Dorothea Orem was an influential American nurse theorist born in 1914. She developed the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory, which has three major concepts: self-care, self-care deficits, and nursing systems. Orem defined nursing as assisting individuals with meeting their healthcare needs when they are unable to independently care for themselves. Her theory focuses on promoting patient independence through addressing universal, developmental, and health-deviation self-care requisites.

1. Dorothea Orem Nursing theory

2. Brief biography

3. 1914- June 22, 2007 One of America’s foremost nursing theories Born in Baltimore, Maryland Her father was a construction worker Her mother was a homemaker Orem began her nursing career at Providence School of Nursing, Washington D.C. Early 1930’s – AD from Providence School of Nursing, Washington, D.C. 1939 – BSN completed

4. 1945- MS in nursing education 1958 – consultant to the Office of Education where she began working on Self-Care Theory 1959- first published her theory in “ Guides for Developing Curricula for the Education of Practical Nurses “ (a government publication) 1976 – honorary Doctorate of Science from Georgetown University 1999 – last edition of her theory was published.

6. Orem’s Definition of Nursing Nursing is the provision of self-care which is therapeutic in sustaining life and health, in recovering from disease or injury, or coping with their effects. Nursing is a service to people, not a derivative of medicine. Nursing promotes the goal of patient self-care.

7. Nursing Metaparadigm

8. Person The recipient of nursing care. A being who functions biologically, symbolically, and socially Has the potential for learning and development Is subject to the forces of nature Has a capacity for self-knowledge Can engage in deliberate actions, interpret experiences, and perform beneficial actions Can learn to meet self-care needs (requisites)

9. Human beings are distinguished from other living beings by their capacity to: - Reflect upon themselves and their environment - Symbolize what they experience - Use symbolic creations (ideas, words) in thinking, communicating, and guiding efforts to make things that are beneficial for themselves and/or for thers.

10. Environment Environmental conditions – external physical and psychosocial surroundings Developmental environment – promotion of personal development through motivation to establish appropriate goals and to adjust behaviour to meet those goals. Can positively or negatively impact a person’s ability to provide self-care.

11. Nursing A service geared towards helping the self and others Is required when self-care demands exceed a patient’s self-care ability (agency) Promotes the patient as a self-care agent Has several components

12. Components of Nursing Nursing Art: the theoretical base of nursing and other disciplines such as sciences, art, humanities. Nursing Prudence: the quality that enables the nurse to seek advice in new or difficult situations, to make correct judgements, to decide to act in a particular manner, and/or to act. Nursing Service: a helping service Nursing Agency: the ability of RN.

14. Health Supports health promotion and health maintenance Supports the premises of holistic health in that both RN and patient promote the individual’s responsibility for self-care.

15. Conceptual Framework

16. Self-care R R R Self-care Agency Self-care demand Deficit R R Nursing Agency

17. Orem’s Self-Care theory Based on the concept of: SELF-CARE SELF-CARE AGENCY SELF-CARE REQUISITES THERAPEUTIC SELF-CARE DEMAND

18. SELF-CARE definition Self-care comprises those activities performed independently by an individual to promote and maintain personal well-being throughout life. It is the practice of activities that maturing and mature persons perform and initiate within the time frames, on their own behalf , and in the interest of maintaining life and healthful functioning.

20. Orem’s Self-care requisites (also called Self-Care Needs) Definition: the actions or measures used to provide self-care Consist of three categories: Universal- requisites/needs that are common to all individuals Developmental- needs resulting from maturation or develop due to a condition or event Health Deviation- needs resulting from illness, injury and disease or its treatment.

21. Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory Is the central focus of Orem’s Grand Theory of Nursing Explains when nursing is needed Describes and explains how people can be helped through nursing Results when the self-care agency (patient) can’t meet her/his self-care needs or administer self-care Nursing meets these self-care needs through five methods of help

22. Five Methods of Nursing Help Acting or doing for Guiding Teaching Supporting Providing an environment to promote the patient’s ability to meet current or future demands