2. INTRODUCTION
IT'S AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT OF
ANCIENT PLANT MATTER THAT
WENT INTO EVERY SINGLE
GALLON OF GASOLINE THAT WE
BURN TODAY, SAYS DUKES, AN
ECOLOGIST
3. VISION FOR NATIONS
ENERGY INDEPENDENCE HAS TO BE OUR NATION’S
FIRST AND HIGHEST PRIORITY. WE MUST ACHIEVE
COMPREHENSIVE ENERGY SECURITY BY 2020 BY
CREATING AN ENERGY ASSET PROFILE THAT ALLOWS
OUR ECONOMY TO FUNCTION WITH NECESSARY
ABANDON. WE MUST CONCURRENTLY STRIVE TO
ACHIEVE ENERGY INDEPENDENCE BY 2030 THROUGH
ACCRETIONS TO OUR TRADITIONAL STOCKPILES AND
STRATEGIC RESERVES AS ALSO SKILFUL USE OF
ALTERNATE AND RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY.
President APJ Abdul Kalam
4. ENERGY SECURITY INTERNATIONAL
MARKET
GLOBAL OIL PRICES ENTERING THE "SUPER-PIKE" PHASE.
SUSTAINED PRICE RISE VS GROWTH RATE & INFLATION.
OIL PRICES HAVE CROSSED $70 PER BARREL.
HY ANNUAL OIL IMPORTS.
HIGH ENERGY CONSUMPTION THAN THAT OF ANY DEVP
COUNTRY.
INSULATION FROM EVER-VOLATILE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY
MARKET.
5. INDIA ENERGY STATUS IN WORLD
INDIA IS BOTH A MAJOR ENERGY PRODUCER AND CONSUMER.
ELEVENTH GREATEST ENERGY PRODUCER, ACCOUNTING FOR ABOUT 2.4%
OF THE WORLD’S TOTAL ANNUAL ENERGY PRODUCTION
WORLD’S SIXTH GREATEST ENERGY CONSUMER, ACCOUNTING FOR ABOUT
3.3% OF THE WORLD’S TOTAL ANNUAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION
DESPITE ITS LARGE ANNUAL ENERGY PRODUCTION, INDIA IS A NET ENERGY
IMPORTER, MOSTLY DUE TO THE LARGE IMBALANCE BETWEEN OIL
PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION
INDIA RANKS FIFTH IN THE WORLD IN TERMS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION.
COMMERCIAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN INDIA 3.5% OF THE WORLD
CONSUMPTION IN 2002.
AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH RATE OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION ABOUT 6%
DURING 1981 -2002.
6. THE LOOMING CRISIS
INDIA HAS PROVEN OIL RESERVES OF LESS THAN 6.5
YEARS OF OUR TOTAL PRESENT CONSUMPTION
WORLD CRISIS AHEAD IN THE NEXT FEW YEARS
INDIAN CRISIS EVEN MORE SEVERE !
UNPRECEDENTED GROWTH IN HYDROCARBON
CONSUMPTION – GASOLINE THE HIGHEST
BIOFUELS ONE OF THE MOST ADAPTABLE OPTIONS
7. SEQUENCE
PART 1 : OVERVIEW OF INDIA ENERGY
PART 2 : OIL, GAS, HYDROGEN & NUCLEAR
PART 3 : BIOFUEL & BIOMASS
PART 4 : RENWABLE ENERGY
CONCLUSION
10. ENERGY SCENARIO IN INDIA
INDIA IS BOTH A MAJOR ENERGY PRODUCER AND CONSUMER.
ELEVENTH GREATEST ENERGY PRODUCER, ACCOUNTING FOR ABOUT 2.4% OF
THE WORLD’S TOTAL ANNUAL ENERGY PRODUCTION.
WORLD’S SIXTH GREATEST ENERGY CONSUMER, ACCOUNTING FOR ABOUT
3.3% OF THE WORLD’S TOTAL ANNUAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION.
DESPITE ITS LARGE ANNUAL ENERGY PRODUCTION, INDIA IS A NET ENERGY
IMPORTER, MOSTLY DUE TO THE LARGE IMBALANCE BETWEEN OIL
PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION
COMMERCIAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN INDIA IS 3.5% OF THE WORLD
CONSUMPTION.
AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH RATE OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IS ABOUT 6%
DURING 1998 - 2007.
11. ENERGY SOURCES – INDIAN
SCENARIO
1% 5%
Hydro
33%
Nuclear Oil
Coal
LNG
53%
8%
12. MAJOR CONCERNS IN ENERGY
SECTOR IN INDIA
GROWING GAP BETWEEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF COMMERCIAL ENERGY:
ELECTRICITY, OIL AND GAS.
OIL INTENSIFICATION OF INDIAN ECONOMY DUE TO DECLINING SELF
SUFFICIENCY IN OIL AND INCREASING OIL DEMAND.
GROWING DEPENDENCE ON NON-COMMERCIAL ENERGY SOURCES LIKE
FIRE-WOOD, COW-DUNG AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES IN RURAL AREAS.
INADEQUATE DEVELOPMENT OF ECO-FRIENDLY ENERGY SOURCES
INCLUDING HYDRO AND RENEWABLE ENERGY.
URGENCY FOR CONTROLLING ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CAUSED BY
BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS AND BIOMASS ENERGY.
NEED FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY PATHWAY FOR INDIA WHICH WILL ENSURE
ENERGY SECURITY.
13. INDIA’S CURRENT ENERGY BASKET IS COAL DOMINATED
AND IS LIKELY TO STAY THIS WAY IN THE NEAR FUTURE.
LIMITED DOMESTIC COAL SUPPLY COUPLED WITH ITS
POOR QUALITY.
LOW LEVEL OF TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS AND
HIGH INSTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PERILS POSE
SERIOUS CHALLENGES FOR OVER DEPENDENCE ON
COAL.
LIMITED DOMESTIC RESERVES AND UNCERTAIN FOREIGN
SUPPLY OF HYDROCARBONS IN WAKE OF THEIR RISING
INTERNATIONAL PRICE HAVE SERIOUSLY IMPAIRED
COUNTRY’S ENERGY SECURITY.
14. ENERGY GAPS - HARSH FACTS
APPROXIMATELY 2.4 BILLION PEOPLE USE
TRADITIONAL BIOMASS FOR COOKING
STILL 1.6 MILLION PEOPLE LACK ACCESS TO
ELECTRICITY
WORLD’S ENERGY NEEDS WILL BE UP BY 60% BY THE
YEAR 2030 WITH FOSSILS FUEL STILL BEING THE
DOMINANT ENERGY MIX
INDOOR BIOMASS STOVES KILLS UP TO 1.6 MILLION
WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
15. SOME MORE PROBLEMS
GAS PIPELINE FROM IRAN, DISCOURAGED BY U.S.
COAL SUPPLIES ONLY FOR 200 YEARS
OIL - INDIA’S DEMAND WILL OUTSTRIP SUPPLY
GAS DISCOVERY BY RELIANCE IN 2003. BUT WILL
SERVICE ONLY FRACTION OF INDIA’S POWER NEEDS
16. SOME MORE PROBLEMS
TARAPUR NUCLEAR REACTOR REQUIRES REFUELING
GAS PIPELINE FROM TURKMENISTAN, THROUGH
PAKISTAN, BUT QUESTIONABLE RESERVES
GAS PIPELINE FROM MYANMAR THROUGH
BANGLADESH DISCOURAGED BY U.S.
