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MODULE III EE PPT. VTU NOTES 7TH SEM ENGINEERING
- 1. Module 3 Environment and Ecosystem 1 Citech, Bangalore
- 2. DEFINITION Surrounding were originally a natural landscape like a forest, a river, a mountain, a desert, or mixture of those components are called environment. ECOSYSTEM An ecosystem is comprised of all the non-living elements and living species in a specific local environment. Components of most ecosystems include water, air, sunlight, soil, plants, microorganisms, insects and animals. Ecosystems may be terrestrial – that is, on land – or aquatic. 2 Citech, Bangalore
- 3. Scope of Environment Studies Citech, Bangalore 3 Developing an awareness and sensitivity to the total environment and its related problems Motivating people for active participation in environmental protection and improvement. Developing skills for active identification and development of solutions to environmental problems. Imbibe and inculcate the necessity for conservation of natural resources. Evaluation of environmental programmes in terms of social, economic, ecological and aesthetic factors.
- 4. IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Citech, Bangalore 4 We will begin to appreciate and adopt the idea of "DEVELOPMENT WITHOUT DESTRUCTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT“ Knowledge about "VARIOUS TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTS & DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS“. Playing an effective role in protecting the environment by "DEMANDING CHANGES IN LAW AND ENFORCEMENT SYSTEMS". Having a "POSITIVE IMPACT" on "QUALITY OF LIFE". Creating a "CONCERN AND RESPECT FOR THE ENVIRONMENT".
- 5. NEED FOR PUBLIC AWARENESS Citech, Bangalore 5 Prevent Degradation of environment due to population and Environment. Environmental pollution cannot prevented by laws alone. Public participation is equally important with regard to environmental protection Both formal and informal education on the environment will give the interested individual the knowledge, values, skills and tools needed to face the environmental challenges on a local and global level.
- 7. Energy flow Citech, Bangalore 7 In ecology, energy flow, also called the calorific flow, refers to the flow of energy through a food chain, and is the focus of study in ecological energetic. In an ecosystem, ecologists seek to quantify the relative importance of different component species and feeding relationships Water cycle. Carbon cycle. Nitrogen cycle. Oxygen cycle. Energy cycle
- 9. Water cycle Citech, Bangalore 9 Condensation Precipitation Transpiration Evaporation
- 12. NITROGEN CYCLE Citech, Bangalore 12 NO3 = NITRATE NO2 = NITROGEN DIOXIDE. NH3 = FREE AMMONIA (TOXIC OR DANGEROUS GAS) NH4 = AMMONIA (NON TOXIC SALT). NITRIFICATION. DENITRIFICATION. The loss or removal of nitrogen or nitrogen compounds specifically: reduction of nitrates or nitrites commonly by bacteria (as in soil) that usually results in the escape of nitrogen into the air.
- 15. Ecological Succession Citech, Bangalore 15 Ecological succession Ecological succession is the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time. The time scale can be decades (for example, after a wildfire), or even millions of years after a mass extinction. Primary succession. Secondary succession.
- 17. Food Chain and Food Web Citech, Bangalore 17
- 18. Food Chain and Food Web Citech, Bangalore 18 Food Chain: Food chain shows how each living thing gets food, and how nutrients and energy are passed from creature to creature. Food chains begin with plant-life, and end with animal-life. Some animals eat plants, some animals eat other animals. A simple food chain could start with grass, which is eaten by rabbits. Food Web: A food web consists of many food chains. A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food. eg: A hawk eats a snake, which has eaten a frog, which has eaten a grasshopper, which has eaten grass. A food web shows the many different paths plants and animals are connected.
- 20. Citech, Bangalore 20 Primary Producers: The one that gathers energy from an energy spot such as the sun; an example may be grass. Primary Consumer: The one that gets its energy directly from the primary producer, such as a grasshopper who eats the grass. Secondary consumer: One gets energy directly from the primary consumer, example Rat who eats the grasshopper. Tertiary consumer: One who gets the energy from the secondary consumer
- 21. Ecosystem Citech, Bangalore 21 An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flow.
- 22. Types of Ecosystem Citech, Bangalore 22 Forest ecosystem Grassland ecosystem. Desert ecosystem. Aquatic ecosystem.
