The document discusses various fundamentals of metal forming processes including hot working, cold working, and warm working operations. It describes different metal forming techniques like forging, rolling, extrusion, and differences between smithy and forging processes. Key tools used in smithy like anvil, hammers, tongs, swages, and common forging operations like upsetting, drawing, bending, and punching are also summarized.

15. Figure 18.2 – Basic bulk deformation processes: (a) rolling

16. Figure 18.2 – Basic bulk deformation processes: (b) forging

17. Figure 18.2 – Basic bulk deformation processes: (c) extrusion

18. Figure 18.2 – Basic bulk deformation processes: (d) drawing

20. Figure 18.3 ‑ Basic sheet metalworking operations: (a) bending

21. Figure 18.3 ‑ Basic sheet metalworking operations: (b) drawing

22. Figure 18.3 ‑ Basic sheet metalworking operations: (c) shearing

32. Ball Peen hammer

33. Straight Peen hammer

34. CROSS PIN HAMMER

36. Steam hammer

41. UPSETTING