CFI Workshop - Module 3 Sport Pilot
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CFI Workshop - Module 3 Sport Pilot
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CFI Workshop - Module 3 Sport Pilot
- 1. Presented to: The FAASTeam CFI Workshops By: The FAASTeam Date: April 2011 Federal Aviation Administration CFI WORKSHOP MODULE 3 Core Topic #6 SPORT PILOT
- 2. 2Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot OBJECTIVE This presentation will familiarize Flight Instructors with Light Sport Aircraft and Light Sport Pilots. Upon completion, participants will have knowledge of this subject and directions to rules and other sources of important information. Light Sport Aviation is growing and it is essential that the nationâs certified flight instructors and other aviation professionals become involved.
- 3. 3Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot SPORT PILOT OVERVIEW In September 2004, the FAA enacted the final rule establishing the Light Sport Category of aircraft and the Sport Pilot Certificate. This rule inaugurated a new realm of aviation to bring flying to a wider group of participants and establish safety standards at an acceptable level.
- 5. Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot 5 AIRCRAFT CATEGORY AND CLASS OF LSA AIRPLANE LAND+SEA WEIGHT-SHIFT CONTROL LAND+SEA (âTRIKESâ) GYROPLANE POWERED PARACHUTE GLIDERBALLOON + AIRSHIP
- 6. Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot 6 AIRCRAFT CATEGORY AND CLASS OF LSA AIRPLANE LAND+SEA WEIGHT-SHIFT CONTROL LAND+SEA (âTRIKESâ) GYROPLANE POWERED PARACHUTE GLIDERBALLOON + AIRSHIP
- 7. 7Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot Image from: âA CFIâs Guide To Sport Pilot and Light Sport Aircraft.â â Produced for NAFI by Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc (ASA), 2010.
- 8. 8Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot LIGHT SPORT AIRCRAFT (LSA) CERTIFICATION ⢠Factory built and âReady To Flyâ. ⢠Manufactured to consensus standards. ⢠See 14 CFR 91.327 for Operating Limitations and Maintenance Requirements. SPECIAL LIGHT SPORT (S-LSA) AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATES (14 CFR 21.190)
- 9. 9Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot EXPERIMENTAL LIGHT SPORT AIRCRAFT (LSA) CERTIFICATION ⢠Built from qualified E-LSA Kit. ⢠Built in accordance with manufacturerâs instructions. ⢠See 14 CFR 91.319 for Operating Limitations and Maintenance Requirements. EXPERIMENTAL LIGHT SPORT E-LSA (14 CFR 21.191i)
- 10. 10Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot ⢠Type certificated aircraft that meet the definition of Light Sport (14 CFR 1). ⢠Examples include Piper J-3, Ercoupe 415-C, Aeronca 7-AC. ⢠EAA website link for complete listing: www.sportpilot.org/learn/aircraft.html STANDARD CATEGORY AIRCRAFT LIGHT SPORT AIRCRAFT (LSA) CERTIFICATION
- 11. 11Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot LIGHT SPORT AIRCRAFT (LSA) CERTIFICATION ⢠Built by a person for education or recreation. ⢠At least 51% of assembly / construction by the private builder. ⢠May be eligible for LSA operation if: (meets definition Light Sport 14 CFR 1). ⢠See 14 CFR 91.319 for Operating Limitations and Maintenance Requirements. EXPERIMENTAL AMATEUR BUILT (14 CFR 21.191g)
- 12. 12Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot TRUE OR FALSE DISCUSSION: IS THIS A LSA? ERCOUPE 415-C STANDARD DATA: Seats 2. Gross wt. 1,260. Empty wt. 749. Fuel capacity 14. Engine 75 HP flat-4. PERFORMANCE: Top speed 96 kts. Cruise 83 kts. Stall 42 kts. Initial climb rate 550. Ceiling 13,000. Range 261 nm. ADDITIONAL DISCUSSION: What is VH in this aircraft? What endorsement is required? OK to fly all other LSA aircraft? § Part 1.1 § 61.321 § 61.303
- 13. 13Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot TRUE OR FALSE DISCUSSION: IS THIS A LSA? CESSNA 150 STANDARD DATA: Seats 2. Gross wt. 1,600. Empty wt. 1060. Fuel capacity 26. Engine 100 HP Continental. PERFORMANCE: Top speed 106 kts. Cruise 85 kts. Stall 42 kts. Initial climb rate 670. Ceiling 12,650. Range 303 nm. § Part 1.1 § 61.321
- 14. 14Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot TRUE OR FALSE DISCUSSION: IS THIS A LSA? PIPER J-3 ON FLOATS STANDARD DATA: Seats 2. Gross wt. 1,220. Empty wt. 680. Fuel capacity 9. Engine 65 HP Continental. PERFORMANCE: Top speed 76 kts. Cruise 65 kts. Stall 33 kts. Initial climb rate 450. Ceiling 11,500. Range 191 nm. § Part 1.1 § 61.321
- 16. 16Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot WHO CAN FLY UNDER THE SPORT PILOT RULE? Pilots holding Sport Pilot Certificates. Pilots with Recreation or higher level privileges. Requirements are found in 14 CFR 61 Subpart J.
