- Many organisms have developed adaptations for coping with physical environmental factors like temperature, light, and water through structural or behavioral adaptations. Examples include thick fur in camels and polar bears and kidney functions in camels. - Organisms also have adaptations for obtaining food like certain teeth structures for tearing or grinding, and beak structures in birds for different feeding behaviors. - Adaptations also help with escaping predators through behaviors like hiding, living in groups, or having physical features like camouflage, warning colors, speed, or defenses. Cryptic coloration allows blending with backgrounds.

1. Adaptations
-Behavioural adaptations
-Structural adaptations

2. Coping with
physical
Obtainin
factors
g food
Adaptations
Escaping Reproductio
predators n

3. Adaptations for coping with
physical factors of environment
• Temperature
• Light
• Water
– Moving
– Breathing
– Getting enough water
– Reducing water loss

4. Adaptation: Thick fur and
underwool
Function: Provide warmth
during cold desert nights
and insulation against
daytime heat
Camels sweat only when their body temperature
reaches 40° C.
Their kidneys produce urine with low water
content.
Their dung is also very dry.

5. Polar bears live in the Arctic
A polar bear's coat can be from
white to yellowish in color.

6. ADAPTATIONS
Polar bears are able to swim in
the icy Arctic Ocean without
freezing. They have thick coat
of fur and a layer of fat under
their skin. When bears comes
out of the water they shake the
water off their coats.

7. Polar bears are good swimmers.
They paddle with their front legs
and use their hind legs as
rudders.
The polar bear has a very
good sense of smell and can
sniff dead animals from far
away

8. The polar bear's huge teeth are
for tearing the prey apart.

9. The bear's large feet are like
snowshoes. The hair on the
soles of its feet help the bear
walk on the slippery ice and
snow. The bear walks with toes
pointing inward to avoid
slipping.

10. ADAPTATIONS FOR MOVEMENT
When aquatic animals move through
water, they need to overcome a force
so that they can move easily through
water.
This force is also called water
resistance.

11. For example, sharks have fins,
streamlined bodies, and sharp teeth
that enable them to swim quickly
and catch food in the ocean.

12. The shark’ s body is
streamlined or narrow at both
ends and wide in the middle.
This helps the shark to
overcome the force that
opposes its motion as it moves
through the water.

13. DO YOU KNOW THEIR NAMES?
duckweed
water hyacinth
water lettuce
cabomba sedge
arrowhead

14. Adaptations of Land Plants
Adaptation for Trapping Sunlight
• Strong woody stems to hold the leaves to
capture the maximum sunlight.

15. Adaptations of Land Plants
Adaptation for Trapping Sunlight
• Weak stems to reach for sunlight.
Climbers – Cling onto supports
Eg. Twining Stems : morning glory
Clasping Roots : Orchid, money plant
Tendrils : Passion fruit

16. Adaptations of Water Plants
• Air spaces
• Waxy or hairy layer
• Thin and light roots

17. Features of Water Hyacinth

18. Features of Water Hyacinth

19. Features of Water Moss Fern

20. Features of Water Moss Fern
• Heart-shaped leaves that forms a V-
shape for floating.
• Hairs on the upper surface to trap air to
make the leaves waterproof.

21. Many aquatic animals have
modified limbs to help them to
move in water.
seal
toad Water
boatman

22. ADAPTATIONS FOR FLIGHT
Hollow but strong bones that
reduce their body weight – makes
flying easier.
Streamlined body – helps to
overcome the force that opposes
their motion when they fly in the air.
Feathers to keep their flight muscles
warm and ready for flying.

23. Small pointed beak - pecking in the
ground for its prey.
Short sharp claws – digging in the
ground for its prey.

24. Sharp, hooked beak
– tearing its prey
Broad wings and
powerful flight muscles
– flying in the sky
Long sharp claws –
gripping its prey.

25. ADAPTATIONS FOR BREATHING
IN WATER
Aquatic animals have to breathe in
oxygen that is dissolved in water.
These animals breathe through gills.

26. These animals have gill chambers
to store water. When they are on
land, they can use the oxygen
from the water stored in the gill
chambers.

27. These aquatic
insects have air
tubes which stick out
above the water
surface to get
oxygen.

28. The water spider and water
beetle have adapted wings, legs
or hairy bodies to trap air
bubbles.

29. SEAL
DUGONG
These mammals have nostrils at
the tip of their snouts. They push
their nostrils above the water
surface to breathe

30. The whale and dolphin have
special blowholes on top of their
heads. They can breathe even
when most of the body is
underwater.

31. Adaptations for obtaining food
• Gathering food
• Eating food

32. Teeth
Look at the teeth in the two dinosaur
skulls below. One set of teeth is
adapted to tear off chunks of flesh,
while the other is adapted to grind
up thick vegetation before
swallowing. Can you figure out
which is which?