- 23. Forest Ecosystem Citech, Bangalore 23 Forest ecosystem has two parts The non living or abiotic aspects of the forest. The abiotic factors of an ecosystem are all the nonliving things that affect the survival and reproduction of living organisms(rocks, climate, soil, sunlight, rain and temperature) The living or biotic aspects of the forest. Biotic factors are the living parts of the ecosystem, such as plants, animals, insects, fungi and bacteria.
- 24. Types of forest ecosystem Citech, Bangalore 24 Coniferous forest. Evergreen forest. Deciduous forest. Thorn forest. Mangrove forest.
- 26. Coniferous forest Citech, Bangalore 26 Grow in the Himalayan mountain where the temperature is low. Tall stately trees in the forest with needle like leaves. Download sloping branches so that snow can slip off the branches Vegetation composed primarily of cone-bearing needle-leaved. Found in areas that have long winters and moderate to high annual precipitation in Taiga. Both terms are used to describe the entire circumpolar coniferous forest with its
- 27. Conservation of forest ecosystem Citech, Bangalore 27 Forest conservation is the practice of planting and maintaining forested areas for the benefit and sustainability of future generations. Forest stores carbon and release oxygen called as earth lung. upkeep the natural resources. 50% of the earth's biodiversity occurs in forests. Reduce global warming, absorb toxic gases & noise, reduce pollution, conserve soil, mitigate natural hazards such as floods& landslides & so on. Deforestation due to Expansion of agriculture timber plantation, other land uses like pulp and paper plantations, urbanization, construction of roads, industries.
- 29. Evergreen forest Citech, Bangalore 29 Found tropical zone ,temperate zone or rainforest. Generally found in between tropical of cancer and Capricorn. Hot and humid climatic conditions with a short dry season In India evergreen forest found at western ghat, Himalaya, Northeast and Andaman Nicobar island Heavy rainfall More than 225cm. Dense and multilayered Worldwide spread in southern China, southeastern Brazil, parts of southeastern North
- 31. Deciduous forest Citech, Bangalore 31 Found in Indian states of Bihar, Orissa, and Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan states. The temperate deciduous forest has four distinct seasons, spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Temperate deciduous forest gets about 51-152 centimetres of rain every year. There is an approximately 6 month growing season. During the winter months the trees lose their leaves.
- 33. Thorn forest Citech, Bangalore 33 Those forests are found from plains up to 400m the common trees of top storey are Acacia ferruginea, Acacia leucophloea, Albizzia amara and Azadirachta indica. In india, Tamilnadu Found in semiarid regions of india Which are sparsely distributed, are surrounded by open grassy areas. Thorns plants are able to conserve the water.
- 34. Mangrove forest Citech, Bangalore 34 The Sundarbans contain the world's largest mangrove forests and one of the most biologically productive of all natural ecosystems. ... Covering 133,010 ha, the area is estimated to comprise about 55% forest land and 45% wetlands in the form of tidal rivers, creeks, canals and vast estuarine mouths of the river
- 35. Mangrove forest Citech, Bangalore 35 Grow in the river deltas. The plants are usually grow in saline and fresh water. Grow in muddy areas and they having breathing roots Sundarbans Mangroves, West Bengal. The Great Sundarbans is the largest Mangroves region in the world and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. ... Bhitarkanika Mangroves, Odisha. Bhitarkanika Mangroves is India's second largest forest,located in Odisha. ... Godavari – Krishna Mangroves, Andhra Pradesh. ... Pichavaram Mangroves, Tamil Nadu.
- 36. Grassland Ecosystem. Citech, Bangalore 36 Grassland Ecosystem is an area where the vegetation is dominated by grasses and other herbaceous (non-woody) plants. It is also called transitional landscape because grassland ecosystems are dominated by the grass with few or no trees in the area where there is not enough for a forest and too much of a forest.