PROTESTS AGAINST HYDRO-ELECTRIC DAM AT
NARMADA
18. ENERGY REQUIREMENT
OF INDIA
OVER THE NEXT 25 YEARS, SIX FOLD INCREASE
PROJECTED IN ELECTRICITY AND FOUR FOLD
INCREASE IN CRUDE OIL
19. ENERGY, EVIRONMENT AND
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Economic Growth
Economic
opportunity
Energy
Social
progress Environment and
Health protection
Social Empowerment Environmental Sustenance
20. FUTURE SCENARIO - 2030
GLOBAL PRODUCTION OF OIL - PEAK BY 2030
60% OF NEW INVESTMENTS IN ENERGY – ELECTRICITY
RENEWABLE ENERGY - MEET 14% (WORLD’S TOTAL
PRIMARY ENERGY DEMAND) - TO REMAIN SAME IN
2030
SHARE OF BIOFUELS (TRANSPORTATION) - 1% BUT
WILL GO TO 3% BY 2030
21. OTHER OPTIONS
RENEWABLE ARE INDIGENOUS, NON-DEPLETING,
MODULAR AND ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY
RENEWABLES CAN PROVIDE ENERGY ACCESS AND
MEET UNMET DEMAND
PROVIDE CAPTIVE ENERGY THUS CONSERVING FOSSIL
FUELS AND ELECTRICITY
SUPPLEMENT FOSSIL FUELS IN TRANSPORTATION
RENEWABLES CAN CONTRIBUTE TO ENERGY
SECURITY IN A SUSTAINABLE MANNER
22. TYPES OF ENERGY
FOSSIL FUELS OIL & NATURAL GAS WITH COAL
INDEGINIOUS PRODUCTION
HYDROGEN
NUCLEAR ENERGRY
BIOMASS TECH
BIOFUEL
ETHANOL BLEND
ENERGY FROM WASTE
RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOLAR
WIND
HYDRO
TIDAL
23.
24. QUESTIONS
HOW TO ENSURE THAT PLANNING FOR ENERGY IS NOT
DONE IN ISOLATION?
HOW TO MANAGE TWO CONFLICTING ISSUES,
ESPECIALLY IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES GOING
FOR A GREEN GROWTH WHERE MAJORITY OF THE
POPULATION STILL LACKS BASIC ENERGY SERVICES?
HOW TO MOBILIZE RESOURCES TO CREATE ACCESS
TO MODERN ENERGY SERVICES, GIVEN THE
BACKGROUND OF RISING ENERGY INSECURITY AND
ECONOMIC INSTABILITY DUE TO RISE IN THE OIL
PRICES?
25. PART TWO
FOSSIL FUELS
OIL
NATURAL GAS
COAL DERIVATIVES
NEW AGE FUEL HYDROGEN
NUCLEAR FUEL FOR ELECTRICITY POWER
27. INDIA’S GAS DEMAND & SUP
Indian gas demand and supply
GAS DEMAND OUTLOOK
SCENARIO
scenario
HYDROCARBON VISION 2025
ENERGY MIX
2001-02 2006-07 2024-25
5%
3%
8% 3%
15% 20%
50%
50%
54%
35%
32% 25%
COAL OIL GAS OTHERS
VOLUME 151 230 391
GROWTH (65)
(MMSCMD)
28. ROAD MAP FOR OIL
OIL PROD
NEAR MID LONG
TODAY
TERM TERM TERM
29.
30. NEAR TERM STATUS OF INDIA’S OIL
ACQN OF ASSETS ABROAD
EQUITY PARTICIPATION IN OIL PRODUCING FDS
EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION CONTRACTS
OTHER INITIATIVES ARE:-
PARTICIPATION IN DOWNSTREAM PROJECTS
FINALISATION OF LONG TERM LNG CONTRACTS
SETTING UP OF TRANS-NATIONAL GAS PIPELINES
BILATERAL ENGAGEMENTS
ATTRACT FOREIGN INVESTMENT AND PARTICIPATION OF
FOREIGN COMPANIES
BRING THE REQD TECH KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERTISE
31. THE GOVERNMENT IS ENCOURAGING OIL PSUS
TO AGGRESSIVELY PURSUE EQUITY OIL AND GAS
OPPORTUNITIES OVERSEAS
OIL INDIA LTD. - INDIAN OIL CORPORATION IN LIBYA,
GABON AND NIGERIA.
IN 2006, ONGC VIDESH LTD (OVL) IN VIETNAM,CUBA,
NIGERIA, BRAZIL AND LIBYA
ONGC - MITTAL JOINT VENTURE ACQUIRED IN SYRIA.
GAIL IN OMAN. HPCL, BPCL AND GSPC IN AUSTRALIA
PRIVATE INDIAN COMPANIES LIKE RILAND ESSAR
PURSUING ABROAD.
ONGC FROM SAKHALIN-1 OIL FIELD IN RUSSIA,
32. MIDTERM PLANS
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
(EOR)/IMPROVED OIL RECOVERY
NEW EXPLORATION LICENSING
POLICY (NELP), PRODUCTION
SHARING CONTRACTS (PSCS)
EXPLORATION DEEP WATER AND
DIFFICULT FRONTIER AREAS
NEW INDIGENIOUS DISCOVERIES
33.
34.
35.
36. KG BASIN GAS HYDRATES
GEOSCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS
FIRST DISSOCIATE THE GAS
HYDRATES PRESENT IN THE
SOLID FORM BELOW THE SEABED
ANOTHER CHALLENGE IS TO
PRODUCE AT COMMERCIAL RATE.
INDIA IS ONLY THE THIRD
COUNTRY IN THE WORLD TO DO
SO, AFTER USA AND JAPAN.
37. COAL BED METHANE
COAL BED METHANE IS A NATURAL GAS
(METHANE) ADSORBED IN COAL AND
LIGNITE SEAMS
CBM PRODUCTION IS DONE BY SIMPLE
DEPRESSURIZATION AND DEWATERING
PROCESS.
USED FOR
POWER GENERATION
AS FUEL (CNG) FOR DUMP TRUCKS
GOVERNMENT HAS SIGNED CONTRACTS
FOR 26 BLOCKS COVERING AN AREA OF
13,600 SQ. KM
INDIA MAY JOIN THE RANK OF THE FEW
COUNTRIES THAT COMMERCIALLY
PRODUCE CBM.
DURING XI FIVE YEAR PLAN, CBM GAS
PRODUCTION IS ENVISAGED AS 3.78
BILLION CUBIC METRES.
38.
39.
40. UCG FROM COAL RESERVES
EXTRACTING GAS FROM DEEP
SEATED AND/OR ISOLATED COAL
DEPOSITS/ LIGNITE RESOURCES
GASIFICATION (A THERMO-CHEMICAL
PROCESS) BREAKS DOWN COAL INTO
ITS BASIC CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS .
RECOVERABLE ENERGY FROM
MEHSANA-AHMEDABAD BLOCK WITH
COAL RESERVES
THIS IS MANY TIMES THE
CONVENTIONAL GAS RESOURCES OF
THE COUNTRY AT PRESENT.
ONGC HAS SIGNED AN MOU WITH
SKOCHINSKY INSTITUTE OF MINING
(SIM), RUSSIA
41. LONG TERM PLANS
TECHNOLOGY UPGRADATION IN
EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION (E&P)
3D SEISMIC AS AN EXPLORATION TOOL
DEVELOPMENT DRILLING TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT DEEP WATER OFFSHORE
TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT OF UNCONVENTIONAL GAS RESOURCES
LIKE CBM, GAS HYDRATE AND TIGHT GAS HAS TO BE
ABSORBED
GAS AS AUTOMOTIVE FUEL, HIGH EFFICIENCY TURBINE,
FUEL CELLS AND FOR OBTAINING LIQUID PRODUCTS
42. R&D EFFORTS OF NATIONAL OIL
COMPANIES E.G., ONGC, OIL
PILOT PLANT FOR LIQUIFACTION OF COAL
EVALUATION OF COALS FOR CBM PILOT & COAL LIQUEFACTION
PLANT FOR EXTRACTING OIL FROM OIL SHALE
USE OF SHEAR WAVE SEISMIC
4D SEISMIC FOR RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT,
USE OF SATELLITE GRAVITY DATE
RESERVOIR CHARACTERISATION THROUGH GEOPHYSICS/GEOCHEMISTRY,
REVIEW AND REASSESSMENT OF WELL EXPLORED BASINS
REASSESSMENT OF SMALL/MEDIUM SIZED FIELDS, REVIEW OF
DEVELOPMENT OF LARGE FIELDS,
REINTERPRETATION OF DATA IN BASINS FOR NEW PLAYS/PROSPECTS DEEP
WATER PRODUCTION DOWN TO 600 METER IN THE FIRST INSTANCE AND THEN
TO 1000 METER.
