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Invertebrates are not âsimple animalsâ, but they are indeed masters of economy: their small nervous systems contain many fewer nerve cells than those of even the tiniest vertebrates, yet these animals solve all of the same survival problems, can live in highly organized societies and can communicate complex messages. The goal of this article is to outline general features of the nervous systems of invertebrates, and to begin to ask how these tiny information-processing systems drive such diverse behaviour.
Invertebrates nervous-system-by-resty-samosa
Invertebrates nervous-system-by-resty-samosa
Resty Samosa
Â
Evolution of the nervous system
Evolution of the nervous system
Kykladen Gavarra
Â
Origin of the Lateral Line System Lateral line is a canal along the side of a fish containing pores that open into tubes supplied with sense organs sensitive to low vibrations. Robert H. Denison explained the origin of the lateral line system. He explained that early vertebrates had a pore-canal system in the dermis which functioned as a primitive sensory system in detecting water movement. Through the evidences from fossils, embryology and comparative anatomy, Denison (1966) established that the inner ear is closely related to the lateral line system. He found a distinct relationship between the pore canal system and the lateral line in Osteotraci. The inner ear and the lateral line are developed from ectodermal thickenings, called dorso-lateral placodes. These have a number of similarities, including receptors with sensory hairs, and are both innervated by fibers in the acoustico-lateral area of the brain. The pore canal system is present and developed in Osteostraci (ostracoderm). It is also present in Heterostraci which is another group of ostracoderms and includes early vertebrates such as lungfishes and crossopterygians. As its presence is extensive, it is reasonable to suggest that the pore canal system was a primitive character in early vertebrates . In transverse sections also , it is very difficult to differentiate the pore canal system from a lateral line canal. Structure of the Lateral Line System Epidermal structures called neuromasts form the peripheral area of the lateral line. Neuromasts consist of two types of cells, hair cells and supporting cells. Hair cells have an epidermal origin and each hair cell has one high kynocyle (5-10 ĂÂŒm) and 30 to 150 short stereocilia (2-3 ĂÂŒm). The number of hair cells in each neuromast depends on its size, and they can range from dozens to thousands. Hair cells can be oriented in two opposite directions with each hair cell surrounded by supporting cells. At the basal part of each hair cell, there are synaptic contacts with afferent and efferent nerve fibers. Afferent fibers, transmit signals to the neural centres of the lateral line and expand at the neuromast base. The regulation of hair cells is achieved by the action of efferent fibers. Stereocilia and kinocilium of hair cells are immersed into a cupula and are located above the surface of the sensory epithelium. The cupula is created by a gel-like media, which is secreted by non-receptor cells of the neuromast.
Lateral line system
Lateral line system
Govt.college,Nagda, ujjain.M.P
Â
Types of Animal Behaviour
Concepts of Ethology
Concepts of Ethology
RenuKohli7
Â
my ppt describes mainly the excretory system in annelids.......
Phylum annelida- excretion in annelida
Phylum annelida- excretion in annelida
Priyanka Mangotra
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Primate social organization
Primate social organization
m0nm0n
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Basic knowledge on Adaptive radiation and how adaptive radiation has taken place in reptiles
Adaptive radiation in reptiles copy
Adaptive radiation in reptiles copy
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Â
Evolutionary change in heart of vertebrates Heart is situated ventral to the oseophagus in the pericardial section of the coelom. Heart is a highly muscular pumping organ that pumps blood into arteries and sucks it back through the veins. In vertebrates it has undergone transformation by twisting from a straight tube to a complex multi-chambered organ. . There has been an increase in the number of chambers in heart during evolution of vertebrates. The heart is covered by a transparent protective covering, called pericardium. It is a single layer in fish. Within pericardium there is a pericardial fluid, protects the heart from the external injury. The evolution of the heart is based on the separation of oxygenated blood from deoxygenated blood for efficient oxygen transport.
Heart in vetrebrates
Heart in vetrebrates
Govt.college,Nagda, ujjain.M.P
Â
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Invertebrates are not âsimple animalsâ, but they are indeed masters of economy: their small nervous systems contain many fewer nerve cells than those of even the tiniest vertebrates, yet these animals solve all of the same survival problems, can live in highly organized societies and can communicate complex messages. The goal of this article is to outline general features of the nervous systems of invertebrates, and to begin to ask how these tiny information-processing systems drive such diverse behaviour.