- 17. 17Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot MEDICAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER SPORT PILOT RULE See 14 CFR 61.303 for specific requirements. No medical certification requirements for gliders or balloons. For other aircraft, a valid US Drivers License. Not know or have reason to know of a medical condition that would make the pilot unable to operate the LSA in a safe manner.
- 18. 18Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot CONDITIONS RELATED TO PREVIOUS FAA MEDICAL CERTIFICATION If the pilot previously applied for an FAA Medical, he / she must have been eligible for issuance on their most recent application. Must not have had their most recent FAA medical denied, suspended or revoked. Must not have had their most recent Special Issuance/Medical Certificate withdrawn.
- 19. 19Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot MEDICAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER SPORT PILOT RULE Eligibility, Knowledge, and Flight Proficiency. Aeronautical Experience. Endorsements. Privileges and Limits.
- 20. 20Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot HOURS FOR INITIAL CERTIFICATION SPORT PILOT vs PRIVATE PILOT:
- 21. 21Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot DAY NIGHT IFR (Instrument Rated) PRIVATE vs SPORT PILOT LIMITATIONS: WEATHER VFR (less than 3mi vis) VFR (above clouds) VFR (greater than 3mi vis)
- 22. 22Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot PRIVATE vs SPORT PILOT LIMITATIONS: AIRSPACE CLASS A (Instrument Rated) CLASS B, C, D (Sport needs endorsement) ABOVE 10,000 MSL (Sport ok if 2,000â AGL or less) CLASS E, G
- 23. 23Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot SPORT PILOT LIMITATIONS: TYPE OF FLIGHTS CHARITABLE SALES DEMOS Watch This! CROSS COUNTRY PASSENG ERS (Sport: only ONE) BUSINES S TOWING (UL or LSA glider)
- 25. 25Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot WHO MAY INSTRUCT SPORT PILOTS? Flight Instructors holding certificates issued under 14 CFR Subpart H. Sport Pilot Instructors holding certificates issued under 14 CFR Subpart K.
- 26. 26Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot Must refer to 14 CFR 61.429 for guidance. Must have appropriate category and class ratings â or equivalent light sport privileges. Must be acting as a light sport instructor while exercising these privileges. SUBPART H FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS EXERCISING SPORT PILOT INSTRUCTOR PRIVILEGES
- 27. 27Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot CAN A LIGHT SPORT INSTRUCTOR CONDUCT A PROFICIENCY CHECK? YES! A Light Sport Instructor can conduct a proficiency check for additional category or class privilege at the Light Sport level (see 14 CFR 61.321). The instruction and check flight must be performed by separate instructors. The instructor who conducts the check must submit documentation to the FAA.
