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Propagation indoor
1.
Indoor Scenarios © 2012 by
AWE Communications GmbH www.awe-com.com
2.
Contents
• Building Databases Pixel or vector databases • Wave Propagation Model Principles - Multipath propagation - Reflection - Diffraction - Scattering - Antenna pattern • Propagation Modeling Propagation models and prediction of path loss (ProMan) • Network Planning Planning of indoor wireless networks (ProMan) • Comparison to Measurements Comparison to measurements in different types of buildings © by AWE Communications GmbH 2
3.
Building Databases Databases: Pixel
or Vector? Pixel Databases 3D Vector Databases • Formats: jpg, bmp, gif, tiff,… • Formats: dxf, dwg, stl, nas,… • 2D approach (propagation in • Rigorous 3D approach horizontal plane only) • Single or multiple floors • Colors represent materials • Different materials • Multiple floors (bitmaps) possible • Subdivisions (doors, windows) Powerful graphical editor for building databases: WallMan © by AWE Communications GmbH 3
4.
Building Databases Databases: 3D
Vector Building Databases • 3D vector oriented database • Walls as planar objects with _ polygonal shape • Arbitrary location and orientation in space • Individual material properties • Subdivisions with different material properties to model doors and windows © by AWE Communications GmbH 4
5.
Building Databases Databases: 3D
Vector Building Databases Special features Wall material properties to model Material: Concrete (e.g. Glass). Subdivision 2 • Subdivision defined as Hole to Subdivision 3 Material: model openings in walls Glass Material: None Subdivision 1 • Arbitrary number of subdivisions Material: per wall Wood • Subdivisions cannot intersect each other © by AWE Communications GmbH 5
6.
Building Databases Databases: Material
Properties Global material catalogue for different frequency bands (In WallMan via menu Edit Materials used in Database Import) User can select and add materials © by AWE Communications GmbH 6
7.
Building Databases Databases: Material
Properties Local material database (in building database) • only relevant for objects in this database • independent of global material catalogue (modification of global catalogue does not affect material properties of objects in database) • can be updated with materials from global material catalogue Settings of local material database • individual material properties for different frequency bands (always the properties of the frequency band closest to TX frequency is used) • Material (incl. all properties) is assigned to objects (walls/buildings) • Always all material properties must be defined even if they are not required for the selected propagation model • Individual colors can be assigned to the materials for better visualization © by AWE Communications GmbH 7
8.
Building Databases Databases: Material
Properties Properties of a material for individual frequency bands • Properties affecting all propagation models (except One Slope and Motley) Transmission Loss (in dB) • Properties affecting Dominant Path Model Reflection Loss (in dB) • Properties affecting Ray Tracing • GTD/UTD related properties • Relative Dielectricity • Relative Permeability • Conductance (in S/m) • Empirical reflection/diffraction model • Reflection Loss (in dB) • Diffraction Loss Incident Min (in dB) • Diffraction Loss Incident Max (in dB) • Diffraction Loss Diffracted (in dB) © by AWE Communications GmbH 8
9.
Building Databases Databases: Non-deterministic
Objects/Furniture • Possibility to define areas with non-deterministic objects (polygonal cylinders) • Propagation paths inside these areas get higher attenuation depending on the length of the path inside the object • Mobile stations located inside these objects will also get a higher path loss assigned Without furniture and persons Deterministic modeling Non-deterministic modeling © by AWE Communications GmbH 9
10.
Building Databases Definition of
(multiple) Floors in WallMan Definition of floors in WallMan by user (heights of each floor and ceiling) For each floor different bitmap (i.e. floor layout) can be used Fast access to floors by mouse Drawing of (vertical) objects can be optionally restricted to floor height © by AWE Communications GmbH 10
11.
Building Databases Selection of
Floor in ProMan Floors read from database (as defined in WallMan) Fast access to floors by selection from drop-down list Predictions either on all floors or on selected floor only (prediction height is defined relative to floor/s) Antennas can be hidden on display if not mounted on the selected floor Display of prediction results either in 2D or 3D © by AWE Communications GmbH 11
12.