43. FUTURE PROSPECTS
AERIAL GAMMA RAY SPECTORSCOPIC SURVEYS OVER SCHUPPEN BELT.
HIGH RESOLUTION AEROMAGNETIC SURVEYS.
PROSPECTING IN FOLD BELT/THRUST AREAS.
PROSPECTING IN DEEP WATERS.
INTRODUCTION OF SEISMIC WHILE DRILLING (SWD).
REGIONAL DEEP REFLECTION/REFRACTION PROFILES
IDENTIFICATION OF BYPASSED ZONES THROUGH LOG RE-INTERPRETATION.
UPGRADATION OF MAGNETO-STRATIGRAPHIC METHODS.
GENETIC FACIES MODELLING.
COAL PETROGRAPHY FOR COAL BED METHANE EXPLORATION.
ENVIRONMENT MODEL RECONSTRUCTION USING COMPUTER SIMULATION
45. TECHNOLOGY OF NATURAL GAS
NATURAL GAS IS ALSO FORMED MUCH THE SAME WAY THAT OIL IS.
IT IS MUCH CLEANER FUEL THAN THE OTHER TWO.
CURRENTLY THE SOURCE OF HALF OF THE LPG PRODUCED IN THE
COUNTRY.
THIS SOURCE COULD LAST FOR 120 YEARS
PROCESS
PRODUCED FROM RESERVOIRS
PROCESSING SEPARATE GAS FROM PETROLEUM LIQUIDS
REMOVE CONTAMINANTS.
IN ADDITION, NATURAL GAS (METHANE) CAN ALSO COME FROM
LANDFILL GAS AND WATER/SEWAGE TREATMENT.
46. ROAD MAP FOR NATURAL GAS
GAS SUPPLY
NEAR MID LONG
TODAY
TERM TERM TERM
47. PRESENT NATURAL GAS STATUS OF
INDIA
CURRENT DEMAND 96 MILLION CUBIC METRES PER DAY
(MCMD) AND ONLY 67 MCMD IS AVAILABLE.
NEARLY 70 PERCENT IN GUJARAT AND THE BOMBAY
HIGH BASIN.
DOMESTIC GAS SUPPLY CANNOT KEEP PACE WITH
DOMESTIC GAS DEMAND.
FOR THIS REASON, THE COUNTRY MUST IMPORT
NATURAL GAS FROM THE MIDEAST.
", EITHER VIA PIPELINE OR LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS
(LNG) TANKER, MAKING IT ONE OF THE WORLD'S
LARGEST GAS IMPORTERS
48.
49. GAS IMPORT TRENDS
PRESENT STATUS
DEMAND - 49 BCM.
PRODUCTION - 32 BCM.
STAUS BY 2025
DEMAND - 125 BCM.
PRODUCTION - 36 BCM.
IMPORTS INCREASE TO 89 BCM.
50. DEVP OWN FIELDS
MAIN PRODUCERS. (ONGC), (OIL) AND JVS OF TAPTI, PANNA-
MUKTA AND RAVVA.
PRIVATE PARTIES ALSO PRODUCING GAS.
GOVERNMENT NEW EXPLORATION LICENSING POLICY (NELP)
PRODUCTION OF GAS FROM THE WESTERN OFFSHORE AREA.
THE ON-SHORE FIELDS IN ASSAM, ANDHRA PRADESH AND
GUJARAT STATES ARE OTHER MAJOR PRODUCERS OF GAS.
SMALLER QUANTITIES OF GAS ARE ALSO PRODUCED IN
TRIPURA, TAMIL NADU AND RAJASTHAN STATES.
OIL IS OPERATING IN ASSAM AND RAJASTHAN
STATES, WHEREAS ONGC IS OPERATING IN THE WESTERN
OFFSHORE FIELDS AND IN OTHER STATES.
51. ALL INDIA REGION-WISE & SECTOR-
WISE GAS SUPPLY BY GAIL
REGION/SECTOR POWER FERTILIZER S. IRON OTHERS TOTAL
HVJ & EX-
12.61 13.63 1.24 9.81 37.29
HAZIRA
ONSHORE
1.66 1.04 2.08 4.78
GUJARAT
URAN 3.57 3.53 1.33 1.41 9.85
K.G. BASIN 4.96 1.91 0.38 7.25
CAUVERY BASIN 1.07 0.25 1.32
ASSAM 0.41 0.04 0.29 0.74
TRIPURA 1.37 0.01 1.38
GRAND TOTAL 25.65 20.15 2.58 14.23 62.61
52.
53. PANNA, MUKTA AND TAPTI GAS
FIELDS
THE THREE-WAY JOINT VENTURE BY BRITISH GAS,
ONGC AND RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD OPERATES
THE PANNA, MUKTA AND TAPTI GAS FIELDS
A SINGLE WELLHEAD PLATFORM WILL BE INSTALLED
A NEW 20-INCH EXPORT PIPELINE WILL BE LAID
55. WHAT IS LNG
TRANSPORTING NATURAL GAS IN LIQUID FORM IS
POSSIBLE
COMPLICATED, MORE COSTLY MORE INDUSTRIALLY
ADVANCE
LIQUID MUCH MORE COMPACT, OCCUPYING 1/600 OF
ITS GASEOUS VOLUME
56. PROCESS OF LNG
DEDICATED GAS FIELD DEVELOPMENT AND
PRODUCTION.
LIQUEFACTION PLANT.
TRANSPORTATION IN SPECIAL VESSELS.
REGASSIFICATION PLANT.
TRANSPORTATION & DISTRIBUTION TO THE GAS
CONSUMER
57. STATUS OF LNG
THE POSSIBLE TRANSPORTATION BY WAY OF LNG
CARRIERS.
IN THE 1970S INTO THE 1980S, "LNG BECAME A PROVEN
MEANS OF SUPPLY "
CHEAPER AND SAFER SOURCE OF ENERGY
OFFERED THE MOST ECONOMIC MEANS OF
TRANSPORTING LARGE VOLUMES OF NATURAL GAS
TO MARKETS WHERE PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION WAS
IMPRACTICAL.
58.
59.
60. STATUS OF LPG INTRODUCTION
CURRENTLY, THE GAS AUTHORITY OF INDIA (GAIL) IS
INVOLVED IN TWO LNG VENTURES WITH PETRONET LNG,
"WHICH IS SETTING UP TWO LNG IMPORT TERMINALS AT
DAHEJ IN GUJARAT AND KOCHI IN KERALA"
LPG NOTIFIED AS TRANSPORT FUEL BY MORT&H
OIL COMPANIES TO SET UP 260 RETAIL OUTLETS IN MAJOR
CITIES.
MUMBAI - 25 STATIONS
DELHI - 18 STATIONS
CHENNAI - 29 STATIONS
KOLKATTA - 20 STATIONS
61. IMPORT OF NATURAL GAS TO INDIA
THROUGH TRANSNATIONAL GAS PIPELINES.
TRANSNATIONAL GAS PIPELINES
IRAN – PAKISTAN – INDIA
MYANMAR – BANGLADESH – INDIA
ADDITIONAL GAS SUP TO BR GROWING
SHOTFALL
MYANMAR GAS DEAL STILL OPEN
62. THE PIPED GAS
THE PIPED GAS WOULD BE CHEAPER THAN SHIPPING IN
LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG), WHICH WOULD COST US$4,10
PER MBTU
THE IRAN-PAKISTAN-INDIA PIPELINE TO IMPORT GAS FOR
MEETING THEIR HUMUNGOUS ENERGY NEEDS.
THE 56-INCH WIDE 2,600 KM LINE FROM ASSALUYEH IN
SOUTHERN IRAN TO RAJASTHAN BORDER IN INDIA
CAPACITY TO CONVEY 137 MILLION STANDARD CUBIC METERS
PER DAY (MMSCMD) GAS, WOULD COST US$4.5 BILLION.