33. Beaks
Long, very
slender
A nestling Barred
beaks of Short, wide beaks, sometimes with
Owl's beak
hummingbirds hooked tips, like that of the Vermilion
, shown Flycatcher shown at the right, are
Short, thick, good for catching and holding onto
curved, pointed below, used flying insects. The amazing picture by
beaks of hawks, for inserting Dan Sudia at the left is that of a Lesser
falcons, and into narrow- Nighthawk. Notice the bumps inside
this bird's wide, short-beaked mouth.
owls, adapted for throated
Those bumps are actually backward-
ripping flesh. blossoms pointing in such a way that they help
the bird hold onto its food, and keep
the food moving in the right direction.
Actually most bird mouths are
equipped with similar protuberances.

34. Beaks
Short, slender Short, stubby, but Fairly long, thick,
beaks adapted for powerful beaks adapted chisel-like beaks of
probing into tight for grinding small seeds, woodpecker adapted
places such as bark found among sparrows, for drilling wood and
fissures on tree finches, juncos, and chipping away tree
trunks where small others, such as the bark and even for
insects, spiders, and Evening Grosbeak. drilling into the tree's
other creatures might inner bark, as shown
be wedged; found on the Yellow-bellied
among warblers, Sapsucker
vireos, kinglets,
gnatcatchers, and
others such as the
Tufted Titmouse.

35. Beaks
Plus, there are all kinds of specialized beaks such as the
one shown on the White Pelican. The pelican will crash into
the water and come up with a fish in its beak. It may flip the
fish in the air and catch in again, with a more secure hold,
and then swallow it. As the fish goes down you might see that
the beak's bottom part is somewhat baggy. It's sort of like a
leather bag that can expand if there's a big fish in it. You've
seen in cartoons how pelicans have incredibly big pouches in
which they can place their suitcases. In real life the pouches
aren't as big, but they certainly can expand to hold a big fish.

36. Adaptations for escaping predators
• Hiding
• Living in groups
• Defending themselves
• Warning colours/patterns
• Moving quickly away from danger
• Camouflage
• Appearing to look like another organism

37. Am I cute? Yes, I bet! I’m suppose
to camouflage with the
grass but I’m enlarged and will not
look like now...

38. Cryptic coloration is a type of camouflage that:
•makes potential prey difficult to spot
•allows an organism to become less distinguishable
from its background
•is a camouflage defense mechanism.
•makes it less vulnerable to predation.

39. Examples of Cryptic coloration
An example is the Biston betularia, or peppered moth. It comes
in colours, from dark black to white.
White moths blend with the snow-capped trees during winter
while they lie vulnerable on it.
The black ones blend into the trees covered with soot from the
nearby industries

40. The act of hiding is a
behavioral adaptation.
Examples: The tortoise, snail
and mussels simply go into
hiding in their shells when
they feel threatened.
Mice hide in their holes and
rabbits hide in their burrows.

41. Some animals live in groups for a better
chance of survival. A predator would
find it more harder to attack an animal
in a group compared to attacking a
solitary one.
Living together is a behavioral
adaptation. Examples: Animals like the
deer and sheep live more safely in
groups.

42. This is a kind of structural adaptation. Some animals are
brightly
colored so that predators will know that they are poisonous,
or can sting, or just taste bad. The coral snake has bright red
and yellow patterns. Poisonous frogs come in many different
colors.
The bright colours of this
Yellow-winged Darter dragonfly
serve as a warning to predators of
its noxious taste.

43. Animals may produce or release
substances or matter to defend
themselves. This is called chemical
defence.
I release a foul-
I release sharp smelling gas that
quills when I feel would turn my
threatened. predator black.

44. Some animals have adaptations that
allow them to move quickly away from
danger. A squid forces out a jet of
water to help it swim away quickly
from its predators.
Strong, muscular legs

45. Some animals may camouflage
themselves by imitating the color and
pattern of their surroundings. Some
animals may have bodies that look
like objects or plant parts.

46. A Leaf Insect.

47. A stick insect.

48. A camouflaged tiger.

49. How does Cryptic Colouration help an
organism?
It makes the organism less distinguishable from its
background.
Give an example of an organism which uses
Cryptic Colouration to hide from its
predators.
The Biston Betularia, or Peppered Moth.

50. Explain why some animals live in groups
rather than alone.
It is for a better chance of survival. Predators find it harder
to attack a herd of animals than those living alone.
Why do some animals have Warning Colours/
patterns?
It is to tell their predators that they are poisonous, can
sting or just taste bad.

51. What is Chemical Defence?
It is the production or release of substances or matter for
self-defence.
Name me another organism and
explain how it camouflages or escapes
from its predators.
The Chameleon has a special skin that changes with
its background, making it harder to distinguish from
where it is. (AMV)

52. Adaptations for reproduction
• Attracting a mate
• Finding a mate
• Attractive flowers and fruits
• Seed dispersal (flowering plants)

53. Adaptations of Land Plants
Adaptation for Dispersal
By Water : Husk to trap air
By Wind : Wing-like structures, Hair-like
structures
By Animals :
Inedible : Stiff-hairs, Hooks
Edible : Juicy flesh, Seeds that pass through the
digestive system

54. Features of Water Plants