Propagation Modeling Propagation Models
• One Slope Model • Only distance dependency • Path loss exponent is dominant parameter • Motley Keenan Model COST 231 Multi Wall • All walls have identical attenuation • COST 231 Multi-Wall-Model • Only direct ray between Tx and Rx • Individual attenuation of each wall (transmission loss of wall) Ray Tracing • Ray Tracing • 3D Ray Tracing (IRT, with preprocessing) • 3D Ray Tracing (SRT, without preprocessing) • Dominant Path Model • 3D (Multiple floors) Dominant Path © by AWE Communications GmbH 25
13.
Propagation Modeling Propagation Models:
COST 231 Multi Wall Model Principle of model: • Based on direct ray between transmitter and receiver • Free space loss (one slope) with additional loss due to transmission of walls • Individual material properties of each wall considered Computation of field strength: L T3 Receiver r 3 L T2 2 1 L T1 Transmitter © by AWE Communications GmbH 26
14.
Propagation Modeling Propagation Models:
Ray Tracing • Multipath propagation considered • Dominant effects: diffraction, reflection and transmission (penetration) • Ray with up to 6 reflections and 2 diffractions (and arbitrary number of transmissions / penetrations) are determined in different combinations • Full 3D approach • Uncorrelated or correlated superposition of contributions (rays) • Supports only vector databases • Two sub-modes: • 3D IRT: Incl. single pre- processing of building data and accelerated predictions • 3D SRT: Without any pre- processing © by AWE Communications GmbH 27
15.
Propagation Modeling Propagation Models:
Intelligent Ray Tracing (IRT) Considerations to accelerate the time consuming process of path finding: • Deterministic modelling generates a large number of rays, but only few of them deliver most of the energy • Visibility relations between walls and edges are independent of transmitter location • Adjacent receiver pixels are reached by rays with only slightly different paths Single pre-processing of the building database with determination of the visibility relations between buildings reduces computation time © by AWE Communications GmbH 28
16.
Propagation Modeling Propagation Models:
Intelligent Ray Tracing (IRT) Pre-processing of the Building Database • Subdivision of the walls into tiles • Subdivision of the vertical and horizontal edges into segments min • Subdivision of the prediction area into receiving points (grid) max min • stored information for each visibility relation: max • angle between the elements • distance between centres • example: visibility between a tile and a receiver pixel Tile Prediction Pixel • projection of connecting straight lines Segment Center of Tile into xy-plane and perpendicular plane Center of horiz. Segm. Center of vert. Segm. • 4 angles for each visibility relation © by AWE Communications GmbH 29
17.
Propagation Modeling Propagation Models:
Intelligent Ray Tracing (IRT) Prediction with Pre-processed Data • Determination of all tiles, segments and receiving points, which are visible from the transmitter • Computation of the angles of incidence belonging to these visibility relations PREDICTION • Recursively processing of Direct ray all visible elements incl. consideration of the 1.interaction PREPRO- angular conditions CESSING • Tree structure is very fast and efficient 2.interaction 3.interaction transmitter receiving point tile / segment © by AWE Communications GmbH 30
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Propagation Modeling Propagation Models:
Dominant Path Model Dominant Path (single path or group of Typical Indoor Channel Impulse Response paths) Unlimited number of interactions (changes One path of orientation) along the path dominates Parameters of path determined (e.g length, number of interactions, angles,….) and used to compute path loss with semi- deterministic equations Optional consideration of wave guiding possible (wave guiding factor, based on reflection loss of walls) No pre-processing required Accurate and fast Auto-calibration available T T T Robust against errors in vector building R R R database empirical ray-optical dominant model model path model © by AWE Communications GmbH 31
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Propagation Modeling Propagation Models:
Dominant Path Model Determination of Paths Analysis of types of walls in scenario 0 I J 4 Generation of tree with walls 2 3 D B F L 5 M O 0 A Searching best path through walls S 0 T G N 1 d P Computation of path loss a X U Q 9 8 7 6 b Y V R T c Z W S 0 Transmitter 1 A B C D H I J K L Layer 1 2 2 3 3 5 6 7 8 9 B A D F E C F E ............ Layer 2 1 1 1 4 5 1 4 5 C D H I J K L ............ Layer 3 3 3 5 6 7 8 9 ............ © by AWE Communications GmbH 32
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Propagation Modeling Propagation Models:
Dominant Path Model Computation of Path Loss Path length l Wavelength λ Path loss exponent p Individual interaction losses f(φ,i) for each interaction i of all n interactions Penetration loss tj for all m transmissions through walls Gain due to waveguiding Ω 4 L 20 log 10 p log l f , i t j n m i1 j 1 © by AWE Communications GmbH 33
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Propagation Modeling Propagation Models:
Dominant Path Model Parameters for prediction (2/2) Different LOS states Definition of different path loss exponents p for LOS (line of sight) NLOS OLOS (obstructed line of sight => no transmission through a wall) NLOS (non line of sight => at least one OLOS TX LOS transmission through a wall) Interaction losses (effective attenuation depends on angle of incident and diffracted ray) Waveguiding Wave guiding effect TX © by AWE Communications GmbH 34
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Propagation Modeling Propagation Models:
Comparison COST 231 Ray Tracing (3D IRT) Dominant Path (3D) Computation time: < 1 min Computation time: < 1 min Computation time: < 1 min Preprocessing time: none Preprocessing time: 10 min Preprocessing time: none Not very accurate High accuracy in region of Tx High accuracy also far Limited accuracy far away away from Tx © by AWE Communications GmbH 35
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Propagation Modeling Leaky
Feeder Cables Leaky Feeder Models: Comparison Shortest Distance Model Smallest Transmission Loss Smallest Path Loss Model • Shortest distance between • Based on transmission loss • Based on path loss cable and receiver evaluation for discrete Tx evaluation for discrete Tx points along the cable points along the cable • Loss due to transmission of (definable discretization) (definable discretization) intersected walls (optional with angle of incidence) • Selection of path with • Selection of path with smallest transmission loss smallest path loss • Additional distance loss due to propagation (path loss • Loss due to transmission of • Loss due to transmission of exponents) intersected walls (optional intersected walls (optional with angle of incidence) and with angle of incidence) and distance depending loss distance depending loss © by AWE Communications GmbH 36
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Indoor: Sample Predictions Propagation
Models: Multi Layer Predictions 3D Dominant Path Multi Layer Prediction Prediction on multiple floors are possible with all indoor prediction models in WinProp. © by AWE Communications GmbH 37
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Indoor: Sample Predictions Buildings:
Arbitrary Prediction Planes Prediction planes not only horizontal, but arbitrarily located Example: Prediction in staircases inside a building © by AWE Communications GmbH 38
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Indoor: Sample Predictions Buildings:
Prediction on Surfaces Coverage computed on the surfaces of buildings in an urban scenario © by AWE Communications GmbH 39
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Indoor: Sample Predictions Tunnels:
Prediction inside Tunnel Scenarios Separate tool for defining tunnel databases based on cross sections and track Tunnel database can be modified in WallMan Coverage prediction and network planning in ProMan Coverage predictions inside tunnel scenarios © by AWE Communications GmbH 40
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Indoor: Sample Predictions Stadium:
Computed with Indoor Ray Tracing Prediction of the coverage on upper and lower tiers inside a stadium © by AWE Communications GmbH 41
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Indoor: Sample Predictions Airport:
Computed with Indoor Ray Tracing Prediction of the radio link between an airplane and the tower © by AWE Communications GmbH 42
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Indoor: Sample Predictions Metro
Station: Computed with Dominant Path Model Prediction of the W-LAN coverage in a METRO station (two trains arriving) © by AWE Communications GmbH 43