Invertebrates nervous-system-by-resty-samosa
Invertebrates nervous-system-by-resty-samosa
Resty Samosa
Â
Evolution of the nervous system
Evolution of the nervous system
Kykladen Gavarra
Â
Origin of the Lateral Line System Lateral line is a canal along the side of a fish containing pores that open into tubes supplied with sense organs sensitive to low vibrations. Robert H. Denison explained the origin of the lateral line system. He explained that early vertebrates had a pore-canal system in the dermis which functioned as a primitive sensory system in detecting water movement. Through the evidences from fossils, embryology and comparative anatomy, Denison (1966) established that the inner ear is closely related to the lateral line system. He found a distinct relationship between the pore canal system and the lateral line in Osteotraci. The inner ear and the lateral line are developed from ectodermal thickenings, called dorso-lateral placodes. These have a number of similarities, including receptors with sensory hairs, and are both innervated by fibers in the acoustico-lateral area of the brain. The pore canal system is present and developed in Osteostraci (ostracoderm). It is also present in Heterostraci which is another group of ostracoderms and includes early vertebrates such as lungfishes and crossopterygians. As its presence is extensive, it is reasonable to suggest that the pore canal system was a primitive character in early vertebrates . In transverse sections also , it is very difficult to differentiate the pore canal system from a lateral line canal. Structure of the Lateral Line System Epidermal structures called neuromasts form the peripheral area of the lateral line. Neuromasts consist of two types of cells, hair cells and supporting cells. Hair cells have an epidermal origin and each hair cell has one high kynocyle (5-10 ĂÂŒm) and 30 to 150 short stereocilia (2-3 ĂÂŒm). The number of hair cells in each neuromast depends on its size, and they can range from dozens to thousands. Hair cells can be oriented in two opposite directions with each hair cell surrounded by supporting cells. At the basal part of each hair cell, there are synaptic contacts with afferent and efferent nerve fibers. Afferent fibers, transmit signals to the neural centres of the lateral line and expand at the neuromast base. The regulation of hair cells is achieved by the action of efferent fibers. Stereocilia and kinocilium of hair cells are immersed into a cupula and are located above the surface of the sensory epithelium. The cupula is created by a gel-like media, which is secreted by non-receptor cells of the neuromast.
Lateral line system
Lateral line system
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Â
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Concepts of Ethology
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RenuKohli7
Â
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Basic knowledge on Adaptive radiation and how adaptive radiation has taken place in reptiles
Adaptive radiation in reptiles copy
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Evolutionary change in heart of vertebrates Heart is situated ventral to the oseophagus in the pericardial section of the coelom. Heart is a highly muscular pumping organ that pumps blood into arteries and sucks it back through the veins. In vertebrates it has undergone transformation by twisting from a straight tube to a complex multi-chambered organ. . There has been an increase in the number of chambers in heart during evolution of vertebrates. The heart is covered by a transparent protective covering, called pericardium. It is a single layer in fish. Within pericardium there is a pericardial fluid, protects the heart from the external injury. The evolution of the heart is based on the separation of oxygenated blood from deoxygenated blood for efficient oxygen transport.
