APA Citations and References Basics of APA

1. Citations
and
References
APA 7th Edition

2. Style guides for Academic Writing
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3. CMS
APA
Modern
Language
Association
MLA
THE BIG THREE:
American
Psychological
Association
Chicago
Manual of
Style
http://www.apastyle.org
•http://www.mla.org/style
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/

4. ❑
❑
❑
❑
❑
Modern Language Association
MLA

5. ❑
❑
❑
❑
❑
American Psychological Association
APA

6. ❑
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❑
Chicago Manual of Style/
Turabian Style
CMS

7. Modern Language Association
MLA
American Psychological Association
APA
Chicago Manual of Style/
Turabian Style
CMS

8. APA
Citations and
References
Publication Manual 7th Edition

9. ▪ It gives proper credit to the authors
incorporated into the paper
▪ It allows those who are reading the
work to locate the sources
▪ helps to avoid committing plagiarism
in writing
NOTE: In-text citation and the reference list should
always go together. In short, every source cited
within the text should also appear in the reference
citation consistently following a single
documentation or style guide.

10. In-text
Citation
APA Publication Manual 7th Edition

11. In-text Citation
Styles of In-text Citation

14. Signal Phrases
can be used for both quotations and paraphrased information and
are chosen when the name of the author or organization is
important
Reyes (1994) have argued that

15. In-text citations are used when you:
Paraphrase
Quote
When exact words are taken down
from a source material and copied
directly into one’s writing
Giving the same information as in
the original text, but in different
words

17. Referencing
APA Publication Manual 7th Edition

18. Why and when to reference?

19. Where does the list of references
go in academic paper?

20. How
should one
format the
list of
references?

21. ▪ The references should start with the word “References” (without quotation
marks) centered at the top of the page. This word should be bolded, but
neither underlined nor written with capital letters.
▪ References should be listed in alphabetical order
▪ Your references should be formatted the same as the rest of your paper
with 1-inch margins.
▪ Your references should be double spaced all the way through.
▪ No extra line space should be inserted between entries.
▪ Your references should be formatted with a hanging indentation set to 0.5
inches
NOTE: Although APA does not have a specific required font, fonts that are difficult to read or not
commonly accessible on most computers should be avoided. Typically, instructors recommend using 12-
point Times New Roman font, but check with your instructor and follow their guidance

22. Four Elements of an APA Reference
Author/
Name of Organization
When?
WheRE?
WhAT?
Who? Date of Publication
Title Source

23. Four Elements of an APA Reference
Who
WHEN WHAT
WHERE

24. Works that stands alone
Italic title
Work is part of a greater whole
Italic source
Books Journal articles
Dissertations and theses Magazine articles
Films or videos TV episodes
Social media posts
webpages
What should be italicized?

26. Basic
APA
Referencing
Styles
Publication Manual 7th Edition

27. BOOKS
PERIODICALS
MISCELLANEOUS

28. What to locate?
✓ Author/s
✓ Date of
publication
✓ Title of the book
✓ Publisher
REFERENCING BOOKS
BOOK

29. Sapolsky, R. M. (2017). Behave: The biology of humans at our best and worst.
Penguin Books.
Publisher
Title of the Book
Date
Author
BOOK What to locate?
✓ Author/s
✓ Date of
publication
✓ Title of the book
✓ Publisher
REFERENCING BOOKS

30. REFERENCING EBOOKS
BOOK What to locate?
✓ Author/s
✓ Date of
publication
✓ Title of the book
✓ Publisher
✓ DOI/URL
Jackson, L. M. (2019). The psychology of prejudice: From attitudes to social action
American Psychological Association.
Publisher
Title of the Book
Date
Author
(2nd ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000168-000
Digital Object Identifier
If the book has multiple edition

31. REFERENCING MATERIALS
WITH MULTIPLE AUTHORS
BOOK 2 TO 20 AUTHORS
The big picture/Academic writing: The one-hour guide (3rd
Hans Reitzel Forlag.
Publisher
Title of the Book
(2020).
Date
Svendsen, S., & Løber, L.
Authors
digital ed.). https://thebigpicture-academicwriting.digi.hansreitzel.dk/
URL
ampersand before last author
Note: With 2 to 20 authors, list all authors in the order as they appear in the source,
not alphabetically

32. REFERENCING MATERIALS
WITH MULTIPLE AUTHORS
BOOK
21 AND MORE AUTHORS
Note: List the first 19 authors as how they appear in the source
Use an ellipsis (…) between the 19th author and last author
Vos, T., Lim, S. S., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abbasi, M., Abbasifard, M., Abbasi-
Kangevari, M., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahi, M.,
Abdollahpour, I., Abolhassani, H., Aboyans, V., Abrams, E. M., Abreu, L. G.,
Abrigo, M. R. M., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abushouk, A. I., ... Murray, C, J. L. (2020).
Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-
2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The
Lancet, 396(10258), 1204-1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9
Authors