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Indoor: Sample Predictions Metro
Station: Computed with Dominant Path Model Prediction of the W-LAN coverage in a METRO station (two trains arriving) © by AWE Communications GmbH 44
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Indoor: Sample Predictions Highway
(VANET): Computed with Ray Tracing Car2Car communications: Prediction of the mobile radio channel for VANETs © by AWE Communications GmbH 45
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Indoor: Sample Predictions Vehicles:
Computed with Ray Tracing Radio links to transmit sensors data Coverage of a wireless sensor inside inside vehicles a vehicle © by AWE Communications GmbH 46
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Indoor: Sample Predictions Keyless
Entry: Computed with Ray Tracing Analysis of the radio channel for keyless go systems © by AWE Communications GmbH 47
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Indoor: Sample Predictions Keyless
Entry: Computed with Ray Tracing Number of received sub-carriers Analysis of the coverage area in an UWB radio system for for keyless go systems keyless go © by AWE Communications GmbH 48
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Indoor Evaluation Evaluation with
Measurements Investigated Scenarios: I. Institute for Radio Frequency Technology, University of Stuttgart II. University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria III. Institute of Telecommunications, Lisbon IV. Institute of Radio Frequency Engineering, University of Vienna, Austria V. Whittemore Hall of the Virginia State University VI. Villa of Guglielmo Marconi, Bologna © by AWE Communications GmbH 49
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Indoor Evaluation
Scenario I: Institute for Radio Frequency Technology, University of Stuttgart, Germany Typical modern office building ! Scenario Information Material concrete and glass Total number of objects 353 Number of walls 170 Resolution 0.50 m 0.90 m, 20 dBm, Transmitter 1800 MHz 3D view of the modern office building Prediction height 0.90 m © by AWE Communications GmbH 50
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Indoor Evaluation
Scenario I: Institute of Radio Frequency Technology, University of Stuttgart, Germany Transmitter location 1 Transmitter location 2 Transmitter location 6 Transmitter location 12 © by AWE Communications GmbH 51
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Indoor Evaluation
Scenario I: Institute of Radio Frequency Technology, University of Stuttgart, Germany Prediction with Multi- Prediction with 3D Ray Prediction with Indoor Wall Model for Tracing Model for Dominant Path Model transmitter 1 transmitter 1 for transmitter 1 © by AWE Communications GmbH 52
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Indoor Evaluation
Scenario I: Institute of Radio Frequency Technology, University of Stuttgart, Germany Difference of prediction Difference of prediction Difference of prediction for Multi-Wall Model with 3D Ray Tracing with Indoor Dominant and measurement for and measurement for Path and measurement transmitter 1 transmitter 1 for transmitter 1 © by AWE Communications GmbH 53
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Indoor Evaluation
Scenario I: Institute of Radio Frequency Technology, University of Stuttgart, Germany Prediction for Prediction for Prediction for transmitter 2 transmitter 5 transmitter 6 All predictions on this slide were Prediction for Prediction for computed with the transmitter 8 transmitter 12 Indoor Dominant Path Model © by AWE Communications GmbH 54
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Indoor Evaluation
Scenario I: Institute of Radio Frequency Technology, University of Stuttgart, Germany Statistical Results Empirical Model Deterministic Model Site (e.g. COST 231 Multi Wall) (e.g. 3D Ray Tracing or Indoor Dominant Path) Mean Comp. Std. Dev. Mean Value Std. Dev. Comp. Time Value Time [dB] [dB] [dB] [s] [dB] [s] 1 -17.08 20.42 <1 -4.05…-3.88 4.86…6.26 4…388 2 -4.59 13.28 <1 -2.67…1.75 5.24…5.54 3…132 5 2.54 4.22 <1 -0.50…3.78 3.95…4.66 3…10 6 -12.84 16.44 <1 -1.64…5.04 5.6…10.13 2…6 8 -2.56 18.03 <1 5.49…5.48 5.83 4…16 12 -2.61 9.27 <1 3.27…3.59 4.64 3…13 Average -6.19 13.61 <1 -1.41...4.70 4.7...6.18 3.2...94 Remark: Standard PC with an AMD Athlon64 2800+ processor and 1024 MB of RAM © by AWE Communications GmbH 55
