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Chapter 17 Digestive System
1.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 17 Lecture PowerPoint
2.
2402 Anatomy and
Physiology II Chapter 17 Susan Gossett [email_address] Department of Biology Paris Junior College
3.
Hole’s Human Anatomy
and Physiology Twelfth Edition Shier Butler Lewis Chapter 17 Digestive System Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
4.
5.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anus ACCESSORY ORGANS Salivary glands Secrete saliva, which contains enzymes that initiate breakdown of carbohydrates Liver Produces bile, which emulsifies fat Gallbladder Stores bile and introduces it into small intestine Pancreas Produces and secretes pancreatic juice, containing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions, into small intestine ALIMENTARY CANAL Mouth Mechanical breakdown of food; begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates Pharynx Connects mouth with esophagus Esophagus Peristalsis pushes food to stomach Stomach Secretes acid and enzymes; mixes food with secretions to begin enzymatic digestion of proteins Small intestine Mixes food with bile and pancreatic juice; final enzymatic breakdown of food molecules; main site of nutrient absorption Large intestine Absorbs water and electrolytes to form feces Rectum Regulates elimination of feces
6.
7.
Structure of the
Wall Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Intestinal gland Lacteal Epithelium Mucous gland in submucosa Mucosa Circular muscle Longitudinal muscle Circular muscle Longitudinal muscle Serosa Artery Mesentery Circular fold Mucosa Submucosa Serosa Capillaries Lacteal Microvilli Nucleus Goblet cell Vein Villi Lymph nodule Nerve plexuses Muscular layer Simple columnar epithelium
8.
9.
Movements of the
Tube Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (c) (a) Movement of contents (b) Digesting material Wave of contraction
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b: © Nick Koudis/Getty Images Incisors Canine (cuspid) Canine (cuspid) Molars Incisors (a) Molars (b) Canines Premolars (bicuspids) Premolars (bicuspids) Second premolars First premolars Lateral incisors Central incisors
17.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Crown Gingiva Root canal Cementum Root Dentin Enamel Alveolar process Periodontal ligament Pulp cavity
18.
17.1 Clinical Application
Dental Caries
19.
20.
21.
Major Salivary Glands
Sublingual gland Mandible (cut) Parotid gland Masseter muscle Submandibular gland Tongue Submandibular duct Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Duct (a) Serous cell Duct Mucous cell (c) Serous cell Duct (b) Serous cell Mucous cell a: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer; figure b: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; figure c: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superior Middle Inferior Tongue Epiglottis Trachea Esophagus Soft palate Larynx Epiglottis Hyoid bone Esophagus Larynx Tongue Peristaltic wave Stomach Esophagus Food mass Nasopharynx with mucosa removed to show muscles Pharyngeal constrictor muscles: Hard palate Food mass (a) The tongue forces food into the pharynx. Soft palate Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles Food mass (c) Superior constrictor muscles contract and force food into the esophagus. Food mass Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles (b) The soft palate, hyoid bone, and larynx are raised, the tongue is pressed against the palate, the epiglottis closes, and the inferior constrictor muscles relax so that the esophagus opens. (d) Peristaltic waves move food through the esophagus to the stomach.
26.
Esophagus Copyright ©
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Esophagus Diaphragm Stomach Esophageal hiatus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Mucosa Lumen Submucosa © Ed Reschke Muscular layer
27.
28.
Parts of the
Stomach Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fundus Body Pylorus Pyloric opening Duodenum Cardia Esophagus Esophagus Esophagus (b) (a) Circular fibers Longitudinal fibers Oblique fibers Longitudinal fibers Pyloric sphincter Lesser curvature Lower esophageal sphincter Pyloric canal Pyloric antrum Gastric folds (rugae) Greater curvature
29.
Parts of the
Stomach Pyloric sphincter Duodenum Pylorus Fundus Gastric folds Body © Dr. Kent M. Van De Graaff Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
30.
31.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Gastric pits Chief cell (a) (b) Parietal cell Gastric gland Mucous cell Mucosa Submucosa Serosa Mucous cell Gastric pit Parietal cell Chief cell Portion of a gastric gland Portion of a gastric gland Muscle layers b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
32.
33.
Regulation of Gastric
Secretions Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 2 3 4 Stimulation Bloodstream Release into bloodstream Parasympathetic preganglionic nerve fiber (in vagus nerve) Gastrin stimulates gastric glands to release more gastric juice Parasympathetic postganglionic impulses stimulate the release of gastric juice from gastric glands Impulses stimulate the release of gastrin
34.
35.
36.
Mixing and Emptying
Actions Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stomach Chyme Duodenum (a) (b) (c) Pyloric sphincter relaxed Pyloric sphincter contracted Food entering
37.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. From CNS 4 1 2 3 Nerve impulses inhibit peristalsis in stomach wall Duodenum fills with chyme Sensory stretch receptors are stimulated Sensory nerve impulses travel to central nervous system To CNS Vagus nerve
38.
17.2 Clinical Application
Oh, My Aching Stomach!
39.
40.
