2. Outline
1. Introduction
2. An analysis of methodological options in grammar practice
books
3. Discovering about grammar
4. Noticing grammatical features
5. Input-processing instruction
6. Some illustrate teaching materials
7. Conclusion
3. Introduction
What methodology for teaching grammar do grammar
practice books employ?
What is the empirical / theoretical basis for the chosen
methodology?
Key words: “implicit” / “explicit” grammar teaching
4. An Analysis of Methodological Options
in Grammar Practice Books
Investigate 6 grammar practice book
Choose one unit which deals with the present continuous tense
Table 9.1 indicate the result
5. Methodological
options
Explicit
Data Operations
descriptions
Supplied Source Text size Medium Production Reception Judgment
Discrete
Discover Authentic Written Controlled Controlled Judge only
sentences
Contrived Continuous Oral Free Automatic Correct
6. An Analysis of Methodological Options
in Grammar Practice Books
Two predominant features
Explicit description supplied
Controlled production
Less common features
Discover
Data
Reception
judgment
7. An Analysis of Methodological Options
in Grammar Practice Books
“Grammar constitutes a “content” that can be transmitted to
students via explicit descriptions and a “skill” that is
developed through controlled practice”(p.161)
rethought
The importance of
discovering grammar rule
Noticing grammatical features
teaching grammar through input-processing
8. Discovering About Grammar
Two key issues
The role of explicit knowledge in SLA
The value of discovery as a general method of learning
Implicit and explicit knowledge Implicit and explicit learning
A problem in teaching implicit knowledge
Production practice doesn’t work.
Solution make explicit knowledge
1. explicit knowledge can be acquired in any order
2. L2 learners have the ability to master complicated explicit
knowledge.
3. Explicit knowledge facilitates the process involved in the use
and acquisition of implicit knowledge.
9. Discovering About Grammar
How explicit knowledge can best be taught?
1. Direct instruction: explicit explanation
2. Indirect instruction: discovery-based recommended
Why?
1. Motivating
2. Encourage students to form and test hypotheses about the
grammar of the L2
3. Lead to powerful insights about the grammar of a language
4. Train to be a successful language learner
5. “Communicating”
10. Noticing grammar features
The data options are rarely shown in the grammar practice
book. few opportunities of “enhanced input”
L2 acquisition begins with input.
Necessity of noticing( consciousness attention)
Some studies shows that enriched input has little effect on
language acquisition.
Further research is needed.
Identify the kinds of enriched input which works best
How to measure the effect of noticing
Discrete sentences vs. continuous sentences
Written vs. Oral
Not empirically tested .
11. Noticing grammar features
Teaching options
Data (analyzing) → explicit rule
Explicit rule → data (noticing)
Data (analyzing) →explicit rule → data (noticing)
12. Input-processing Instruction
1. Teach Only one thing at a time.
2. Keep meaning in focus.
3. Learners must do something with the input.
4. Use both oral and written input.
5. Move from sentences to connected discourse.
6. Keep the psycholinguistic processing strategies in mind.
14. Some Illustrative teaching materials
Involving learner judgment or discrimination.
Task which requires leaners to perform or solve a problem.
Aim in raising learners’ consciousness about grammar
15. Conclusion
Tradition in grammar practice book
Give explicit descriptions
Controlled production exercise
The role of SLA theory and research
Suggestions
Discovery-typed grammar tasks
Consciousness raising
Input-processing tasks
SLA is not absolute.
Teaching materials would play important role in language
teaching
16. Discussion Question
What methodological options did you use in your micro
teaching in this class?
Do you usually think of what methodological options you use
and why or what for you choose that options?
How do you teach with a “traditional” textbook which mainly
consists of explicit explanation and controlled production
task?