1. Laut tropis
Oktiyas Muzaky Luthfi

2. QUIZ
1. GIVE EXPLANATION ABOUT :CORAL, REEF
AND CORAL REEF
2. DISCRIBE ABOUT : FRINGING REEF, BARRIER
REEF AND ATOL
3. TIME 15’
4. INDIVIDUAL WORK

3. FAKTOR PEMBATAS TERUMBU KARANG
 TEMPERATUR
 KEDALAMAN
 INTENSITAS CAHAYA
 SALINITAS
 SEDIMENTASI

4. SUHU SALINITAS
Terumbu karang tumbuh dan Terumbu karang hanya dapat
berkembang optimal pada hidup di perairan laut
perairan bersuhu rata-rata dengan salinitas normal
tahunan 23-25 °C, dan dapat 32­35 ‰.
menoleransi suhu sampai CAHAYA DAN KEDALAMAN
dengan 36-40 °C. Kedua faktor tersebut
berperan penting untuk
kelangsungan proses
fotosintesis oleh
zooxantellae yang terdapat
di jaringan karang

5. PRODUKTIVITAS
Comparison of gross Factors contributing to high productivity may
include:
primary  Runoff from land (except for atolls)
 Upwelling in the water column
productivity/produkt  Groundwater leaching
ivitas primer bruto:  Tight recycling of biological processes
 High rate of flow of water brings external
Open Tropical oceans nutrients in
 Combination of factors
~ 18-50 gC/m2/yr  Limiting factors are thought to be nitrogen
and phosphorus, although nitrogen may
Tropical coral reefs ~ not be so much as phosphorus due to
action of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria.
1,500 – 5,000  Both nitrogen and phosphorus may exist in
gC/m2/yr water as dissolved substances or as
POM or particulate organic matter floating
in the water

6. Coral Nutrition:
 Carnivorous animals  Symbiotic zooxanthellae –
 Predatory – use nematocysts acquired either directly from
to capture planktonic th parent or from the
organisms environment at large –
 Mucus Membranes – trap
generally species specific
organisms that are then  Since coral are colonial and
shuttled into the frequently have
gastrovascular cavity by interconnected
ciliary action gastrovascular cavities,
nutrients can be moved
from one organism to
another

7. Species Interaction
 Competition – Space is a  Adaptation of slower
primary limiting factor in growing corals include
coral reefs shade tolerance, so they
can grow at greater depth
 Exploitative Competition –
one species extends itself  Interference Competition –
up and over another in slow growing species can
competition for light. extend digestive filaments
Where this occurs, the which kill adjacent
encrusted species does not competing species
get sufficient light and the  There is also competition
part in the shade dies between corals and other
 At surface levels, faster species, especially algae
growing corals will overtop  Competition among corals
massive, slower growing and algal forms is reduced
corals and kill them by grazing

8. Predation – Many species graze the coral
polyps as well as the algae in reefs.
 species tend to be dietary specialists, feeding on only one
type of coral and have a tendency to prey on faster growing
corals
 Crown of thorns starfish is capable of destroying an
entire colony, if not controlled by symbiotic shrimp that
repulse the starfish
 2 groups of grazers: the corallivores which specifically
target the coral polyps, and the multivores, which
remove coral polyps to get at algae or other boring
invertebrates

9. Catastrophic Mortality and Reef
Recovery
 Suffer from major large-  Coral bleaching – corals
scale destructive forces expel their zooxanthellae.
 Severe tropical storms This can be a result of higher
 Population explosions of
water temperature due to
predators, especially the sea changing local weather
star patterns and may be an
early warning sign of global
 El nino – causes
warming
temperature elevation and
 Human activity – dredging,
local redirection of water
levels which result in large pollution, overfishing
tracts of reef being damaged

15. PEMBAGIAN KELOMPOK
 KELOMPOK I : PIC. OF POLYP OF A SCLERACTINIAN
CORAL
 KELOMPOK II : THE POSSIBLE BENEFIT OF
ZOOXANTHELLAE
 KELOMPOK III : FACTOR LIMITING CORAL GROWTH
 KELOMPOK IV : THREATS OF CORAL REEFS?

16.  KELOMPOK V : CORAL REEF FUNCTION FOR ECOLOGY
AND HUMAN
 KELOMPOK VI : CORAL LIFE FORM
 KELOMPOK III : CORAL REPRODUCTION