- 28. 28Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot WHAT FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS SHOULD KNOW ⢠VH = Maximum speed in level flight at maximum continuous power. ⢠This V speed is important for Sport Pilot endorsement §61.327: ⢠Aircraft VH less than 87kts CAS ⢠Aircraft VH greater than 87kts CAS ⢠Remember: initial sport pilot certificate requires fewer hours! When a sport pilot requests more privileges or flying other LSA makes/models, more training & individual endorsements are required ⢠A CFI may not conduct instruction in an experimental aircraft that he or she provides unless a letter of deviation authorization (LODA) is received from a FSDO. VH AND SPORT PILOT ENDORSEMENTS
- 29. 29Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot WHAT FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS SHOULD KNOW ⢠Meet minimum eligibility requirements (61.305) ⢠Receive appropriate training for ground and flight (61.309, 61.311) ⢠Take the knowledge test (61.307) ⢠Complete the required hours for flight and instruction (61.313) ⢠Have proper endorsements and submit application ⢠Take the practical test based upon the Sport Pilot PTS (FAA-s-8081-29) SPORT PILOT TRAINING SIMILAR TO PRIVATE
- 30. 30Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot WHAT FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS SHOULD KNOW ⢠AC 61-98 / 61.56 still apply ⢠Stick and rudder skills or tailwheel endorsement ⢠Crosswind practice and steeper approach profiles ⢠Stall characteristics and aerodynamics ⢠Use the flight review to assist in adding a new privilege â˘The ASF-610 website offers guidance for proficiency checks: http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/afs/afs600/afs610/ A FLIGHT REVIEW IS STILL A FLIGHT REVIEW
- 31. 31Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot These aircraft may require a significant amount of hours retraining, especially if a pilot hasnât flown in many years or is unfamiliar with aircraft characteristics. Descent profiles, stall and spin awareness & recovery, crosswind landings, slower speeds (VH), and weight / balance should be familiar to the instructor before launching out with a student. LSA FLIGHT CHARACTERISTICS MAY DIFFER
- 32. 32Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot ⢠NTSB provides statistics for Amateur Built but not Light Sport ⢠It is probable that some Light Sport accidents are included in this data ⢠2010 US General Aviation accidents: 1093 total 193 fatal (17%) ⢠2010 US Amateur Built accidents: 208 total 55 fatal (26%) ACCIDENT DATA FOR LIGHT SPORT
- 33. 33Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot FAR PART 61 Sport Pilot Certificate â Part 61 Subpart J Sport Pilot Flight Instructor Certificate â Part 61 Subpart K FAA WEBSITES (FAA.GOV, ASF-610, and FAA Safety.GOV) http://www.faa.gov/aircraft/gen_av/light_sport/ http://www.faa.gov/licenses_certificates/airmen_certification/sport_pilot/ http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/afs/afs600/afs610/ http://www.faa.gov/aircraft/gen_av/light_sport/media/ExistingModels.pdf http://faasafety.gov/gslac/onlineresources.aspx?masterId=3 FAA Safety.gov/Resources/Online Resources/Type of OperationsâŚ162 links to Sport Pilot! AOPA http://www.aopa.org/sportpilot/ http://www.aopa.org/asf/publications/sport_pilot_check.html NAFI and EAA http://faaflighttest.us/cfisportguide.pdf http://www.nafinet.org/news.aspx?id=7 EAA http://www.sportpilot.org/ Many other great resources exist, but the LSA and Sport Pilot community needs more CFIâs and DPEâs to support the growing industryâŚget involved and instruct in Sport!
- 35. 35Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot 1. What are the medical requirements for a person exercising Sport Pilot privileges? a)Must hold a medical certificate issued under 14 CFR Part 67 or a valid U.S. driverâs license. b)A person flying a balloon or a glider does not need a medical certificate or a driverâs license. c)A person exercising Sport Pilot privileges must not know or have reason to know of a medical condition that would make that person unable to operate a Light Sport Aircraft in a safe manner. d)All of the above.
- 36. 36Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot 2. True or False: A light Sport Aircraft can have a maximum takeoff weight of 1480 lbs?
- 37. 37Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot 3. A pilot holding a recreational pilot certificate or above may exercise light sport privileges⌠a)In any 2 place aircraft of the same category and class on his/her pilot certificate. b)Only in a light sport aircraft or certificated aircraft that meets the light sport aircraft rule. c)Only with a CFI endorsement. d)In a light sport aircraft under day or night because the higher level of pilot certification allowed those privileges.
- 38. 38Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot 4. True or False: A CFI may conduct a test for issuance of an additional category and class endorsement for a sport pilot?
- 39. 39Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot 5. A 14 CFR 61 Subpart H CFI instructing in a light sport aircraft⌠a)Must have an endorsement in a light sport aircraft. b)Must have 5 hours of experience in a make and model light sport aircraft within the same set of aircraft being used. c)Does not have any limitations different from other aircraft. d)Must use an aircraft that has at least 2 pilot stations.
- 41. 41Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot 1. What are the medical requirements for a person exercising Sport Pilot privileges? a)Must hold a medical certificate issued under 14 CFR Part 67 or a valid U.S. driverâs license. b)A person flying a balloon or a glider does not need a medical certificate or a driverâs license. c)A person exercising Sport Pilot privileges must not know or have reason to know of a medical condition that would make that person unable to operate a Light Sport Aircraft in a safe manner. d)All of the above. 14 CFR 61.23
- 42. 42Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot 2. True or False: A light Sport Aircraft can have a maximum takeoff weight of 1480 lbs? FALSE 14 CFR Part 1: 1320 lbs land use;1430 lbs water use
- 43. 43Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot 3. A pilot holding a recreational pilot certificate or above may exercise light sport privileges⌠a)In any 2 place aircraft of the same category and class on his/her pilot certficiate. b)Only in a light sport aircraft or certificated aircraft that meets the light sport aircraft rule. 14 CFR 61.303(a) c)Only with a CFI endorsement. d)In a light sport aircraft under day or night because the higher level of pilot certification allowed those privileges.
