1. Today’s Issues:
Africa
European colonialism of the 1800s has left most of
today’s independent African nations with economic,
health, educational, and political problems.
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2. SECTION 1 Economic Development
SECTION 2 Health Care
Today’s Issues:
Africa
Case Study Effects of Colonialism
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3. Section 1
Economic
Development
• Africa’s history of colonization has had
long-term effects on its economy.
• Barriers to African economic development
include illiteracy, foreign debt, and a lack
of manufacturing industries.
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4. Africa’s Economy Today
A History of Problems
• Most countries do little manufacturing
- sell raw materials to industrialized countries
• European colonizers exploited Africa’s resources,
people
- millions sold into slavery or died from harsh
working conditions
• Land was mined, drilled; environment was ignored
• All this has limited Africa’s economic growth,
political stability
SECTION
1 Economic Development
Continued . . .
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5. SECTION
1
continued Africa’s Economy Today
Africa’s Economic Status
• Most African countries are worse off today than in
1960
- average incomes have decreased
- worldwide: accounts for 1% of total GNP, 1.5% of
exports
• Lack crucial infrastructure (roads, airports,
railroads, ports)
• Little access to computers or high technology
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6. On the Road to Development
Reducing Debt and Increasing Cooperation
• Newly independent countries borrowed money to
build economies
- total debt of sub-Saharan governments was $227
billion by 1997
- many Western leaders push to forgive Africa’s
debts
• Trying to improve economies through regional
cooperation
- Economic Community of West African States
(ECOWAS)
- Southern African Development Community
(SADC)
- groups promote trade, improvement of
infrastructure
SECTION
1
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Continued . . .

7. SECTION
1
continued On the Road to Development
Building Industries
• “One-commodity” countries rely on export of one
or two commodities
- commodity—agricultural or mining product that
can be sold
- value varies daily based on worldwide supply and
demand
- this makes “one-commodity” nations’ economies
unstable
• Economists want Africans to diversify—create
variety in economies
- promote manufacturing to achieve economic
growth and stabilty
• East Africa’s Djibouti established shipping center on
Gulf of Aden
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8. Educating Workers
Improving Education
• Uneducated populace is a large barrier to economic
development
• Average schooling time for women up only 1.2
years in last 40 years
• In Angola and Somalia, civil wars have destroyed
school systems
• But in Algeria, 94% get a formal education
- 83% of Mauritians over 15 are literate
SECTION
1
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Reversing the Brain Drain
• Many professionals migrate to Western nations
- International Organization for Migration urges
return

9. Section 2
Health Care
• Epidemic diseases are killing Africa’s
people in huge numbers.
• African nations and countries around the
world are using a variety of methods,
including education, to eradicate disease.
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10. Disease and Despair
Serious Diseases
• Cholera—sometimes fatal infection
- spread by poor sanitation, lack of clean water
• Malaria—often-fatal infectious disease marked by
chills, fever
- carried by mosquitoes; resistant to drugs due to
overuse
• Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)—
caused by HIV virus
- 70% of adult, 80% of child AIDS cases are in
Africa
- often paired with tuberculosis—infectious
respiratory infection
SECTION
2 Health Care
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11. AIDS Stalks the Continent
Africa Bears the Brunt
• 3 million died from AIDS worldwide in 2000
- 2.4 million lived in sub-Saharan Africa
• In Swaziland, 3 of 4 deaths were from AIDS
- life expectancy has fallen from 58 years to 39
• In 2000, 26 million people in Africa had HIV or AIDS
SECTION
2
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Continued . . .

12. SECTION
2
continued AIDS Stalks the Continent
A High Price to Pay
• Widespread disease has economic consequences
- sick people work less or not at all, earn less, slip
into poverty
• AIDS is lowering South Africa’s GDP
- by 2010, it could be 17% lower compared to
without AIDS
• Medical care for AIDS patients is expensive
- UNAIDS estimates $4.63 billion needed to fight
AIDS in Africa
- UNAIDS—United Nations program studying AIDS
epidemic
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13. Nations Respond
A Variety of Answers
• Since 1930s, spraying programs used to reduce
insect numbers
- fight malaria, other insect-borne diseases
• In 2000, the Global Fund for Children’s Vaccines
pledged money
- $250 million over next 5 years for worldwide
immunizations
• Gabon using oil revenues to upgrade its health care
system
• African Development Fund loaned Mozambique
$12.3 million dollars
- money to be used to upgrade public health
facilities
SECTION
2
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Continued . . .

14. SECTION
2
continued Nations Respond
Strategies Against AIDS
• South Africa, Brazil work together on AIDS
prevention, care
- Brazil has public health policies to fight AIDS,
other diseases
- Brazil’s policies are considered a model for
developing nations
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Continued . . .

15. SECTION
2
continued Nations Respond
Success Stories
• Uganda and Senegal have reduced spread of HIV
- in 1997, Uganda offers same-day HIV tests,
education programs
- infection rates among 15 to 24 year olds have
dropped 50%
• Senegal controls spread of AIDS with intensive
education program
- infection rates have been below 2% since mid-
1980s
• UNAIDS says HIV infection rates in sub-Saharan
Africa are down
- 1999–2000: dropped by 200,000 cases, but
figure may be misleading
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16. Case Study
How can African nations
bring peace and stability to
their people?
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Effects of Colonialism
BACKGROUND
• Early 19th
century Africa was home to great
empires, rich cultures
• By the end of the 19th
century—poverty and
violence
• Many of Africa’s problems stem from European
colonialism

17. Case Study
Colonizing Africa
Europeans in Africa
• Portuguese establish coastal trading stations
in the 1400s
• By mid-1800s, Europeans seek Africa’s rich
natural resources
- need raw materials for industrial
economies, markets to sell goods
• Berlin Conference (1884-85) sets rules for
dividing up Africa
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Effects of Colonialism
Continued . . .

18. Case Study
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continued Colonizing Africa
Europeans in Africa
• European control begins to fade in 20th
century
- most countries gain independence in
1960s
• Long-term damage to cultural and ethnic
boundaries, economy

19. Case Study
Challenges of Independence
Colonial Transition
• Departing Europeans did not leave Africa
with stable governments
- newly established nations suffered
dictators and civil wars
• Europeans did not understand Africa’s ethnic
diversity
- drew country boundaries combining
historical enemies
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Continued . . .

20. Case Study
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continued Challenges of Independence
Continued . . .
Colonial Transition
• Germany and Belgium aggravated
historically tense ethnic relations
- Rwanda, Burundi include Hutu, Tutsi
groups; war erupts in 1990s
- this ethnic conflict took the lives of
hundreds of thousands

21. Case Study
Colonial Transition
• Colonial boundaries create problems for
many African governments
- difficult to get different ethnic groups to
cooperate
• Dictators like Mobutu Sese Seko became
common
- Mobutu ruled what is now the Democratic
Republic of the Congo
• Many Africans have no experience living in
democratic governments
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continued Challenges of Independence
Continued . . .

22. Case Study
Cause for Hope
• Primary goal is to establish democratic
traditions
- political stability needed for peace and
prosperity
• Some progress is being made, for example in
South Africa
- white minority government yielded power to
black majority in 1994
- ended decades of government-sanctioned
racial discrimination
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continued Challenges of Independence
Continued . . .

23. Case Study
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continued Challenges of Independence
Cause for Hope
• In 2001, Ghana peacefully elected a new
president
- a change from the coups, assassinations of
previous governments

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