- 38. Types of Grassland Ecosystem Citech, Bangalore 38 Himalayan posture belt Terai grasslands Bugyal grasslands Khajjiar grasslands. Banni grasslands. Shola grasslands
- 40. Shola Grasslands Citech, Bangalore 40 Shola is tropical mountain forest found in rolling hills and valleys in the higher mountain regions of South India. The shola and grassland found in the higher altitude hill regions of the Nilgiris, Kanyakumari and in the Western Ghats ranges of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Shola forests are home to many threatened and endemic species such as endangered Nilgiri tahr,Lion-tailed macaque,25 types of trees, reptiles,the amphibians and 300 species of birds Laughingthrushes, Nilgiri woodpigeons and Nilgiri flycatcher.
- 42. Terai Citech, Bangalore 42 The Terai is belt of marshy grasslands, savannas and green forests in Indian subcontinent,located at the outer foothills of the Himalaya, the Siwalik Hills,the Ganges and Brahmaputra Plain. Terai- Duar savanna and grasslands ecoregion in India are Valmiki and Dudhwa National Parks and home to a number of wild animals greater one-horned rhinoceros,wild water buffalo and reptiles including the gharial, mugger crocodile and soft- shelled turtles.
- 44. Bugyal Grasslands Citech, Bangalore 44 Bugyal is a high altitude alpine grass lands in Uttarakhand also known as nature’s own gardens with green grass and seasonal flowers. The Bugyal alpine meadows are snow-covered in winter and during the summer burst into beautiful flowers and grass. Nandadevi National Park and Biosphere Reserve,Valley of Flowers Biosphere Reserve,Dayara Bugyal in Roopkund,Kushkalyan Bugyal in Tungnath are very fragile ecosystems in India.
- 46. Khajjiar Grasslands. Citech, Bangalore 46 Khajjiar is a small plateau in Chamba district Himachal Pradesh and surrounded by green meadows and dense forests. Grasslands of Khajjiar is covered by dense deodar and fir forest lies in the path of the Ravi River and offers numerous trekking opportunities. Kalatop Khajjiar Sanctuary is best animal sanctuary at Kalatop and Khajjiar to spot Himalayan Black Marten,Himalayan bear and species of deers,wild Goats and antelope.
- 47. Banni Grasslands Citech, Bangalore 47 Banni grasslands is grassland ecosystem on the edge of the desert of The marshy salt of Rann of Kutch,spread across an area of 3,847 square kilometres. Banni Grasslands are known for rich wildlife,biodiversity and supports numerous animal genetic resources like Banni buffalo, Kankrej Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Camel and horse. Banni Grasslands Reserve has identified as one of the last remaining habitats of the Cheetah in India and the only reintroduction site
- 48. Conservation of Grassland Ecosystem Citech, Bangalore 48 Solutions Continue education efforts on how to protect the soil and prevent soil erosion. Protect and restore wetlands, which are an important part of grassland ecology. Rotate agricultural crops to prevent the sapping of nutrients. Plant trees as windbreaks.
- 50. Citech, Bangalore 50 Deserts are areas of land that are arid, or dry, and get less than 10 inches of rain per year. Deserts can be hot or cold. Plants and animals in the desert ecosystem have adaptations that allow them to survive the lack of rainfall and extreme temperatures. The characteristics of hot deserts include High temperatures Greater evaporation than precipitation usually Strong winds and Lack of cloud cover; considerable variation in the occurrence of precipitation, its intensity and distribution; Low humidity.
- 51. Aquatic Ecosystem Citech, Bangalore 51 An aquatic ecosystem is an ecosystem in a body of water. Communities of organisms that are dependent on each other and on their environment live in aquatic ecosystems. Fresh water ecosystem. Marine ecosystem. Brackish water ecosystem.
- 52. Fresh water ecosystem Citech, Bangalore 52 Freshwater ecosystems include ponds and lakes as well as rivers and streams. Aquatic Ecostystem
- 53. Marine ecosystem Citech, Bangalore 53 Marine ecosystems include oceans and coral reefs.
- 54. Brackish water ecosystem Citech, Bangalore 54
- 55. Brackish water ecosystem Citech, Bangalore 55 Brackish water is water having more salinity than freshwater, but not as much as seawater. It may result from mixing seawater with fresh water together, as in estuaries, or it may occur in brackish fossil aquifers. The word comes from the Middle Dutch root "brak".