Heart in vetrebrates
Heart in vetrebrates
Govt.college,Nagda, ujjain.M.P
Â
This PPT is for FYBSc students of University of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, studying in course one semester II. For further query you may email at sudesh_rathod@yahoo.co.in
Ethology: Development of Animal Behavior
Ethology: Development of Animal Behavior
Dr. Sudesh D. Rathod, B N Bandodkar College of Science
Â
Introduction Ostracoderms (shell-skinned) are of several groups of extinct, primitive, jawless fishes that were covered in an armour of bony plates. They appeared in the Cambrian, about 510 million years ago, and became extinct towards the end of the Devonian, about 377 million years ago. They were quite abundant during the upper Silurian and Devonian periods. Most of fossils of Ostracodermi were preserved in the bottom sediments of freshwater streams. However, the opinion is sharply divided as to whether their habitat was freshwater or marine. The first fossil fishes that were discovered were ostracoderms. The Swiss anatomist Louis Agassiz received some fossils of bony armored fish from Scotland in the 1830s. The ostracoderms resembled the present day cyclostomes (lampreys and hagfishes) in many respects and together with them constitute a special group of jawless vertebrates, the Agnatha. Characteristics: They use gills exclusively for respiration but not for feeding . Earlier chordates with gills used them for both respiration and feeding. Ostracoderms had separate pharyngeal gill pouches along the side of the head, which were permanently open with no protective operculum. mostly small to medium-sized fishes, protected by a heavy, bony dermal (derived from skin) armor. bottom-dwellers; filter-feeders or grazers. no paired fins, but many with stabilizing paired flaps on either side of head. (1) Ostracoderms were the first vertebrates. (2) They were popularly called armoured fishes. (4) They lived in freshwater. (5) They were bottom dwellers. (6) Their body was fish-like and did not exceed 30 cm in size. (7) Paired fins were absent. (8) Median and caudal fins were present. (9) The caudal fin was of heterocercal type. (10) The head and thorax were covered by heavy armour of bones. It protected ostracoderms from the giant scorpion like arthropods, eurypterids. (11) Bony skull was well developed. (12) Mouth was mostly present on the ventral side. (13) They were having large number of gill slits. (14) The nervous system had 10 pairs of cranial nerves. (15) The head had a pair of lateral eyes, and a median pineal eye. (16) They were filter feeders, feeding like a vacuum cleaner. (17) The endoskeleton was either bony or cartilaginous.
Origin and evolution of ostracoderms
Origin and evolution of ostracoderms
Govt.college,Nagda, ujjain.M.P
Â
Lecture 4 nervous system & behaviour
Lecture 4 nervous system & behaviour
Zeyra Zaha
Â
The vertebrate brain The vertebrate brain is the main part of the central nervous system. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system, In most of the vertebrates the brain is at the front, in the head. It is protected by the skull and close to the main sense organs. Brains are extremely complex and the part of human and animal body. The brain controls the other organs of the body, either by activating muscles or by causing secretion of chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters. Muscular action allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. The brain of an adult human weights about 1300â1400Â grams . In vertebrates, the spinal cord by itself can cause reflex responses as well as simple movement such as swimming or walking. However, sophisticated control of behaviour requires a centralized brain. The structure of all vertebrate brains is basically the same. At the same time, during the course of evolution, the vertebrate brain has undergone changes, and become more effective. In so-called 'lower' animals, most or all of the brain structure is inherited, and therefore their behaviour is mostly instinctive. In mammals, and especially in man, the brain is developed further during life by learning. This has the benefit of helping them fit better into their environment. The capacity to learn is seen best in the cerebral cortex. Three principles The brain and nervous system is essentially a system which makes connections. It has input from sense organs and output to muscles. It is connected in several ways with the endocrine system, which makes hormones, and the digestive system and sex system. Hormones work slowly, so those changes are gradual. The brain is a kind of department store. It has, all inter-connected, departments which do different things. They all help each other gather senses. Much of what the body does is not conscious. Basically, much of the body runs on automatic (breathing, heart beat, hungry, hair growth) adjusted by the autonomic nervous system. The brain, too, does much of its work without a person noticing it. The unconscious mind refers to the brain activities which are hardly ever noticed.