- 44. 44Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot 4. True or False: A CFI may conduct a test for issuance of an additional category and class endorsement for a sport pilot? TRUE 14 CFR 61.321 ⌠A CFI may conduct a proficiency check and issue an endorsement for those privileges
- 45. 45Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot 5. A 14 CFR 61 Subpart H CFI instructing in a light sport aircraft⌠a)Must have an endorsement in a light sport aircraft. b)Must have 5 hours of experience in a make and model light sport aircraft within the same set of aircraft being used. c)Does not have any limitations different from other aircraft. d)Must use an aircraft that has at least 2 pilot stations. 14 CFR 61.415 e. and i.
- 46. 46Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot END OF CFI WORKSHOP MODULE #3 Core Topic #6: Sport Pilot
Hinweis der Redaktion
- The audience for this presentation is primarily made up of flight instructors. The objective is to give a brief overview of light sport aviation. The presenter should stress that a CFI planning to conduct light sport instruction should carefully research rules and other important information. DPEs with light sport authorizations are excellent sources of advice.
- The light sport rules were accomplished using an FAA/industry collaborative process characterized by a mutual commitment to achieving a realistic regulation that allows simplicity for participants based upon proven pilot certification standards and airworthiness parameters.
- First we will look at Light Sport Aircraft
- U.S. or foreign manufacturer of light-sport aircraft is authorized. Will have FAA registration N-number. Although many categories and class exist â this presentation will focus on Fixed Wing Airplane.
- U.S. or foreign manufacturer of light-sport aircraft is authorized. Will have FAA registration N-number. Although many categories and class exist â this presentation will focus on Fixed Wing Airplane.
- The definition of a light sport aircraft is found in FAR Part 1
- CFIs should be familiar with the limitations and airworthiness requirements of SLSA aircraft. These aircraft have pink colored airworthiness certificates along with FAA required special operating limitations. CFIs must be familiar with these and instruct pilots on their content.
- CFIs should be able to differentiate between a SLSA (Previous slide) and an ELSA. Both have pink airworthiness certificates and FAA required operating limitations.
- Certain FAA certificated aircraft may be flown under the light sport rule. These aircraft meet the operating limitations of the rule such as weight, seating configuration, and airspeed. They must continue to meet their type design and be maintained in the same manner as any other certificated aircraft.
- Not all amateur built aircraft meet the LSA definition and CFIs should be aware that the speeds, performance data, and other criteria are entirely the responsibility of the owner. These aircraft have pink airworthiness certificates and FAA required operating limitations. USE CAUTION.
- Answer: Yes. This aircraft meets LSA criteria and is on the list of certificated aircraft that may be flown by light sport pilots.
- Answer: No. This airplane exceeds the maximum weight limit of an LSA.
- Answer: Yes. This aircraft meets the LSA criteria and is on the list.
- Now we will review sport pilot instruction. We will focus on the Sport pilot rule and present a brief overview that will give CFIs an idea of how this program works.
- CFIs should be familiar with these
- Self explanatory.
- See 14 CFR 61.303
- Briefly discuss each of these: Must be 17 years old, read, speak, write, understand English; must receive and log ground and flight instruction; must have required aeronautical experience; must pass knowledge and practical tests; we will show some of the privileges and limitations in later slides .
- Chart shows a comparison of minimum hours required to achieve initial rating. As you can see, night training and instrument training are not required.
- Private or greater rating âWEATHERâ limitations â followed by red âxâ for limitations governed by Sport Pilot privileges.
- Private or greater rating âAIRSPACEâ limitations â followed by red âxâ for limitations governed by Sport Pilot privileges.
- Private or greater rating âKINDS OF FLYING ALLOWEDâ limitations â followed by red âxâ for limitations governed by Sport Pilot privileges.
- Now we will give a brief overview of sport pilot instructors. Both Subpart H CFIs and Subpart K Sport Pilot Instructors can instruct sport pilots. The rules for sport pilot instruction are a little more extensive than some Subpart H instructors are used to. Minimum experience in make and model within a set and recordkeeping are examples. We urge you to follow up this presentation with careful study if you become involved.