HOWEVER, IRAN HAS BEEN INSISTING ON A PRICE
EQUIVALENT TO THE LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) FOR THE
NATURAL GAS IT PROPOSES TO SELL TO INDIA THROUGH THE
PIPELINE.
63.
64.
65. FUTURISTIC CHALLENGE
THE DRAFT NATURAL GAS PIPELINE
POLICY COVERING TRANSMISSION
PIPELINES AND LOCAL OR CITY GAS
DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS IS UNDER
FORMULATION, WITH PROPOSED
PROVISION IN LINE WITH THOSE UNDER
THE DRAFT REGULATORY BOARD BILL.
75. TECHNOLOGY OF HYDROGEN
ENERGY
A CLEAN FUEL AND AN ENERGY CARRIER
DIRECTLY AS A FUEL FOR PRODUCING MECHANICAL /
ELECTRICAL ENERGY THROUGH INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES.
FUEL CELLS TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY FOR
STATIONARY, PORTABLE AND TRANSPORT
APPLICATIONS.
REPLACE LIQUID FOSSIL FUELS IN THE FUTURE AND
THEREBY PROVIDE ENERGY SECURITY TO INDIA
76. HOW IS HYDROGEN MADE?
HYDROGEN DOESN'T EXIST ON EARTH AS A GAS,
SEPARATE HYDROGEN ATOMS FROM WATER, BIOMASS, OR
NATURAL GAS MOLECULES.
STEAM REFORMING AND ELECTROLYSIS (WATER SPLITTING).
STEAM REFORMING SEPARATE HYDROGEN ATOMS FROM
CARBON ATOMS IN METHANE(CH4). BECAUSE METHANE IS
A FOSSIL FUEL,
RESULTS IN EMISSIONS THAT ARE LINKED WITH GLOBAL
WARMING.
ELECTROLYSIS SPLITS HYDROGEN FROM WATER.
RESULTS IN NO EMISSIONS BUT IT IS CURRENTLY A VERY
EXPENSIVE PROCESS.
HYDROGEN CAN BE PRODUCED AT LARGE CENTRAL FACILITIES
OR AT SMALL PLANTS FOR LOCAL
82. ROAD MAP FOR HYDROGEN
INC VEH FUEL ECONOMY
REDUCED VEH EMISSION
NEAR MID LONG
TODAY
TERM TERM TERM
83.
84.
85.
86. NEAR TERM GOAL
H2 MIX WITH CNG
VEHICLES FUELED WITH HYDROGEN/NATURAL GAS
BLENDS (HCNG) ARE AN INITIAL STEP TOWARD THE
HYDROGEN-BASED TRANSPORTATION OF THE
FUTURE.
HCNG VEHICLES OFFER THE POTENTIAL FOR
IMMEDIATE EMISSIONS A REDUCTION IN NITROGEN
OXIDES (NOX) EMISSIONS.
PAVE THE WAY FOR A TRANSITION TO FUEL CELL
VEHICLES BY BUILDING EARLY DEMAND FOR
HYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTURE
87.
88.
89. LONG TERM H2 IN CNG
THE HCNG PROVIDES PURE HYDROGEN, PURE CNG, OR H/CNG
BLENDS TO THE VARIOUS INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
(ICE) TEST VEHICLES.
HYDROGEN CONVERSIONS ARE VERY MUCH LIKE NATURAL
GAS (CNG) CONVERSIONS.
ESSENTIAL DIFFERENCES IN COMPONENTS AND
OPPORTUNITIES
CORRECTLY ENGINEERED, A HYDROGEN ENGINE CAN
PRODUCE MORE POWER
A HYDROGEN ENGINE IS EVEN LESS POLLUTING THAN A
NATURAL GAS VEHICLE,
CHOOSING A FUEL DELIVERY SYSTEM (DIRECT INJECTION IS
BEST), SELECTION OF TANKS, AND PLACEMENT OF SAFETY
DEVICES.
90.
91.
92.
93. HYDROGEN FUEL CELL VEHICLE
IN COMBUSTION, THE HYDROGEN IS "BURNED" IN
ENGINES IN FUNDAMENTALLY THE SAME METHOD AS
TRADITIONAL GASOLINE CARS.
IN FUEL-CELL CONVERSION, THE HYDROGEN IS
REACTED WITH OXYGEN TO PRODUCE WATER AND
ELECTRICITY, THE LATTER OF WHICH IS USED TO
POWER ELECTRIC MOTORS.
94. FUEL CELL
ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICE.
CONVERTS THE CHEMICALS HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN
INTO WATER, AND IN THE PROCESS IT PRODUCES
ELECTRICITY.
95. POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES
MODULAR NATURE, CAN BE USED IN CHP MODE
IDEALLY SUITED FOR
DISTRIBUTED POWER INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
GENERATION.
SURFACE TRANSPORTATION
EMERGING AS POWER
SOURCES FOR
AUTOMOBILES.
RESIDENTIAL APPLICATIONS
FIELD TRIAL OF 3KW
PEM FUEL CELL BASED PERSONAL COMPUTERS,
UPS SYSTEM
DEMONSTRATION FOR HOSPITALS, HEALTH CLINICS,
STATIONERY
APPLICATIONS. ETC.
50KW FUEL CELL POWER ELECTRIFICATION OF REMOTE
PACK WITH METHANOL
AS PRIMARY FUEL FOR LOCATIONS/ VILLAGES
TECHNOLOGY
DEMONSTRATION.
96. FUTURE PROJECTS
SCALE UP STUDIES ON PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN FROM
ENTROBACTERIA CLOACAE IIT – BT 08.
SOLAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM WATER FOR FUEL CELL
APPLICATION.
SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF HYDROGEN ABSORBING ALLOYS BY
MECHANICAL ALLOYING.
DEVELOPMENT OF POLYMER MEMBRANE GAS FILTERS FOR HYDROGEN.
DEMONSTRATION OF A SOLAR HEAT DRIVEN METAL HYDRIDE BASED
WATER PUMPING, COOLING AND HEATING HYBRID SYSTEM.
DEMONSTRATION OF TEN HYDROGEN FUELLED TWO WHEELER ROAD
TRANSPORT.
DEVELOPMENT, INSTALLATION AND DEMONSTRATION OF A HYDROGEN
GENSET UNIT.
DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROGEN FUELLED AGRICULTURAL DIESEL ENGINE.
104. INDIA POWER ENERGY
PROBLEMS
534 BILLION KILOWATT HOURS PRODUCED IN 2006 WAS ALMOST
DOUBLE THE 2000 OUTPUT, THOUGH STILL REPRESENTING ONLY
505 KWH PER CAPITA FOR THE YEAR.
THIS PER CAPITA FIGURE IS EXPECTED TO ALMOST TRIPLE BY
2020, WITH 6.3% ANNUAL GROWTH.
COAL PROVIDES OVER HALF OF THE ELECTRICITY AT
PRESENT, BUT RESERVES ARE LIMITED.
NUCLEAR POWER SUPPLIED 15.6 BILLION KWH (2.6%) OF INDIA'S
ELECTRICITY IN 2006 FROM 3.5 GWE (OF 110 GWE TOTAL)
CAPACITY AND THIS WILL INCREASE STEADILY AS NEW PLANTS
COME ON LINE.
INDIA'S FUEL SITUATION, WITH SHORTAGE OF FOSSIL FUELS, IS
DRIVING THE NUCLEAR INVESTMENT FOR ELECTRICITY, AND 25%
NUCLEAR CONTRIBUTION IS FORESEEN BY 2050, FROM ONE
HUNDRED TIMES THE 2002 CAPACITY
105. TECHNOLOGY
HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE
ELECTRICITY?
STEAM POWER PLANT FUELED BY URANIUM.
FUEL IS PLACED IN A REACTOR THE INDIVIDUAL ATOMS ARE
ALLOWED TO SPLIT APART.