Comparision of brain in vertebrates
Comparision of brain in vertebrates
Govt.college,Nagda, ujjain.M.P
Â
First topic is about FILTER FEEDING MECHANISM IN ECHINODERMS and second topic is about ORGANS OF RESPIRATION IN CRUSTACEANS
Filter feeding mechanism in echinoderms and organs of respiration in crustaceans
Filter feeding mechanism in echinoderms and organs of respiration in crustaceans
pavithra M
Â
INTRODUCTION The jaw (Upper and lower) is any opposable articulated structure at the entrance of the mouth. It is typically used for grasping and manipulating food. Jaw suspension means the fusion of upper jaw and lower jaw or skull for efficient biting. There are different ways in which these attachments are attained depending upon the modifications in visceral arches in vertebrates. In most vertebrates, the jaws are bony or cartilaginous and oppose vertically. The vertebrate jaw is derived from the most anterior two pharyngeal arches supporting the gills, and usually bears numerous teeth. The vertebrate jaw probably originally evolved in the Silurian period and appeared in the Placoderm fish which further diversified in the Devonian. It is believed that the hyoid system suspends the jaw from the brain case of the skull, permitting great mobility of the jaws. The original selective advantage offered by the jaw may not be related to feeding, but rather to increased respiration efficiency. The jaws were used in the buccal pump (observable in modern fish and amphibians) that pumps water across the gills of fish or air into the lungs in the case of amphibians. Over evolutionary time the more familiar use of jaws (to humans), in feeding, was selected for and became a very important function in vertebrates. Many teleost fish have substantially modified jaws for suction feeding and jaw protrusion, resulting in highly complex jaws with dozens of bones involved. Jaw Suspension or Suspensoria: The method by which the upper and lower jaws are suspended or attached from the chondrocranium is known as jaw suspension or suspensorium. Amongst the visceral arches, the first (mandibular) arch consists of = a dorsal palato pterygoquadrate bar forming the upper jaw, = and ventral Meckelâs cartilage forms the lower jaw. The second (hyoid) arch consists of = a dorsal hyomandibular supporting and suspending the jaws with the cranium, and a ventral hyoid. The remaining visceral arches support the gills and are, hence, called branchial arches. Thus, splanchnocranium forms the jaws and suspends them with the chondrocranium.
Jaw suspension in vertebrates [autosaved]
Jaw suspension in vertebrates [autosaved]
Govt.college,Nagda, ujjain.M.P
Â
Respiratory organ in various Vertebrate Animal Kingdom.
Comparative Anatomy of Respiratory System of Vertebrates
Comparative Anatomy of Respiratory System of Vertebrates
RameshPandi4
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Animal behaviour
Neural_control_of_animal_behaviour[1]789.pptx
Neural_control_of_animal_behaviour[1]789.pptx
AyushiRajniGupta
Â
Electric organs in fishes 1
Electric organs in fishes 1
Electric organs in fishes 1
Taniya07
Â
Introduction Properties of a society Advantages of a society Disadvantages of a society Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:- 1. Termites 2.Honeybees 3.Ants 4.Yellow wasp
Social organization and social behaviour in insects
Social organization and social behaviour in insects
PoojaVishnoi7
Â
The integumentary system comprises the skin and its appendages. Skin + derivatives= Integument. It aims to protect the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or damages from outside. The integumentary system in chordates includes hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails. It may serve to water proof, and protect the deeper tissues. Excrete wastes, and regulate body temperature. It is the attachment site for sensory receptors to detect pain, sensation, pressure, and temperature.
Integument of vertebrates
Integument of vertebrates
Govt.college,Nagda, ujjain.M.P
Â
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms: Non-chordata- including animals without notochord. Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis. Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) . Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body. It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates. It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed. Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils. However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms. Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable. Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages. Â Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
Origin of chordata
Origin of chordata
Govt.college,Nagda, ujjain.M.P
Â
HORMONES AND BEHAVIOUR
HORMONES AND BEHAVIOUR
HORMONES AND BEHAVIOUR
Sruthy Chandran
Â
Animal behaviour is any activity performed by an animal in response to an internal or external stimuli or combination of both. Every behaviour of animal is more or less controlled by a genetical component. Some behaviours are controlled by a single or a few genes. Other behaviours are controlled by a set of genes through complex interplay.
Genetic basis of behaviour
Genetic basis of behaviour
JanmoniBorah1
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comparitive account of jaw suspension
Comparative account of jaw suspension
Comparative account of jaw suspension
poojakamble1609
Â
filter feeding of molluscs
Filter feeding of molluscs
Filter feeding of molluscs
swathi lakshmi
Â
Protochordate is an informal category of animals. This group is composed of the Phylum Hemichordata and the Subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata.