- CFIs must hold category and class ratings in the aircraft they use for instruction. For example, a Subpart H CFI who holds an airplane single engine rating may instruct a sport pilot in a light sport sea plane if he/she holds a sea class rating on the commercial pilot certificate or sport pilot privileges in seaplanes. A Subpart K Sport Pilot Instructor may instruct in a light sport sea plane provided he/she holds sport pilot seaplane privileges or a category and class rating at a higher level. The bottom line is that to instruct at the light sport level, you must have either âlight sport privilegesâ or category and class ratings at a higher level.
- This is an important distinction and CFIs must study these requirements prior to working with light sport students. The privileges and limitations are different and the recordkeeping requirements are also .
- This is an example of the difference in privileges between Subpart H and Subpart K instructors. The check is conducted in accordance with light sport practical test standards and the instructor is acting in the capacity of an examiner. For example a private pilot with airplane single engine land category and class ratings can receive light sport privileges in a glider by receiving instruction from an authorized instructor in a glider and then passing a proficiency check in a light sport glider with a separate instructor. All the requirements in 14 CFR 61 Subpart J must be met during this process. These are expanded responsibilities for CFIs.
- The emphasis here is the initial sport pilot certificate requires less hours INITIALLY, but those hours are made up on the back side when the sport pilot wants to expand range of privileges, including airspace, night flying, and other make/models of Light Sport Aircraft. Itâs a way to get pilots in the air in a modular fashion and the privileges grow with the pilot, rather than the pilot grow into the expansive private pilot certificate privileges.
- This slide is to point out the similarities between Sport Pilot certification and certification for other ratings. These should be familiar to CFIs.
- Sport pilots will need flight reviews and CFIs should be familiar with these factors when planning flight reviews. Familiarity with the Sport Pilot PTS will be invaluable.
- Some LSA models have unusual flight characteristics. CFIs must familiarize themselves prior to instructing in these aircraft.
- Discuss these statistics in a general way and mention that both FAA and NTSB will be keeping close tabs on LSA accidents and incidents in the future. Note the percentage of AM/built accidents and mention that this indicates the need for more attention by CFIs and also that CFIs should exercise caution in instructing in these aircraft. N102rk Injuries: 2 Minor. The company's chief pilot and student instructor had performed four successful touch-and-go landings. On the mishap landing, the student instructor started his flare at normal approach speed about 2 to 3 feet above the runway. As the airplane settled, the chief pilot raised the nose of the airplane slightly to prevent a bounced landing. The airplane subsequently ballooned. They elected to perform a go-around. The chief pilot advanced the power and "pitched the airplane to the landing attitude." The airplane settled to the runway in a slight left crab, touching down on the left main landing gear, which subsequently broke aft. The airplane came down on the runway and slid for 300 feet, departing the left side and flipping over onto its back. The airplane had been recently purchased by the company. Total airframe time was approximately 25 hours. An examination of the airplane showed the left main lower landing gear tube had fractured due to overstress at the landing gear wheel and brake attachment fitting. The overstress appeared consistent with a hard landing impact as a small compression buckle was observed at the top of the part and some tensile indications were seen at the bottom. There were also contact impressions on the inside of the tube most-likely made by the end of the main landing gear spring bar. The wheel and brake attachment fitting was identified as a steel with designation St37, according to the German DIN classification for steels. The St37 steel is specified to have a yield strength of at least 34 ksi (235 MPa) and tensile strength between 51 ksi and 70 ksi (350 MPa to 480 MPa). According to the ASM Metals Handbook, St37 is similar to SAE 1013 steel, which is a low-carbon steel. Hardness measurements on the fitting averaged 63.5 Rockwell B, with a standard deviation of 2 Rockwell B. For steel, a hardness of 65 Rockwell B corresponds to a tensile strength of 56 ksi, so the fitting appears to be within specification. This steel is at the lower end of the range of strength possible for steel. The ASM Metals Handbook indicates that fatigue resistance would also improve with increasing tensile strength. Information from the manufacturer indicates that the gear assembly was designed in accordance with ASTM F 2245, and successfully passed a drop test of 550 mm (21.7 inches) at a weight of 600 kg (1323 pounds). **This narrative was modified on August 13, 2007.** The National Transportation Safety Board determines the probable cause(s) of this accident as follows: The total failure of the left main landing gear strut due to overload during the landing resulting in the loss of control and subsequent nose over. A factor contributing to the accident was the chief pilot 's inability to maintain directional control of the airplane after the landing gear failed.
- Emphasize that this presentation is not a ground school on the light sport rule and urge CFIs to study these resources. Emphasize using EAA and AOPA as resource. See the Sport Pilot Business Card available from your FAASTeam Program Manager
- Quiz follows