THE SPLITTING PROCESS, KNOWN AS FISSION, RELEASES
GREAT AMOUNTS OF ENERGY.
THIS ENERGY IS USED TO HEAT WATER UNTIL IT TURNS TO
STEAM.
THE STEAM PUSHES ON TURBINES, WHICH FORCE COILS OF
WIRE TO INTERACT WITH A MAGNETIC FIELD.
THIS GENERATES AN ELECTRIC CURRENT
106. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES.
CONSTRUCTION, OPERATING,
MAINTENANCE
REFURBISHMENT OF THE
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT.
WASTE MANAGEMENT
DISMANTLING OF THE
REACTOR
SAFE DISPOSAL OF ALL
NUCLEAR WASTE
EACH PROCESS EMITS CO2
AND OTHER GREENHOUSE
GASES.
THE REACTOR PRODUCING NO
CO2
107. ROAD MAP FOR NUCLEAR
INC ELECT
REDUCED VEH EMISSION
NEAR MID LONG
TODAY
TERM TERM TERM
108. INDIA NUCLEAR POWER FOR CIVIL
USE STATUS AS ON DATE
COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE IN THE NUCLEAR FUEL
CYCLE,
URANIUM EXPLORATION
REACTOR DESIGN PHWRs
FAST BREEDER REACTOR
THORIUM AS A NUCLEAR FUEL.
NUCLEAR POWER REACTORS
IN 2004 NUCLEAR POWER CONTRIBUTED 15 BILLION
KWH OF ELECTRICITY - 2.8% OF TOTAL, FROM 3 GWE
OF CAPACITY.
110. NEAR TERM STATUS
TWELVE PHWRS ARE OPERATING AND SIX PHWRS
COMPRISING A MIX OF 540 AND 220 MWE RATING ARE
UNDER CONSTRUCTION
SET UP LIGHT WATER REACTORS BASED ON IMPORTED
TECHNOLOGY
ASSIMILATIONOF FAST BREEDER REACTOR FBR
KAMINI, THE ONLY THORIUM FUELLED REACTOR
OPERATING THE WORLD
20,000 MWE NUCLEAR CAPACITY ON LINE BY 2020.
111. REPROCESSING PLANTS
PLUTONIUM-BASED FUEL FABRICATION
PLAN.
A HIGHER POWER-GENERATING BASE
A 40 MWT FAST BREEDER TEST
REACTOR (FBTR)
112. MIDTERM STATUS
BASED ON THE THORIUM-URANIUM-233 CYCLE.
TECHNOLOGIES TO EXPLOIT THE VAST THORIUM
RESERVES IN THE COUNTRY ARE UNDER DEVELOPMENT
AN ADVANCED HEAVY WATER REACTOR (AHWR).
THE REACTOR PHYSICS DESIGN OF AHWR IS TUNED TO
GENERATE ABOUT 75% POWER FROM THORIUM
COMPACT HIGH TEMPERATURE REACTOR ADDRESS
ACCELERATOR DRIVEN SYSTEMENERGY AMPLIFIER
FACILITIES FOR MANAGING INTERMEDIATE- AND LOW-
LEVEL WASTES
113. INDIA'S NUCLEAR POWER REACTORS UNDER
CONSTRUCTION
MWE NET, PROJECT
REACTOR TYPE START
EACH CONTROL
KAIGA 4 PHWR 202 MWE NPCIL 2007
RAWATBHAT
PHWR 202 MWE NPCIL 2007, 08
A5&6
KUDANKULA PWR
950 MWE NPCIL 2008
M1&2 (VVER)
KALPAKKAM
FBR 470 MWE BHAVINI 2010
PFBR
TOTAL (6) 2976 MWE
114. POWER REACTORS PLANNED OR
FIRMLY PROPOSED
MWE NET, PROJECT START
REACTOR TYPE
EACH CONTROL OPERATION
KAKRAPAR 3 PHWR 640 NPCIL 2012
&4
RAWATBHAT PHWR 640 NPCIL 2012
A7&8
KUDANKULA PWR - 1000 NPCIL
M3&4 VVER
JAITAPUR 1 & LWR 1000 NPCIL
2
? LWR X 2 1000 NTPC 2014
? PHWR X 4 640 NPCIL
? FBR X 4 470 BHAVINI
? AHWR 300 ? 2020
115. FUTURE PLANS
MOST REACTORS UNDER CONSTRUCTION ARE ON
SCHEDULE,
THESE AND FUTURE PLANNED ONES WERE 450 (NOW 490)
MWE VERSIONS OF THE 202 MWE DOMESTIC PRODUCTS.
BEYOND THEM, FUTURE UNITS WILL BE NOMINAL 700 MWE.
RUSSIA IS SUPPLYING THE COUNTRY'S FIRST LARGE
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
THERE ARE PLANS FOR EIGHT 1000 MWE UNITS AT THE
KUDANKULAM SITE, AND IN JANUARY 2007
BETWEEN 2010 AND 2020, FURTHER CONSTRUCTION IS
EXPECTED TO TAKE TOTAL GROSS CAPACITY TO 21,180
MWE. THE NUCLEAR CAPACITY TARGET IS PART OF
NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY.
116. NEW TECH FOR FUEL
ENABLE REDUCED FUEL HANDLING REQUIREMENTS
AND REDUCED ATTRACTIVENESS OF FUEL CYCLE
MATERIALS.
ADVANCED, CLOSED FUEL CYCLE
BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL ARRANGEMENT
FAST-SPECTRUM GENERATION IV NUCLEAR POWER
PLANT
121. DEFINATION
ETHANOL
ETHYL ALCOHOL OR GRAIN ALCOHOL
HAS BEEN PRODUCED SINCE PRE -
HISTORIC TIMES,MOSTLY THROUGH THE
FERMENTATION OF FRUIT JUICES.
122. PRODUCTION
ETHANOL CAN BE DERIVED FROM DIFFERENT
FORMS LIKE SUGAR CANE MOLASSES, BEATS,
CORN, SORGHUM, POTATOES AND OTHERS.
SHORT-TERM MEASURE WILL INCLUDE EARLY
INTRODUCTION OF GASOHOL (90% GASOLINE + 10%
ETHANOL) AS A MOTOR FUEL
123. ADVANTAGES OF ETHANOL
ETHANOL IS A RENEWABLE FUEL
ETHANOL REDUCES POLLUTION AND GREENHOUSE
GAS EMISSIONS.
ETHANOL DOES NOT POLLUTE GROUND WATER.
ETHANOL IS CHEAPER TO MAKE THAN GASOLINE
ETHANOL IS EASY TO SWITCH TO
ETHANOL REDUCES OUR DEPENDENCE ON FOREIGN
OIL.
125. DEFINATION
BIO-DIESEL IS A TERM USED TO DESCRIBE
ENVIORNMENTALLY SAFE AND NON POLLUTING FUELS FOR
STD NON CUMBUSTION AND TURBINE ENGINES.
DERIVED FROM VEGITABLES OILS,BIO-DIESEL FUELS ARE
SAFE AND VIABLE ALTERNATVE TO NON-RENEWABLE,HVY
POLLUTING FUELS.
126. ADV OF BIO-DIESEL
CAN BE USED DIRECTLY
INCREASES ENGINE LIFE
NO NOTICEABLE EXHAUST ODORS.
EXTRACTED FROM NATURAL PLANTS
SAFER AND CLEANER ALTERNATIVE
REDUCES EMISSIONS AND CARCINOGENIC
COMPOUNDS
DOES NOT PRODUCE ECOLOGICAL WASTE.
131. FOUR MAIN BENEFITS OF JATROPHA
CULTIVATION
RENEWABLE ENERGY
EROSION CONTROL & SOIL IMPROVEMENT.
PROMOTION OF WOMEN EMPLOYMENT
POVERTY REDUCTION.