Outline of classification of protochordates
Outline of classification of protochordates
Dr. Manoj Bangadkar
Â
Introduction Gnathostomata are the jawed vertebrates. (gnathos= "jaw" + (stoma)="mouth". It comprises roughly 60,000 species. (99% of all living vertebrates). Living gnathostomes have teeth, and paired appendages. A horizontal semicircular canal is present in the inner ear. Myelin sheaths is present on the neurons. Adaptive immune system uses V(D) J recombination ( it is the mechanism of somatic recombination that occurs only in developing lymphocytes during the early stages of T and B cell maturation. VDJ recombination is the process by which T cells and B cells randomly assemble different gene segments â known as variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) genes â in order to generate unique receptors (known as antigen receptors) that can collectively recognize many different types of molecule. While Agnatha (petromyzon and hagfish) use genetic recombination in the variable lymphocyte receptor gene. It is now assumed that Gnathostomata evolved from ancestors that already possessed a pair of both pectoral and pelvic fins. In addition to this, some placoderms were shown to have a third pair of paired appendages, that had been modified to claspers in males and basal plates in femalesâa pattern not seen in any other vertebrate group. It is believed that the jaws evolved from anterior gill support arches that had acquired a new role, being modified to pump water over the gills by opening and closing the mouth more effectively â the buccal pump mechanism. Presence of Calcified, bony skull and vertebra are the characteristic features of Gnathostomata (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals). Pelvic fins are situated just in front of the anus. Interventrals and basiventrals present in the backbone. These are the elements of the backbone which lie under the notochord, and match the basidorsals and interdorsals respectively. Gill arches which lie internally to the gills and branchial blood vessels, contrary to the gill arches of all jawless craniates, which are external to the gills and blood vessels. A horizontal semicircular canal in the inner ear. Paired nasal sacs which are independent from the hypophysial tube. There are numerous other characteristics of the soft anatomy and physiology (e.g. myelinated nerve fibres, sperms passing through urinary ducts, etc.), which are unique to the gnathostomes among extant craniates, but cannot by observed in fossils.
Gnathostomata
Gnathostomata
Govt.college,Nagda, ujjain.M.P
Â
photoreception
Photoreception (1)
Photoreception (1)
Aftab Badshah
Â
Notes for T.Y.B.Sc. Mumbai University. Course code Semester-VI â USZ0601.
Nervous systems in vertebrates: T.Y.B.Sc. Sem VI Notes
Nervous systems in vertebrates: T.Y.B.Sc. Sem VI Notes
Dr. Sudesh D. Rathod, B N Bandodkar College of Science
Â
Comparative Anatomy - Nervous System
Comparative Anatomy - Nervous System
Emsi Onairpic
Â
comparison of the vertabrates through lineage, and the types of eggs
Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
Geonyzl Alviola
Â
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This PPT is for FYBSc students of University of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, studying in course one semester II. For further query you may email at sudesh_rathod@yahoo.co.in
Ethology: Development of Animal Behavior
Ethology: Development of Animal Behavior
Dr. Sudesh D. Rathod, B N Bandodkar College of Science
Â
Introduction Ostracoderms (shell-skinned) are of several groups of extinct, primitive, jawless fishes that were covered in an armour of bony plates. They appeared in the Cambrian, about 510 million years ago, and became extinct towards the end of the Devonian, about 377 million years ago. They were quite abundant during the upper Silurian and Devonian periods. Most of fossils of Ostracodermi were preserved in the bottom sediments of freshwater streams. However, the opinion is sharply divided as to whether their habitat was freshwater or marine. The first fossil fishes that were discovered were ostracoderms. The Swiss anatomist Louis Agassiz received some fossils of bony armored fish from Scotland in the 1830s. The ostracoderms resembled the present day cyclostomes (lampreys and hagfishes) in many respects and together with them constitute a special group of jawless vertebrates, the Agnatha. Characteristics: They use gills exclusively for respiration but not for feeding . Earlier chordates with gills used them for both respiration and feeding. Ostracoderms had separate pharyngeal gill pouches along the side of the head, which were permanently open with no protective operculum. mostly small to medium-sized fishes, protected by a heavy, bony dermal (derived from skin) armor. bottom-dwellers; filter-feeders or grazers. no paired fins, but many with stabilizing paired flaps on either side of head. (1) Ostracoderms were the first vertebrates. (2) They were popularly called armoured fishes. (4) They lived in freshwater. (5) They were bottom dwellers. (6) Their body was fish-like and did not exceed 30 cm in size. (7) Paired fins were absent. (8) Median and caudal fins were present. (9) The caudal fin was of heterocercal type. (10) The head and thorax were covered by heavy armour of bones. It protected ostracoderms from the giant scorpion like arthropods, eurypterids. (11) Bony skull was well developed. (12) Mouth was mostly present on the ventral side. (13) They were having large number of gill slits. (14) The nervous system had 10 pairs of cranial nerves. (15) The head had a pair of lateral eyes, and a median pineal eye. (16) They were filter feeders, feeding like a vacuum cleaner. (17) The endoskeleton was either bony or cartilaginous.