Structure of the
Pancreas Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Right hepatic duct Left hepatic duct Cystic duct Common hepatic duct Bile duct Bile duct Gallbladder Sphincter muscles Head of pancreas Duodenum Major duodenal papilla Intestinal lumen Pancreatic duct Pyloric sphincter Minor duodenal papilla Major duodenal papilla Tail of pancreas Pancreatic duct Hepatopancreatic sphincter Hepatopancreatic ampulla
41.
42.
Regulation of Pancreatic
Secretion Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Bloodstream 1 5 4 3 2 Stimulation of effector organ Acidic chyme enters duodenum Bicarbonate ions neutralize acidic chyme Intestinal mucosa releases secretin into bloodstream Secretin stimulates pancreas to secrete bicarbonate ions Hormonal signals released into bloodstream Pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions passes down pancreatic ducts to the duodenum
43.
44.
Liver Structure Copyright
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Right lobe Coronary ligament Inferior vena cava Left lobe Inferior vena cava Right lobe Gallbladder Quadrate lobe Cystic duct Left lobe Hepatic duct Hepatic artery Bile duct Caudate lobe Gallbladder (b) (a) Round ligament Hepatic portal vein Falciform ligament
45.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Bile duct Branch of hepatic artery Plates of liver cells Central vein Bile canaliculi Bile ductule Bile duct Sinusoids (b) (a) (c) Branch of hepatic portal vein Hepatic sinusoids Branches of hepatic artery Branch of hepatic portal vein c: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
46.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Bile duct Bile ductule Bile canaliculi Kupffer cell Hepatic cells Branch of hepatic portal vein Branch of hepatic artery Hepatic sinusoids Blood flow into liver Central vein (blood flow out of liver)
47.
48.
49.
17.1 From Science
to Technology Replacing the Liver
50.
51.
17.3 Clinical Application
Hepatitis
52.
Gallbladder Copyright ©
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
53.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © Carroll Weiss/Camera M.D. Studios
54.
Regulation of Bile
Release Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 4 5 Gallbladder Bile duct Cystic duct Duodenum 3 Bloodstream 2 Chyme with fat enters duodenum Cells from the intestinal mucosa secrete the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) into the bloodstream Hormonal signals released into bloodstream Stimulation of effector organ Pancreatic duct Hepatopancreatic sphincter relaxes and bile enters duodenum Bile passes down the cystic duct and bile duct to duodenum CCK stimulates muscular layer of gallbladder wall to contract Common hepatic duct
55.
56.
57.
17.4 Clinical Application
Gallbladder Disease
58.
59.
Parts of the
Small Intestine Stomach Jejunum Duodenum Ascending colon Mesentery Appendix Cecum Ileum Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
60.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stomach Small intestine © Armed Forces Institute of Pathology
61.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Liver Stomach Gallbladder Transverse colon underneath Greater omentum
62.
Structure of the
Small Intestinal Wall Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lacteal Blood capillary network Intestinal gland Goblet cells Simple columnar epithelium Venule Arteriole Lymph vessel Villus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lumen Intestinal gland Villus © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
63.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Microvilli Cell membrane Mitochondrion Golgi apparatus Nucleolus Nucleus (a) Lumen Microvilli (b) Rough endoplasmic reticulum Cytoplasm of epithelial cell b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
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Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Submucosa Circular muscle Longitudinal muscle Serosa (a) (b) Plicae circulares Muscular layer Villi
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Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Maltose Glucose Monosaccharides Disaccharide Glucose H H O Maltase Maltase HO H O OH OH H O H H HO H O OH HO H O H 2 O Water H N C H H Amino acid Amino acid Dipeptidase R C H N O C R H H N C H H R C OH O H N C H H R C OH O C OH O Dipeptidase H 2 O Dipeptide (from protein digestion) Water Lipase H C HO HO HO H C H H C H C C 17 H 35 COO H H C H 3H 2 O Lipase + + Fatty acids Glycerol Fat C H C H O C O C O C 17 H 35 COO C 17 H 35 COO Water C 17 H 35 C C 17 H 35 C C 17 H 35 C OH OH OH
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Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fatty acids Lacteal Nucleus Chylomicrons 1 2 3 4 5 Lymph To blood Lymph in lacteal transports chylomicrons away from intestine Chylomicrons leave epithelial cell and enter lacteal Fats collect in clusters encased in protein to form chylomicrons Fatty acids are used to synthesize fats in endoplasmic reticulum Fatty acids resulting from fat digestion enter epithelial cell Endoplasmic reticulum Lumen of intestine Epithelial cell
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Parts of the
Large Intestine Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anal canal Sigmoid colon Haustra Descending colon Rectum Appendix Cecum Orifice of appendix Ileocecal sphincter Ascending colon Serous layer Mucous membrane Transverse colon Muscular layer Ileum Hepatic flexure Tenia coli Splenic flexure Epiploic appendage
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Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © Jim Wehtje/Getty Images
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Structure of the
Large Intestinal Wall © Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold Lumen Submucosa Muscular layer Serosa Mucosa Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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17.5 Clinical Application
Disorders of the Large Intestine
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Quiz 17 Complete
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