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Indoor Evaluation
Scenario II: University of Vienna, Austria Typical historical urban building ! Scenario Information Material brick and wood Total number of objects 209 Number of walls 107 Resolution 0.5 m 1.6 m, 30 dBm, Transmitter 1800 MHz 3D view of the historical building Prediction height 1.3 m © by AWE Communications GmbH 56
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Indoor Evaluation
Scenario II: University of Vienna, Austria Prediction with 3D Ray Tracing Model Prediction with Indoor Dominant Path Model Prediction with COST 231 Multi- Wall Model © by AWE Communications GmbH 57
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Indoor Evaluation
Scenario II: University of Vienna, Austria Difference of prediction with 3D Ray Difference of prediction with Indoor Tracing and measurement for Dominant Path Model and measurement transmitter 0 for transmitter 0 © by AWE Communications GmbH 58
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Indoor Evaluation
Scenario II: University of Vienna, Austria Statistical Results Empirical Model Deterministic Model Site (e.g. COST 231 Multi Wall) (e.g. 3D Ray Tracing or Indoor Dominant Path) Mean Comp. Std. Dev. Mean Value Std. Dev. Comp. Time Value Time [dB] [dB] [dB] [s] [dB] [s] 0 -2.54 11.74 <1 -4.74…4.23 5.76…8.44 1…4 3 -4.62 10.76 <1 -0.59…2.73 6.43…6.84 1…105 Average -3.58 11.25 <1 -2.08...3.48 6.09...7.64 1...54.5 Remark: Standard PC with an AMD Athlon64 2800+ processor and 1024 MB of RAM © by AWE Communications GmbH 59
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Indoor Evaluation Scenario III:
Institute of Telecommunication, Lisbon, Portugal 3 sector GSM base station on top of a building! EMC aspects in this building and adjacent building especially important! 3D view of two multi floor office buildings Scenario Information Material concrete and glass Total number of 356 objects Number of walls 355 Resolution 1.0 m 19.5 m, 32.3 dBm, Transmitter 900 MHz 3D view of the database with a prediction result in the first floor and some propagation paths Prediction height 2.1 m © by AWE Communications GmbH 60
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Indoor Evaluation Scenario III:
Institute of Telecommunication, Lisbon, Portugal Prediction with Multi-Wall Model for transmitter A Prediction with Indoor Dominant Path Model for transmitter A The transmitter is located on the rooftop (19.5 m) and the prediction is on the ground floor (2.1 m) Worst case scenario Prediction with 3D Ray Tracing for transmitter A © by AWE Communications GmbH 61
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Indoor Evaluation Scenario III:
Institute of Telecommunication, Lisbon, Portugal Difference of prediction with Indoor Dominant Path Model and measurement for transmitter A Statistical Results Empirical Model Deterministic Model Site (e.g. COST 231 Multi Wall) (e.g. 3D Ray Tracing or Indoor Dominant Path) Mean Std. Comp. Mean Value Std. Dev. Comp. Time Value Dev. Time [dB] [dB] [s] [dB] [dB] [s] A -43.98 23.34 1 -5.78…-1.36 7.28…4.10 7…20 Remark: Standard PC with an AMD Athlon64 2800+ processor and 1024 MB of RAM © by AWE Communications GmbH 62
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Indoor Evaluation Scenario
IV: Institute of Communications and Radio Frequency Engineering, University of Vienna, Austria Scenario Information Material brick and wood Total number of objects 72 Number of walls 36 Resolution 0.5 m 3D view of one floor of the database Transmitter 1.3 m, 30 dBm, 1800 MHz Prediction height 1.3 m © by AWE Communications GmbH 63
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Indoor Evaluation Scenario
IV: Institute of Communications and Radio Frequency Engineering, University of Vienna, Austria Prediction with Multi- Prediction with 3D Ray Prediction with Indoor Wall Model for Tracing Model for Dominant Path Model transmitter 6 transmitter 6 for transmitter 6 © by AWE Communications GmbH 64
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Indoor Evaluation Scenario
IV: Institute of Communications and Radio Frequency Engineering, University of Vienna, Austria Difference of prediction Difference of prediction Difference of prediction for Multi-Wall Model with 3D Ray Tracing with Indoor Dominant and measurement for and measurement for Path and measurement transmitter 6 transmitter 6 for transmitter 6 © by AWE Communications GmbH 65