Origin and evolution of ostracoderms
Origin and evolution of ostracoderms
Govt.college,Nagda, ujjain.M.P
Â
Lecture 4 nervous system & behaviour
Lecture 4 nervous system & behaviour
Zeyra Zaha
Â
The vertebrate brain The vertebrate brain is the main part of the central nervous system. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system, In most of the vertebrates the brain is at the front, in the head. It is protected by the skull and close to the main sense organs. Brains are extremely complex and the part of human and animal body. The brain controls the other organs of the body, either by activating muscles or by causing secretion of chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters. Muscular action allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. The brain of an adult human weights about 1300â1400Â grams . In vertebrates, the spinal cord by itself can cause reflex responses as well as simple movement such as swimming or walking. However, sophisticated control of behaviour requires a centralized brain. The structure of all vertebrate brains is basically the same. At the same time, during the course of evolution, the vertebrate brain has undergone changes, and become more effective. In so-called 'lower' animals, most or all of the brain structure is inherited, and therefore their behaviour is mostly instinctive. In mammals, and especially in man, the brain is developed further during life by learning. This has the benefit of helping them fit better into their environment. The capacity to learn is seen best in the cerebral cortex. Three principles The brain and nervous system is essentially a system which makes connections. It has input from sense organs and output to muscles. It is connected in several ways with the endocrine system, which makes hormones, and the digestive system and sex system. Hormones work slowly, so those changes are gradual. The brain is a kind of department store. It has, all inter-connected, departments which do different things. They all help each other gather senses. Much of what the body does is not conscious. Basically, much of the body runs on automatic (breathing, heart beat, hungry, hair growth) adjusted by the autonomic nervous system. The brain, too, does much of its work without a person noticing it. The unconscious mind refers to the brain activities which are hardly ever noticed.
Comparision of brain in vertebrates
Comparision of brain in vertebrates
Govt.college,Nagda, ujjain.M.P
Â
First topic is about FILTER FEEDING MECHANISM IN ECHINODERMS and second topic is about ORGANS OF RESPIRATION IN CRUSTACEANS
Filter feeding mechanism in echinoderms and organs of respiration in crustaceans
Filter feeding mechanism in echinoderms and organs of respiration in crustaceans
pavithra M
Â
INTRODUCTION The jaw (Upper and lower) is any opposable articulated structure at the entrance of the mouth. It is typically used for grasping and manipulating food. Jaw suspension means the fusion of upper jaw and lower jaw or skull for efficient biting. There are different ways in which these attachments are attained depending upon the modifications in visceral arches in vertebrates. In most vertebrates, the jaws are bony or cartilaginous and oppose vertically. The vertebrate jaw is derived from the most anterior two pharyngeal arches supporting the gills, and usually bears numerous teeth. The vertebrate jaw probably originally evolved in the Silurian period and appeared in the Placoderm fish which further diversified in the Devonian. It is believed that the hyoid system suspends the jaw from the brain case of the skull, permitting great mobility of the jaws. The original selective advantage offered by the jaw may not be related to feeding, but rather to increased respiration efficiency. The jaws were used in the buccal pump (observable in modern fish and amphibians) that pumps water across the gills of fish or air into the lungs in the case of amphibians. Over evolutionary time the more familiar use of jaws (to humans), in feeding, was selected for and became a very important function in vertebrates. Many teleost fish have substantially modified jaws for suction feeding and jaw protrusion, resulting in highly complex jaws with dozens of bones involved. Jaw Suspension or Suspensoria: The method by which the upper and lower jaws are suspended or attached from the chondrocranium is known as jaw suspension or suspensorium. Amongst the visceral arches, the first (mandibular) arch consists of = a dorsal palato pterygoquadrate bar forming the upper jaw, = and ventral Meckelâs cartilage forms the lower jaw. The second (hyoid) arch consists of = a dorsal hyomandibular supporting and suspending the jaws with the cranium, and a ventral hyoid. The remaining visceral arches support the gills and are, hence, called branchial arches. Thus, splanchnocranium forms the jaws and suspends them with the chondrocranium.