33. BOOK What to locate?
✓ Author/s
✓ Date of
publication
✓ Title of the book
✓ Volume
✓ Publisher
REFERENCING BOOKS
(with volume)
American Psychological Association.
Publisher
APA educational psychology handbook
Title of the Book
(2012).
Date
Harris, K. R., Graham, S., & Urdan T. (Eds.).
Authors
(Vols. 1–3).
Note: Use the abbreviation “(Ed.)” for one editor

34. PERIODICALS What to locate?
✓ Author/s
✓ Year of publication
✓ Title of the Article
✓ Journal name
✓ Page, Issue & Volume
✓ DOI
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Bottom of the page

35. PERIODICALS What to locate?
✓ Author/s
✓ Date of publication
✓ Title of the Article
✓ Journal name
✓ Page, Issue & Volume
✓ DOI
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Emotions in storybooks:
Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J.
A comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the United States.
Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(3),
Journal title
Title of the Article
(2019).
Date
Authors
Volume
Issue
207–217.
Page
range
https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185
DOI link

36. Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J.
A comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the United States.
Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(3),
Journal title
Title of the Article
(2019).
Date
Authors
Emotions in storybooks:
Volume
Issue
207–217.
Page
range
DOI link
https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185
Article e0193972.
Article
number
JOURNAL ARTICLE
(with Article Number)

37. PERIODICALS What to locate?
✓ Author/s
✓ Date of publication
✓ Title of the Article
✓ Magazine name
✓ Page, Issue & Volume
✓ DOI
MAGAZINE ARTICLE

38. PERIODICALS What to locate?
✓ Author/s
✓ Date of publication
✓ Title of the Article
✓ Magazine name
✓ Page, Issue & Volume
✓ DOI
MAGAZINE ARTICLE
Don’t ‘iTune’ us: It’s geeks versus writers. Guess
Lyons, D.
Newsweek, 153(24),
Magazine title
Title of the
Magazine Article
(2009, June 15).
Complete Date
Author
Volume Issue
27. Page
who’s winning.

39. PERIODICALS MAGAZINE ARTICLE
(with DOI)
Don’t ‘iTune’ us: It’s geeks versus writers. Guess
Lyons, D.
Newsweek, 153(24),
Magazine title
Title of the
Magazine Article
(2009, June 15).
Complete Date
Author
Volume Issue
27.
Page
who’s winning. https://doi.org/xx.xxxx/yyyyyyy
DOI
link/URL
What to locate?
✓ Author/s
✓ Date of publication
✓ Title of the Article
✓ Magazine name
✓ Page, Issue & Volume
✓ DOI

40. PERIODICALS What to locate?
✓ Author/s
✓ Date of publication
✓ Title of the Article
✓ Newspaper name
✓ Page/s
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

41. PERIODICALS What to locate?
✓ Author/s
✓ Date of publication
✓ Title of the Article
✓ Newspaper name
✓ Page/s
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
North Korea vows to restart shuttered nuclear reactor that can
Title of the News
Article
(2013, April 2).
Complete Date
Harlan, C.
Author
The Washington Posts,
Magazine title
A1, A4.
Pages
make bomb-grade plutonium.

42. PERIODICALS What to locate?
✓ Author/s
✓ Date of publication
✓ Title of the Article
✓ Newspaper name
✓ Page/s
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
(Online)
Can we get better at forgetting?
Title of the Article
(2019, March 22).
Complete Date
Carey, B.
Author
The New York Times.
Newspaper Name
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/22/health/memory-forgetting-psychology.html
URL

43. MISCELLANEOUS PRINT DICTIONARY
American Psychological Association.
In APA dictionary of psychology.
Source
Undefined term
(n.d.).
Complete
Date
Author
Just-world hypothesis.
(2nd ed., p. 667).
Book edition & Page number
Note: n.d. stands for NO DATE

44. MISCELLANEOUS ONLINE DICTIONARY
Note: n.d. stands for NO DATE
American Psychological Association.
In APA dictionary of psychology.
Journal title
Undefined term
(n.d.).
Complete
Date
Author
Just-world hypothesis.
from https://dictionary.apa.org/just-world-hypothesis
URL
Retrieved January 18, 2020,
Date of Retrieval

