1. INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR MODULE 7 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL

12. WHAT IS PERSONALITY? Personality. - The overall profile or combination of characteristics that capture the unique nature of a person as that person reacts and interacts with others. - Combines a set of physical and mental characteristics that reflect how a person looks, thinks, acts, and feels. - Predictable relationships are expected between people ’s personalities and their behaviors. 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL

13. DETERMINANTS Heredity and environment. - Heredity sets the limits on the development of personality characteristics. - Environment determines development within these limits. – About a 50-50 heredity-environment split. - Cultural values and norms play a substantial role in the development of personality. - Social factors include family life, religion, and many kinds of formal and informal groups. - Situational factors reflect the opportunities or constraints imposed by the operational context. 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL

14. Personality and the self-concept. - Personality dynamics. • The ways in which an individual integrates and organizes social traits, values and motives, personal conceptions, and emotional adjustments. - Self-concept. • The view individuals have of themselves as physical, social, and spiritual or moral beings. • Self-esteem. • Self-efficacy. 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL

15. HOW DO PERSONALITIES DIFFER? Social traits. - Surface-level traits that reflect the way a person appears to others when interacting in various social settings. - An important social trait is problem-solving style. • The way a person goes about gathering and evaluating information in solving problems and making decisions. 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL

16. Information gathering in problem solving. - Getting and organizing data for use. - Sensation-type individuals prefer routine and order and emphasize well-defined details in gathering information. - Intuitive-type individuals like new problems and dislike routine. 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL

17. Information evaluation in problem solving. - Making judgments about how to deal with information once it has been collected. – Feeling-type individuals are oriented toward conformity and try to accommodate themselves to other people. - Thinking-type individuals use reason and intellect to deal with problems and downplay emotions. 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL

18. Big Five Personality Traits Sources: P. T. Costa and R. R. McCrae, The NEO-PI Personality Inventory (Odessa, Fla.: Psychological Assessment Resources, 1992); J. F. Salgado, “The Five Factor Model of Personality and Job Performance in the European Community,” Journal of Applied Psychology 82 (1997): 30-43. 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL

36. Four MBTI  Dichotomies 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL Extr a version – Introversion E - I Dichotomy Where do you prefer to focus your attention – and get your energy? Sensing – Intuition S - N Dichotomy How do you prefer to take in information? Thinking – Feeling T - F Dichotomy How do you make decisions? Judging – Perceiving J - P Dichotomy How do you deal with the outer world?

43. - The way individuals tend to think about their social and physical settings as well as their major beliefs and personal orientation. • Locus of control. • Authoritarianism/dogmatism. • Machiavellianism. • Self-monitoring. Personality Attributes Influencing OB 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL

44. Locus of control. - The extent to which a person feels able to control his/her own life. - Externals. • More extraverted in their interpersonal relationships and more oriented toward the world around them. - Internals. • More introverted and more oriented towards their own feelings and ideas. 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL

45. Authoritarianism/dogmatism. - Authoritarianism. • Tendency to adhere rigidly to conventional values and to obey recognized authority. - Dogmatism. • Tendency to view the world as a threatening place. 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL

46. People with a high-Machiavellian personality: - Approach situations logically and thoughtfully. - Are capable of lying to achieve personal goals. – Are rarely swayed by loyalty, friendships, past promises, or others’ opinions. - Are skilled at influencing others. - Try to exploit loosely structured situations. - Perform in a perfunctory or detached manner in highly structured situations. 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL

47. People with a low-Machiavellian personality: - Accept direction imposed by others in loosely structured situations. – Work hard to do well in highly structured situations. - Are strongly guided by ethical considerations. - Are unlikely to lie or cheat. 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL

48. Self-monitoring. - A person ’s ability to adjust his/her behavior to external situational factors. – High self-monitors. • Sensitive to external cues. • Behave differently in different situations. - Low self-monitors. • Not sensitive to external cues. • Not able to disguise their behaviors. 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL

58. When you change the way you look at things, the things you look at change. 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL

59. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE PERCEPTION 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL

60. Organisation Selection Interpretation Input Input Outputs PERCEPTUAL PROCESS 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL

61. 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL

79. Elements of Attribution Theory 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL

83. Felt Versus Display Emotions What Are Emotions? Emotional Dissonance Important Terms 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL

84. What Are Emotions? Moods Feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that lack a contextual stimulus. Emotions Intense feelings that are directed at someone or something. Affect A broad range of emotions that people experience. 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL

87. Six Universal Emotions Happiness Surprise Fear Sadness Anger Disgust 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL

89. 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL Emotionless People Other Key Issues Gender and Emotions Culture and Emotions

93. Emotional Intelligence (EI) Decision Making Motivation Leadership Interpersonal Conflict 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL OB Applications

96. EMOTIONAL LABOR 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL

126. Mean value of Executives, Union Members & Activists ( Top five) 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL Executives Union Members Activists Terminal Instrumental Terminal Instrumental Terminal Instrumental Self-respect Honest Family Security Responsible Equality Honest Family-security Responsible Freedom Honest A world of peace Helpful Freedom Capable Happiness Courage's Family Security Courage's A sense of accomplishment Ambitious Self-respect Independent Self respect Responsible Happiness Independent Mature love Capable Freedom Capable

138. Insert Figure 5.1 here 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL

149. 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL

154. Insert Figure 5.3 here 12/25/11 SANDHYA ANIL