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Indoor Evaluation Scenario
IV: Institute of Communications and Radio Frequency Engineering, University of Vienna, Austria Statistical Results Empirical Model Deterministic Model Site (e.g. COST 231 Multi Wall) (e.g. 3D Ray Tracing or Indoor Dominant Path) Mean Comp. Std. Dev. Mean Value Std. Dev. Comp. Time Value Time [dB] [dB] [dB] [s] [dB] [s] 6 -0.94 5.84 <1 -5.34…2.90 5.36…5.98 1…23 7 -0.29 4.95 <1 -4.46…1.93 4.67…4.94 1…177 Average -0.62 5.40 <1 -4.90...2.42 5.02...5.46 1...100 Remark: Standard PC with an AMD Athlon64 2800+ processor and 1024 MB of RAM © by AWE Communications GmbH 66
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Indoor Evaluation Scenario
V: Whittemore Hall of the Virginia State University, Virginia, USA Typical modern office building ! Scenario Information Material concrete Total number of objects 167 Number of walls 100 Resolution 0.5 m 1.8 m, 40 dBm, Transmitter 4000 MHz 3D view of one floor of the modern office block Prediction height 1.8 m © by AWE Communications GmbH 67
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Indoor Evaluation Scenario
V: Whittemore Hall of the Virginia State University, Virginia, USA Prediction with Indoor Dominant Path Model Prediction with Multi-Wall Model Prediction with 3D Ray Tracing © by AWE Communications GmbH 68
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Indoor Evaluation Scenario
V: Whittemore Hall of the Virginia State University, Virginia, USA Difference of prediction with Indoor Dominant Path Model and measurement Statistical Results Empirical Model Deterministic Model Site (e.g. COST 231 Multi Wall) (e.g. 3D Ray Tracing or Indoor Dominant Path) Mean Std. Comp. Mean Value Std. Dev. Comp. Time Value Dev. Time [dB] [dB] [s] [dB] [dB] [s] Tx -11.86 11.23 <1 -4.19…0.62 5.34…5.41 1…508 Remark: Standard PC with an AMD Athlon64 2800+ processor and 1024 MB of RAM © by AWE Communications GmbH 69
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Indoor Evaluation Scenario
VI: Villa of Guglielmo Marconi, Bologna, Italy Typical historical building in rural areas! Scenario Information Material brick and wood Total number of objects 28 Number of walls 10 Resolution 0.25 m Transmitter 1.1 m, 11 dBm, 900 MHz Prediction height 1.6 m 3D view of the historical villa © by AWE Communications GmbH 70
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Indoor Evaluation Scenario
VI: Villa of Guglielmo Marconi, Bologna, Italy Prediction with Multi- Prediction with 3D Ray Prediction with Indoor Wall Model for Tracing Model for Dominant Path Model transmitter 1 transmitter 1 for transmitter 1 © by AWE Communications GmbH 71
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Indoor Evaluation Scenario
VI: Villa of Guglielmo Marconi, Bologna, Italy Difference for COST Difference for 3D Ray Difference for Indoor 231 Multi Wall Model Tracing Model Dominant Path Model Statistical Results Empirical Model Deterministic Model Site (e.g. COST 231 Multi Wall) (e.g. 3D Ray Tracing or Indoor Dominant Path) Mean Std. Comp. Comp. Mean Value Std. Dev. Value Dev. Time Time [dB] [dB] [dB] [dB] [s] [s] TRX 1 -3.87 2.96 <1 -5.22…-2.49 2.85…4.01 1…9 Remark: Standard PC with an AMD Athlon64 2800+ processor and 1024 MB of RAM © by AWE Communications GmbH 72
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Summary Features of
WinProp Indoor Module • Highly accurate propagation models Empirical: One Slope, Motley-Keenan, Multi Wall,…. Deterministic (ray optical): 3D Ray Tracing, 3D Dominant Path Optionally calibration of 3D Dominant Path Model with measurements possible – but not required as the model is pre-calibrated • Building data Models are based on 3D vector (CAD) data of indoor buildings Consideration of material properties (also subdivisions like windows or doors) • Antenna patterns Either 2x2D patterns or 3D patterns • Outputs Predictions on multiple heights simultaneously Signal level (path loss, power, field strength) Delays (delay window, delay spread,…) Channel impulse response Angular profile (direction of arrival) © by AWE Communications GmbH 73
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Further Information Further information:
www.awe-com.com © by AWE Communications GmbH 74
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