45. MISCELLANEOUS DISSERTATIONS AND THESES
(Published)
Zambrano-Vazquez, L.
[Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona].
Doctoral/Masters,
Institution
Title of the Study
(2016).
Date
Author
The interaction of state and trait worry on response
URL
https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/620615
UA Campus Repository.
Database/
Archive
name

46. MISCELLANEOUS DISSERTATIONS AND THESES
(Unpublished)
elementary school leaders
Harris, L.
[Unpublished doctoral dissertation].
Unpublished
Doctoral/Masters
Title of the Study
(2014).
Date
Author
Instructional leadership perceptions and practices of
University of Virginia.
Institution

47. MISCELLANEOUS FILM OR MOVIE
Selznick International Pictures;
Fleming, V. (director).
Production companies
Title of the Film
(1939).
Year released
Director
Gone with the wind [Film].
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

48. MISCELLANEOUS POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
Jones, J.
Source
Title of the PPT
(2016, March 23).
Date
Author
Guided reading: Making the most of it [PowerPoint slides].
SlideShare.
URL
https://www.slideshare.net/hellojenjones/guided-reading-making-
the-most-of-it

49. MISCELLANEOUS RADIO BROADCAST
Mottram, L.
Source
Title of the broadcast
(2020, January 8).
Date Aired
Announcer
Hazard reduction burning is not a panacea to bushfire risk:
ABC.
URL
https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/pm/thinned-forests-can-be-more-
prone-to-fire,-expert-says/11853280
Expert [Radio broadcast].

50. MISCELLANEOUS YOUTUBE VIDEO
Asian Boss.
Title of the video
(2020, June 5).
Date uploaded
YT Account
World’s leading vaccine expert fact-checks COVID-19
Source
YouTube.
YouTube URL
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQdLDMLrYIA
vaccine conspiracy: Stay curious #22 [Video].

51. MISCELLANEOUS FACEBOOK POST
News From Science.
first 20 words of the
post as the title
(2019, June 21).
Date posted
FB Account
Are you a fan of astronomy? Enjoy reading about
Source
Facebook.
YouTube URL
https://www.facebook.com/ScienceNOW/photos/a.117532185107/101562680
57260108/?type=3&theater
what scientists have discovered in our solar system—and beyond? This [Image attached].
[Status update].
Note: If a post includes images, videos, thumbnail links to outside sources, or content from
another post (such as when sharing a link), indicate that in square brackets.
Describe the post type (e.g., “[Status update],” “[Video]”) in square brackets after any
description of attached content.

52. MISCELLANEOUS TIKTOK VIDEO
Note: The format used for TikTok is also used for Instagram and Twitter.
Fighting fire with fire. #sciencetok
Cook, P. [@chemteacherphil].
first 20 words of the
post as the title
(2021, September 17).
Date posted
TikToker’s Name
& Username
Source
TikTok.
TikTok URL
https://www.tiktok.com/@chemteacherphil/video/7008953610872605957
#learnontiktok [Video].

53. MISCELLANEOUS WEBPAGE
“It doesn’t need to be this way”: The promise of specialised
Title
(2018, May 24).
Complete Date
Johnson, A.
Author
IEPA. Website
https://iepa.org.au/network-news/it-doesnt-need-to-be-this-way-the-promise-of-
specialised-early-intervention-in-psychosis-services/
URL
early intervention in psychosis services.

54. FULL GUIDE
APA 7th Ed.
STYLE GUIDES
APA, MLA, CMS
CITATIONS AND REFERENCES
APA
BASIC APA REFERENCE STYLES
APA 7th Edition

55. References
Lee, C. (2020 February 19). A tale of two reference formats. APA Style.
https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/two-reference-formats
University of Louisville. (n.d.) What does it mean to cite using MLA, APA, or Chicago style?
University of Louisville Writing Center. https://louisville.edu/writingcenter/for-students-
1/common-writing-questions-1/my-professor-wants-me-to-cite-my-sources-using-mla-apa-
chicago-but-i-don2019t-know-what-that-means
College Scholarship.org (n.d.) MLA, APA, & CMS: How to properly format your papers knowing the
styles and when to use them. http://www.collegescholarships.org/mla-apa-cms-styles.htm
Enago Academy. (2021 September 30). How to Choose a Style Guide for Academic Writing.
https://www.enago.com/academy/how-to-choose-a-style-guide-for-academic-writing/

56. REFERENCES
Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.) Style guide overview. Purdue University.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/avoiding_plagiarism/guide_overview%20.html
Iida, P., Ruegg, R., Boer, M. D., Araki, N., & Agnello, M. F. (2020). The concise APA handbook.
Information Age Publishing Inc.

57. How to use
referencing
tools?
Mendeley and Zotero