+1’ so ‘E+1+R=E mod 10’, so
‘R=9’ but ‘S=9’, so there must be carry from column 1 to 2. Therefore ‘c1=1’ & ‘R=8’.