Jaw suspension in vertebrates [autosaved]
Jaw suspension in vertebrates [autosaved]
Govt.college,Nagda, ujjain.M.P
Â
Respiratory organ in various Vertebrate Animal Kingdom.
Comparative Anatomy of Respiratory System of Vertebrates
Comparative Anatomy of Respiratory System of Vertebrates
RameshPandi4
Â
Animal behaviour
Neural_control_of_animal_behaviour[1]789.pptx
Neural_control_of_animal_behaviour[1]789.pptx
AyushiRajniGupta
Â
Electric organs in fishes 1
Electric organs in fishes 1
Electric organs in fishes 1
Taniya07
Â
Introduction Properties of a society Advantages of a society Disadvantages of a society Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:- 1. Termites 2.Honeybees 3.Ants 4.Yellow wasp
Social organization and social behaviour in insects
Social organization and social behaviour in insects
PoojaVishnoi7
Â
The integumentary system comprises the skin and its appendages. Skin + derivatives= Integument. It aims to protect the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or damages from outside. The integumentary system in chordates includes hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails. It may serve to water proof, and protect the deeper tissues. Excrete wastes, and regulate body temperature. It is the attachment site for sensory receptors to detect pain, sensation, pressure, and temperature.
Integument of vertebrates
Integument of vertebrates
Govt.college,Nagda, ujjain.M.P
Â
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms: Non-chordata- including animals without notochord. Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis. Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) . Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body. It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates. It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed. Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils. However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms. Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable. Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages. Â Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
Origin of chordata
Origin of chordata
Govt.college,Nagda, ujjain.M.P
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HORMONES AND BEHAVIOUR
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Animal behaviour is any activity performed by an animal in response to an internal or external stimuli or combination of both. Every behaviour of animal is more or less controlled by a genetical component. Some behaviours are controlled by a single or a few genes. Other behaviours are controlled by a set of genes through complex interplay.
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Protochordate is an informal category of animals. This group is composed of the Phylum Hemichordata and the Subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata.
Outline of classification of protochordates
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Introduction Gnathostomata are the jawed vertebrates. (gnathos= "jaw" + (stoma)="mouth". It comprises roughly 60,000 species. (99% of all living vertebrates). Living gnathostomes have teeth, and paired appendages. A horizontal semicircular canal is present in the inner ear. Myelin sheaths is present on the neurons. Adaptive immune system uses V(D) J recombination ( it is the mechanism of somatic recombination that occurs only in developing lymphocytes during the early stages of T and B cell maturation. VDJ recombination is the process by which T cells and B cells randomly assemble different gene segments â known as variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) genes â in order to generate unique receptors (known as antigen receptors) that can collectively recognize many different types of molecule. While Agnatha (petromyzon and hagfish) use genetic recombination in the variable lymphocyte receptor gene. It is now assumed that Gnathostomata evolved from ancestors that already possessed a pair of both pectoral and pelvic fins. In addition to this, some placoderms were shown to have a third pair of paired appendages, that had been modified to claspers in males and basal plates in femalesâa pattern not seen in any other vertebrate group. It is believed that the jaws evolved from anterior gill support arches that had acquired a new role, being modified to pump water over the gills by opening and closing the mouth more effectively â the buccal pump mechanism. Presence of Calcified, bony skull and vertebra are the characteristic features of Gnathostomata (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals). Pelvic fins are situated just in front of the anus. Interventrals and basiventrals present in the backbone. These are the elements of the backbone which lie under the notochord, and match the basidorsals and interdorsals respectively. Gill arches which lie internally to the gills and branchial blood vessels, contrary to the gill arches of all jawless craniates, which are external to the gills and blood vessels. A horizontal semicircular canal in the inner ear. Paired nasal sacs which are independent from the hypophysial tube. There are numerous other characteristics of the soft anatomy and physiology (e.g. myelinated nerve fibres, sperms passing through urinary ducts, etc.), which are unique to the gnathostomes among extant craniates, but cannot by observed in fossils.
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Was ist angesagt?
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