132. ROAD MAP FOR JATROPA
JATROPA
NEAR MID LONG
TODAY
TERM TERM TERM
133. BIODIESEL DEVELOPMENTS
11 MILLIONS HECTARES OFUNUSED LANDS ARE
TO BE CULTIVATED WITH JATROPA
THE DEMONSTRATION PROJECT CONSISTS OF
2 PHASES, EACH WITH 200.000 HA PLANTED IN
8 STATES OF 2 X 25.000 HA "COMPACT AREA"
EACH
IN THE 1st PHASE, WITHIN A DEMONSTRATION
PROJECT, THE "VIABILITY OF ALL COMPONENTS"
IS TO BE TESTED, DEVELOPED AND
DEMONSTRATED
134. PRESENT
FOR 2007, WHEN THE PROCESS IS MEANT TO MOVE
SELF-SUSTAINED.
EXPANSION OF PROCESSING CAPACITIES .
ADDITIONAL SUPPORT FOR MAINLY MARKET BASED
FOR "PHASE II"
135. FUTURE
EACH STATE TO HAVE ESTENSIFICATIN PLANT
COMPACT AREAS IN EACH STATE
SUPPLY OF PLANTING MATERIAL.
PROCUREING OF SEEDS
PRIMARY PROCESSING THROUGH
EXPELLERS
EXPECTED OUTPUTS FROM 400,000 HA ARE MEANT
TO BE 0.5 MILLION T OF BIO-DIESEL.
136. FUTURE
PRESENTLY, THE INDIGENOUSLY DESIGNED BIO-FUEL PLANT
FOR 250 LT./DAY IS IN OPERATION
TO DESIGN AND DEVELOP BIO-FUEL PLANTS OF 3 TO 10 TONES
PER DAY CAPACITY FOR INSTALLATION IN DIFFERENT PARTS
OF THE COUNTRY.
EFFECTIVE MARKETING CHAIN NEEDS TO BE PLANNED FOR
ENABLING FARMERS TO REAP THE BENEFITS DIRECTLY.
BIO-FUEL MISSION WILL PROVIDE TECHNOLOGICAL AND
EMPLOYMENT GENERATION FOCUSES FOR THE RURAL
SECTOR.
USE OF ELEVEN MILLION HECTARES OF WASTELAND FOR
JETROPHA CULTIVATION CAN LEAD TO GENERATION OF
MINIMUM TWELVE MILLION J
137. EACH STATE WILL HAVE ONE ESTENFICATION
PLANT, WHICH IS MEANT TO BE ECONOMICAL FROM
80.000 T OF BIO-DIESEL ONWARD, EXPECTED TO COME
FROM 50 TO 70000 HA EACH.
COMPACT AREAS IN EACH STATE WILL HE FURTHER
SUBDIVIDED INTO 2000 HA BLOCKS OF PLANTATION TO
FACILITATE SUPPLY OF PLANTING
MATERIAL, PROCUREMENT OF SEED AND PRIMARY
PROCESSING THROUGH EXPELLERS.
EXPECTED OUTPUTS FROM 400,000 HA ARE MEANT TO
BE 0.5 MILLION T OF BIO-DIESEL, COMPOST FROM THE
PRESS CAKE, AND MASSIVE GENERATION OF
EMPLOYMENT (16 MIO DAYS/YEAR) FOR THE POOR.
IMPROVE DEGRADED LAND RESOURCES, AND INCOME
TO 1.9 MIO POOR FAMILIES AT 4 FAMILIES PER HA, ON A
BASE OF 5 RUPEES/KG OF SEED SOLD.
146. BIO MASS
THE WEIGHT OR QUANTITY OF LIVING ORGANIMS OF ONE
ANIMAL OR PLANT SPECIES COMMONLY REFFERED TO AS
UNIT AREA OR VOLUMEOF THE HABITAT
BIOMASS IN AN AREA AT THAT MOMENT IS THE STANDING
CROP.
THE TOTAL AMT OFORGANIC MATERIAL PRODUCED BY
THE LIVING ORGANISMS OF A PARTICULAR AREA WITHIN
A SET PERIOD OF TIME IS CALLED THE PRODUCIVITY.
MEASURED IN UNITS OF ENERGY AS -GRAM CALORIES
PER SQUARE METER PER YEAR.
SOURCE BRITANNICA ENCYCLOPEDIA
147. DEFINATION
BIOMASS: INCLUDE WASTES PRODUCED DURING AGRICULTURAL
AND FORESTRY OPERATIONS (FOR EXAMPLE STRAWS AND
STALKS OR PRODUCED AS A BY-PRODUCT OF PROCESSING
OPERATIONS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
(E.G., HUSKS,SHELLS, DEOILED CAKES, ETC
WOOD PRODUCED IN DEDICATED ENERGY PLANTATIONS OR
RECOVERED FROM WILD BUSHES/WEEDS; AND THE WOOD WASTE
PRODUCED IN SOME INDUSTRIAL OPERATIONS.
COGENERATION: IT IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH MORE THAN ONE
FORM OF ENERGY (SUCH AS STEAMAND ELECTRICITY) IS
PRODUCED IN A SEQUENTIAL MANNER BY USE OF BIOWASTE OF A
RENEWABLE NATURE, INCLUDING BAGASSE AND RICE HUSK.
BAGASSE COGENERATION: COGENERATION IS COMBINED HEAT
AND ELECTRICITY (CHP) IN THE SUGAR MILLS USING BAGASSE.
148. ROAD MAP FOR OIL
OIL PROD
NEAR MID LONG
TODAY
TERM TERM TERM
149. TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS
THE FOLLOWING TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS ARE
AVAILABLE FOR SETTING UP OF WASTE-TO-ENERGY
PROJECTS:
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION/ BIOMETHANATION
COMBUSTION / INCINERATIO
PYROLYSIS / GASIFICATION
LANDFILL GAS RECOVERY
DENSIFICATION/ PELLETIZATION
IN ADDITION TO THE ABOVE TECHNOLOGIES, THERE
ARE OTHER EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS
PLASMA ARC TECHNOLOGY IS BEING ATTEMPTED
FOR ENERGY RECOVERY FROM WASTE.
150. ADVANTAGES
THE MAJOR ADVANTAGES OF SETTING UP OF WASTE-TO-
ENERGY PROJECTS ARE:
THE QUANTITY OF WASTE GETS REDUCED BY NEARLY 60% TO
90%, DEPENDING UPON THE WASTE COMPOSITION AND THE
TECHNOLOGY ADOPTED
DEMAND FOR LAND, WHICH IS ALREADY SCARCE IN CITIES, FOR
LAND FILLING IS REDUCED
THE COST OF TRANSPORTATION OF WASTE TO FAR-AWAY
LANDFILL SITES GETS REDUCED
THERE IS NET REDUCTION IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
APART FROM GENERATING POWER FROM THE WASTE, THE
SLURRY PRODUCED FROM BIOMETHANATION TECHNOLOGY
ACTS AS A GOOD FERTILIZER
151. LIMITATIONS/ CONSTRAINTS
THE GROWTH OF THIS SECTOR HAS BEEN AFFECTED ON ACCOUNT OF THE
FOLLOWING LIMITATIONS/ CONSTRAINTS:
WASTE-TO-ENERGY IS STILL A NEW CONCEPT IN THE COUNTRY
MOST OF THE PROVEN AND COMMERCIAL TECHNOLOGIES IN RESPECT OF
URBAN WASTES ARE REQUIRED TO BE IMPORTED
THE COSTS OF THE PROJECTS ESPECIALLY BASED ON BIOMETHANATION
TECHNOLOGY ARE HIGH AS CRITICAL EQUIPMENT FOR A PROJECT IS
REQUIRED TO BE IMPORTED.
IN VIEW OF LOW LEVEL OF COMPLIANCE OF MSW RULES 2000 BY THE
MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS/ URBAN LOCAL BODIES, SEGREGATED
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IS GENERALLY NOT AVAILABLE AT THE PLANT
SITE, WHICH MAY LEAD TO NON-AVAILABILITY OF WASTE-TO-ENERGY
PLANTS.
LACK OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES WITH MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS/URBAN
LOCAL BODIES.
