3. STRESS-
An adaptive response to a situation that is perceived
as challenging or threating to the person’s well-being.
or,
Stress is a dynamic condition in which an individual is
confronted with an opportunity, demand, or resource
related to what the individual desires and for which the
outcome is perceived to both uncertain and important.
6. STRESSORS
An environmental condition or stimuli that places
physical or emotional demand on a person.
Two types of stressors:-
Challenge Stressors.
Hindrance Stressors.
7. CHALLENGE STRESSORS:-
Stressors associated with workload , pressure to
complete tasks, and time urgency.
HINDRANCE STRESSORS:-
Stressors that keep you from reaching your goals (for
example , red tape, official politics, confusion over job
responsibilities.)
8. TYPES OF STRESS
EPISODIC STRESS:-
Pattern of high stress followed by intervals of relief.
CHRONIC STRESS:-
Constant confrontation of stressors without relief.
Effects are:-
Constant.
Additive.
DISTRESS:-
Stress that has a negative consequence on a person’s well-
being.
9. A MODEL OF STRESS
POTENTIAL SOURCES CONSEQUENCES
ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
Economic uncertainty
Political uncertainty
Technological change
ORGANIZATIONAL
FACTORS
Task demands
Role demands
Interpersonal
demands
PERSONAL FACTORS
Family problems
Economic problems
personality
INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
Perception
Job experience
Social support
Belief in locus of
control
Self-efficacy
Hostility
Experienced stress
PHYSIOLOGICAL
SYMPTOMS
Headaches
High blood
pressure
Heart disease
PSYCHOLOGICAL
SYMPTOMS
Anxiety
Depression
Decrease in job
satisfaction
BEHAVIORAL
SYMPTOMS
Productivity
Absenteeism
Turnover
10. MANAGING STRESS
INDIVIDUAL APPROACHES-
An employee can take personal responsibility for
reducing stress levels.
Individual strategies that have proven effective include –
Time-management techniques(making daily lists,
prioritizing, scheduling)
Increased physical exercise(jogging, walking)
Relaxation training(meditation, hypnosis &
biofeedback)
Expanded social support networks(someone to hear
your problems)
11. ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACHES-
It includes:-
Selection and job placement(hiring experienced one)
Training(lessen job stress)
Realistic goal setting(specific goals)
Redesign of jobs(greater control over work activities)
Increased employee involvement(uncertainty about
goals)
Improved organizational communication(reduces
uncertainty by lessening role ambiguity and role
conflict)
Employee sabbaticals(a period of leave)
Corporate wellness programs
12.
13.
14. COGNITIVE DISSONANCE THEORY
Leon Festinger 1967
Three aspects of attitudes must follow each other
Cognitive aspect-knowledge about an object.
Affective aspect-liking of the object.
Behavioral aspect-behavior towards the object.
If dissonance is present there is stress and a need to
change an aspect of the attitude to produce agreement
among the elements.
15. PERSONALITY TYPE
TYPE A:-
Impatient, restless, competitive, aggressive, under intense
perceived time pressure, always attempting to accomplish
several things at once
Need job and career control.
Have more health problems and shorter careers.
TYPE B:-
Does not feel pressure, works slowly and enjoyably on a
variety of tasks.
Important to match personality type with position to avoid
stress.
16. THE PROPOSED INVERTED-U RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN STRESS AND JOB PERFORMANCE
high
P
E
R
F
O
R
M
A
N
C
E
low
low STRESS high
17. STRESS RESEARCH
Type A and complexity leads to cardiovascular
problems.
Job control, job complexity, self –efficacy interact
to influence blood pressure.
Burnout as a process.
Emotional exhaustion-lack of energy and a feeling
that one’s emotional resources are used up.
Coping strategy for emotional buffer(relaxation,
exercise, psychological, recreational,
companionship)
Sense of inadequacy.