LACK OF CONDUCIVE POLICY GUIDELINES FROM STATE GOVTS. IN
RESPECT OF ALLOTMENT OF LAND, SUPPLY OF GARBAGE AND POWER
PURCHASE / EVACUATION FACILITIES.
152. PRESENT STATUS
THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAMME ON BIOMASS
ENERGY AND CO-GENERATION (NON-BAGASSE) IN INDUSTRY ARE
GIVEN BELOW :-
TO ENCOURAGE THE DEPLOYMENT OF BIOMASS ENERGY
SYSTEMS IN
INDUSTRY FOR MEETING THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS.
TO PROMOTE DECENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTED POWER
GENERATION THROUGH
SUPPLY OF SURPLUS POWER TO THE GRID.
TO CONSERVE THE USE OF FOSSIL FUELS FOR CAPTIVE
REQUIREMENTS IN INDUSTRY.
TO BRING ABOUT REDUCTION IN GREENHOUSE GAS
EMISSIONS IN INDUSTRY.
TO CREATE AWARENESS ABOUT THE POTENTIAL AND
BENEFITS OF ALTERNATIVE MODES OF ENERGY
GENERATION IN INDUSTRY
153. BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
BIOMASS POWER GENERATION BASED ON WOODY BIOMASS AND
CROP RESIDUES HAS MADE CONSIDERABLE PROGRESS IN INDIA,
BASED MAINLY ON DIRECT COMBUSTION, ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
GASIFICATION AND COGENERATION TECHNOLOGIES.
IT IS PROPOSED TO SUPPORT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
PROJECTS TO UPGRADE THE EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES, IMPROVE
CAPACITY UTILIZATION, AND DEVELOP MORE EFFICIENT AND COST-
EFFECTIVE NEW TECHNOLOGY ROUTES
DEVELOPMENT OF BIO ENERGY ENTAILS
DEVELOPMENT OF VARIOUS TECHNOLOGY PACKAGES FOR
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS AND POWER GENERATION
ADVANCED BIOMASS GASIFICATION WHICH AIMS AT
DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH PRESSURE GASIFIERS TO BE COUPLED
WITH GAS TURBINE ENGINES.
154. GRID CONNECTED BIOMASS POWER
PROJECTS
BASED ON DIRECT COMBUSTION HAVE STARTED TO PICK UP IN
SEVERAL POTENTIAL STATES.
BIOGAS BASED POWER UNITS CAN BE A RELIABLE DECENTRALIZED
POWER GENERATION OPTION IN THE COUNTRY.
BASED ON THE AVAILABILITY OF LARGE QUANTITY OF ANIMAL
WASTES AND WASTES FROM FORESTRY, RURAL BASED INDUSTRIES
(AGRO / FOOD PROCESSING), KITCHEN WASTES
THE PROJECTS TO BE TAKEN UP BY ANY VILLAGE LEVEL
ORGANIZATION, INSTITUTION, PRIVATE ENTREPRENEURS ETC IN
RURAL AREAS AS WELL AS AREAS COVERED UNDER THE REMOTE
VILLAGE ELECTRIFICATION (RVE)
SUFFICIENT FEED MATERIALS FOR BIOGAS PLANTS ARE AVAILABLE
ON SUSTAINABLE BASIS
155.
156. ENERGY RECOVERY FROM URBAN
WASTES
ENERGY IN THE FORM OF BIOGAS, HEAT OR POWER
IS SEEN AS A BONUS, WHICH IMPROVES THE
VIABILITY OF SUCH PROJECTS.
WHILE INCINERATION AND BIOMETHANATION ARE
THE MOST COMMON TECHNOLOGIES, PYROLYSIS
AND GASIFICATION ARE ALSO EMERGING AS
PREFERRED OPTIONS
157. SCHEME FOR AN ACCELERATED
PROGRAMME ON ENERGY
RECOVERY FROM URBAN WASTES
TO ACCELERATE THE PROMOTION OF SETTING UP
OF PROJECTS FOR RECOVERY OF ENERGY FROM
URBAN WASTES;
TO CREATE A CONDUCIVE CONDITIONS AND
ENVIRONMENT, WITH FISCAL AND FINANCIAL
REGIME, TO DEVELOP, DEMONSTRATE AND
DISSEMINATE UTILISATION OF WASTES FOR
RECOVERY OF ENERGY; AND TO HARNESS THE
AVAILABLE POTENTIAL OF MSW-TO-ENERGY BY THE
YEAR 2017;
158. ADVANTAGES OF BIO-DIESEL FUEL
DIRECTLY IN ANY THE CONVENTIONAL COMPRESSION-IGNITION DIESEL
ENGINES OF TODAY WITHOUT ANY MODIFICATION.
ENGINE LIFE IS INCREASED WITH THE USE OF BIODIESEL FUEL.
BENIGN ON MARINE ENVIRONMENTS
A USER FRIENDLY FUEL WITH NO NOTICEABLE EXHAUST ODORS.
EXTRACTED FROM NATURALLY GROWING PLANTS.
SAFER, CLEANER ALTERNATIVE TO PETROLEUM DIESEL.
PRODUCES 80% LESS CARBON DIOXIDE AND 100% LESS SULFUR DIOXIDE
EMISSIONS. A 90% LESS REDUCTION IN CANCER RISKS.
REDUCES EMISSIONS AND CARCINOGENIC COMPOUNDS.
IDEAL FOR TACKLING THE POLLUTION PROBLEM.
BIODEGRADABLE AND DOES NOT PRODUCE ECOLOGICAL WASTE.
159. ROAD MAP FOR OIL
COAL
RES
OIL PROD
NEAR MID LONG
TODAY
TERM TERM TERM
161. RENEWABLE ENERGY IS THE ENERGY WHICH IS USED &
RENEWED. ITS SOURCES COULD BE DERIVED FROM SUN, WIND,
WATER ETC. THERE IS NO DEARTH OF ITS SOURCES. SUNLIGHT
FALLING ON THE UNITED STATE IN ONE DAY CONTAINS MORE
THEN TWICE THE ENERGY WE CONSUME IN AN ENTIRE YEAR.
CALIFORNIA HAS ENOUGH WIND GUSTS TO PRODUCE 11% OF
WORLDS WIND ELECTRICITY.
163. RENEWABLE ENERGY:BETTER
OPTION
RENEWABLE ENERGY (RE) IS A PREFERRED OPTION FOR INDIA
LARGE UNTAPPED RE POTENTIAL
VAST LAND RESOURCES FOR PRODUCTION OF BIOMASS &
BIO-FUELS
ABUNDANT SUNSHINE
INCR IN POPULATION AND GROWING CONSUMPTION
PLENTIFUL SITES FOR HARNESSING WIND ENERGY AND SMALL
HYDRO
WHY RENEWABLE ENERGY IS PARTICULARLY RELEVANT FOR RURAL
INDIA
NO ACCESS TO ON GRID SYS FOR RURAL POPULATION.
VISION 2012
164.
165.
166.
167. IMPORTANCE OF STAND-ALONE RE
SYSTEMS
STAND-ALONE RE SYSTEMS ARE ECONOMICALLY VIABLE
STANDALONE RE SYSTEMS SHALL :
AVOID THE HIGH COSTS INVOLVED IN TRANSMISSION CAPEX.
AVOID DISTRIBUTION LOSSES – TECHNICAL & OTHERWISE
AVOID RECURRING FUEL COST
BOOST THE RURAL ECONOMY
ENCOURAGE SELF HELP GROUPS & SELF DEPENDENCE
ENABLE VILLAGE CO-OPERATIVES TO SUPPLY AND / OR
MONITOR DISTRIBUTION
MAKE AVAILABLE MUCH NEEDED ENERGY FOR BASIC NEEDS AT
THE DOORSTEP AT AFFORDABLE PRICES.
BRINGS GAIN FOR INDIAN ECONOMY.
168. ADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE
RESOURCES AVAILABLE WITHIN THE COUNTRY
GOVERNMENT & REGULATOR FRIENDLY
AFFORDABLE COST
MAINTENANCE FREE
ECO FRIENDLY
LESS CONSUMPTION OF NON RENEWABLE ENERGY
169. DRAWBACK OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
REQUIRES HUGE SPACE
LIMITED TO PARTICULAR LOCATIONS
EFFECTS HABITAT
EFFECTS NATURAL SITES
INITIAL INVESTMENT IS MORE
170. TYPES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOLAR ENERGY
WIND ENERY
HYDEL ENERGY
TIDAL ENERGY
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
171. TECHNOLOGY OF SOLAR ENERGY
SUN BEING OUR MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY
SHOULD BE UTILISED MORE.
SOLAR POWER IS BECOMING INCREASINGLY
CHEAPER THAN IN THE PAST.
SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY AS SOLAR ENERGY.
SOLAR ARCHITECTURE.
172. SOLAR POWER PROGRAMME
EARLIEST SOURCE OF ENERGY KNOWN TO THE
MANKIND.
SALIENT FEATURES – WIDE-SPREAD DISTRIBUTION,
ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY, AND VIRTUALLY
INEXHAUSTIBLE SUPPLY
INDIA RECEIVES SOLAR ENERGY EQUIVALENT TO
OVER 5000 TRILLION KWH/YEAR.
173.
174. ROAD MAP FOR RE, SOLAR
TODAY NEAR MID LONG
TERM TERM TERM
182. 120,000 LPD CAPACITY SOLAR WATER
HEATING SYSTEM AT
GODAVARI FERTILISERS & CHEMICALS
LTD., ANDHRA PRADESH
183. SOLAR HOT WATER SYSTEMS
INSTALLED IN A HOUSING COMPLEX
IN PUNE
184. WIND ENERGY
WE HAVE USED THE WIND AS ENERGY SOURCE FOR
A LONG TIME. CHINEESE WERE USING IT TO PUMP
WATER FOR IRRIGATING CROPS 4000 YRS AGO. IN
EUROPE WIND POWER WAS USED IN MIDDLE AGES
TO GRIND CORN, WHICH IS WHERE THE TERM “WIND
MILL” COMES FROM.
185. WIND ENERGY
POWER GENERATION FROM WIND HAS EMERGED AS ONE OF
THE MOST SUCCESSFUL PROGRAMS
WIND POWER INSTALLATIONS WORLDWIDE HAVE CROSSED
8500 MW PRODUCING ABOUT 14 BILLION KWH OF ENERGY
ANNUALLY.
A TOTAL CAPACITY OF ABOUT 5500 MW HAS BEEN INSTALLED
IN EUROPE, 1700 MW IN USA, AND 992 MW IN INDIA.
INDIA IS NOW THE FOURTH LARGEST WIND POWER
GENERATOR IN THE WORLD AFTER GERMANY, USA AND
DENMARK
INDIA AS WIND SUPER POWER
189. ROAD MAP FOR WIND ENERGY
TODAY NEAR MID LONG
TERM TERM TERM
190. HYDEL ENERGY
WE HAVE USED RUNNING WATER AS ENERGY SOURCE FOR
THOUSAND OF YEARS FOR GRINDING CORN. THE FIRST
HOUSE IN THE WORLD TO BE LIT BY HYDRO ELECTRICITY
WAS CRAGSIDE HOUSE IN ENGLAND IN 1878
191. TECHNOLOGY OF HYDEL ENERGY
ELECTRICITY GENERATED BY USING THE ENERGY OF WATER.
THE WATER BEHIND THE DAM FLOWS THROUGH INTAKE INTO A
PIPE CALLED A PENSTOCK.
THE WATER PUSHES AGAINST BLADES IN A TURBINE CAUSING
THEM TO TURN.
THE TURBINE SPINS A GENERATOR TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY.
192. ROAD MAP FOR HYDEL ENERGY
WATER MILLS
TODAY NEAR MID LONG
TERM TERM TERM
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203. TIDAL ENERGY
TIDAL ENERGY IS PRODUCED BY USING THE KINETIC ENERGY
OF THE TIDES.
IN ORDER TO PRODUCE SOME PRACTICAL AMOUNTS OF
POWER (ELECTRICITY), A SMALL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE
HIGH AND LOW TIDES OF AT LEAST SAY FIVE METRES IN
REQUIRED.
DAM IS BUILT ACROSS A RIVER ESTUARY. WHEN THE TIDES
GOES IN AND OUT, THE WATER FLOWS THROUGH TUNNELS IN
THE DAM.
POWER IS GENERATED AS HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER.
204. ROAD MAP FOR TIDAL ENERGY
TODAY NEAR MID LONG
TERM TERM TERM
205. TIDAL ENERGY AT A GLANCE
EXPOLITATION OF TIDAL ENERGY IS IN INITIAL STAGE, NO PROJECT
INSTALLED SO FAR.
THE MAIN POTENTIAL SITES FOR TIDAL POWER GENERATION IN INDIA
ARE THE GULF OF KUTCH AND THE GULF OF KHAMBAT (CAMBAY) AND
THE GANGETIC DELTA IN THE SUNDARBANS AREA OF WEST BENGAL.
SALIENT FEATURES:-
ONCE BUILT, TIDAL POWER IS FREE
IT NEEDS NO FUEL
NOT EXPENSIVE TO MAINTAIN
TIDES ARE TOTALLY PERDICTABLE
BUILDING A DAM ACROSS IN ESTUARY IS EXPENSIVE
EFFECT THE HABITAT OF BIRDS AND FISH AS IT ALTER TIDAL
CURRENT
CAN PROVIDE POWER FOR AROUND 10 HRS/DAY
206. TIDAL POWER INDIA: TIDAL ENERGY
POTENTIAL IN EXCESS OF 15
GIGAWATTS
IN A WRITTEN REPLY
INDIA'S MINISTER OF
STATE FOR NON-
CONVENTIONAL
ENERGY SOURCES
ESTIMATED THAT OVER
15,000 MW OF TIDAL
POWER POTENTIAL HAS
BEEN ESTIMATED IN
THE COUNTRY
207. ELECTRIFICATION OF ISOLATED COMMUNITIES:
THE TIDE-ENERGY PROJECT
NEAR THE MOUTH OF THE AMAZON
Rural residents with a 6-blade helical turbine
208. THE TIDE-ENERGY PROJECT NEAR
THE MOUTH OF THE AMAZON:
A SIMPLE GENERATING PACKAGE
(b) Pulley and (c) Automotive
belt alternator
(a) 6-blade
helical turbine
209. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
DERIVED FROM GREEK WORD “GEO” MEANS EARTH AND
“THERMAL” MEANS HEAT
WORKING PRICIPLE
HOT ROCKS, UNDERGROUND HEAT, WATER TO PRODUCE
STEAM.
HOLES ARE DRILLED DOWN TO THE HOT REGION, STEAM
COMES UP, IS PURIFIED AND USED TO DRIVE
TURBINES, WHICH DRIVE ELECTRIC GENERATORS.
IF THERE IS NO NATURAL “GROUND WATER” IN THE HOT
ROCKS, MORE HOLES ARE DRILLED AND WATER IS
PUMPED DOWN TO THEM.
210. ROAD MAP FOR GEO
THERMAL ENERGY
TODAY NEAR MID LONG
TERM TERM TERM
211. PRESENT STATUS
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY BASED POWER PRODUCTION OVER
THE WORLD HAS GONE UP FROM 5800 MW TO 8400 MW FROM
1998 TO 1999.
IN INDIA IT IS IN INITIAL STAGE, NO GEOTHERMAL POWER
PROJECT INSTALLED.
ONGOING PROJECTS:
TATTAPANI GEOTHERMAL AREA IN MADHYA PRADESH
PUGA GEOTHERMAL AREA IN LADAKH
MORE THAN 300 GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL SITES
212. THRUST AREAS
CREATION OF GEOTHERMAL DATA BASE.
GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE AND MANPOWER DEVP
ITS APPLICATION FOR POWER GENERATION.